Isibhengezo senkululeko sisekelwe kwiSibhengezo senye yamaxwebhu anempembelelo enkulu kwimbali yoluntu, siseka imigaqo esisiseko ephathelele okusesikweni, okusesikweni, kunye nolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi korhulumente kunye nabalawulwa. Isibhengezo senkululeko sichaza imigaqo urhulumente wethu, kunye nokwazi kwethu njengamaMerika, apho isindululo senkululeko singanyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni, inkqubo yaso yentanda-bulumko iphengulule ngokunzulu, iphuhliso yemithetho yezomgaqo-siseko, neengcamango zokusesikweni, kungekuphela eUnited States kodwa ehlabathini lonke.

Isiseko Sengcamango: Amalungelo Emvelo Nokulingana Koluntu

Enyanzelweni yeSindululo senkululeko sithetha ulwelelo olugqwethekileyo malunga nendalo kunye namalungelo abantu. Olu xwebhu luvakalisa "Sikholelwa ukuba ezi nyaniso zibonakala, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo, ukuba banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakususwa, ukuba phakathi kwala luhlobo lobomi, iNkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo." Le ngxelo imela okungaphezulu kunokuthetha nje ngezopolitiko zezobupolitika `ithis imisela ingcamango ebanzi karhulumente esekelwe kwintanda-bulumko yomthetho wendalo.

Injongo engundoqo yeSindululo seNtlalo - ntle yayikukuseka ulungelelwano lwezobupolitika olunobulungisa oluvuma ukulingana kwabantu kumalungelo emvelo kubo bonke abantu. Ingcamango "yokuzibonakalisa yinyaniso" yayingeyondlela yobuqu". Abantu baseMerika ngelo xesha babenonqulo olunzulu ababeqhelene nengcamango yokulingana kwabantu jikelele kubuKristu kunye noriphabliki yamaNgesi, kwaye babeqhelenengcamango yokungathabathi malungelo abantu kwiincwadi zezobupolitika zikaJohn Locke Inquisie kunye neminye imithombo yamaNgesi.

Isibhengezo senkululeko saphenjelelwa zizithandi-bulumko zokukhanyiselwa ngenkulungwane ye-17 uJohn Locke ngokubhekiselele kumthetho wendalo, isivumelwano soluntu, kunye nelungelo lokuguqula. Esi siseko sentanda-bulumko sasithetha ukuba amalungelo achazwe kwesi Sibhengezo ayengaqondwa njengamalungelo anikwe ngurhulumente, kodwa njengeempawu ezisisiseko zobukho bomntu ezandulela okanye ezingaphaya kwegunya lorhulumente.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Angenakuphucuka

Igama "amalungelo angenakuphambukiswa" linentsingiselo enzulu yendlela esiyiqonda ngayo imithetho esesikweni nokusesikweni. Ibinzana linika imizekelo emithathu yamalungelo angaphambukeli athi iSindululo sinikwe bonke abantu ngomdali wabo, kwaye ngoorhulumente abadalelwe ukukhusela. La malungelo achazwa njengangenakufuduswa.

Amalungelo amathathu akhankanyiwe ngokucacileyo `ubudala, inkululeko, kunye nokusukela ulonwabo, , kunye nomlinganiselo osisiseko wobukho bomntu. Kusindululo, "ukusukela ulonwabo" kudweliswe ngamanye "amalungelo angenakuhlulwa" "obomi" kunye "obebekiweyo" ayiziimpawu zobukho, ulawulo lokuba ufile, ukhululekile okanye ukhobokelwe. Olu hlobo lubonisa ukuba la malungelo amele iimeko eziyimfuneko zokuphumelela komntu kunokuba athathele iminqweno okanye iminqweno nje.

"Ukufumana ulonwabo" kusoloko kuqondwa kakubi kwintetho yale mihla. Kubaseki beMelika, yayingekokusukela uburheletyo, ulonwabo olusisiseko okanye ubutyebi ngenxa yobutyebi, kodwa kwanenkululeko yokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo eziphumela kubomi obungcono obunokwenzeka kumntu, obuquka umgudu wobulumko nokuziphatha. Le ngcamango idibanisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwiimbono ezibanzi zesidima, imbopheleleko, kunye nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.

Injongo Nemida Karhulumente

Isindululo sichaza ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba oorhulumente bekho nesizathu sokuba babekho. Olu xwebhu luthi "ukukhusela la malungelo, oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwamadoda, befumana amandla abo okusesikweni ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa." Oku kumisela imigaqo emibini esisiseko: okokuqala, ukuba injongo eyintloko karhulumente kukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye okwesibini, ukuba igunya likarhulumente lifumaneka ekuvumeleni okuqhelekileyo kunokuba linikwe ilungelo elingokobuthixo, ilungelo elilifa, okanye amandla.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwabo Balawulwayo

Oorhulumente abasemthethweni basekwa ngokuvuma kwabo balawulwayo, yaye abantu bagcina ilungelo lokuxhathisa oorhulumente abakhohlakeleyo abasongela amalungelo emvelo. Lo mgaqo wokuvuma ngokusisiseko uguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli nolawulo. Kunokuba abemi bathobele, baba ngumthombo opheleleyo wegunya lezobupolitika, benika urhulumente olinganiselweyo ngeenjongo ezithile.

Ekuphela kwenjongo esemthethweni karhulumente kukuqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo akhuselekile, yaye ekuphela kwendlela esemthethweni yokuba oorhulumente abanjalo babekho kukuba abantu bavume ubukho babo. Oku kudala ulwalamano olufanelekileyo: urhulumente uneembopheleleko ebantwini, kwaye ukuba akaphumeleli ezo zibopho, ukufaneleka kwawo kuyathandatyuzwa.

Umgaqo ovumelayo unentsingiselo enzulu kwimithetho esesikweni. Imithetho ayinakuqwalaselwa ngenxa nje yokuba imiselwe ngabo banegunya. Endaweni yoko, imithetho esesikweni kufuneka ibonise ukuthanda kwabalawulwa, yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo kunokuba iwachase, kwaye isebenze ngokwemida yegunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente. Esi siseko sinika umgangatho wokuhlola ukuba imithetho ilungile kusini na nokuba izenzo zikarhulumente ziyagwetyelwa kusini na.

Ilungelo Lokuya Kumntu Ohlala Ephandleni Okanye Kurhulumente Ongalungisiyo

Mhlawumbi enye yezona nkalo zemvukelo yeSindululo kukuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchasa. Olu xwebhu luvakalisa "nanini na na nayiphi na indlela kaRhulumente isiba yeyokonakalisa kwezi njongo, lilungelo labantu lokuyitshintsha okanye ukuyiphelisa, nokumisela uRhulumente omtsha" Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lixhomekeke kumbandela kunokuba ligqibelele.

Ukuba urhulumente ukhe asilele kumsebenzi wakhe wokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, abantu banelungelo lokuguqula okanye lokuwaphelisa, kwaye badala urhulumente omtsha osekelwe kuyo nayiphi na imigaqo abacinga ukuba ilungile. Kodwa ke, isindululo sikwaluleka ngobulumko. Lo xwebhu luthi "uluntu lutyekele kakhulu ekubandezelekeni, ngoxa ububi bunokubandezeleka, kunokuba kupheliswe ngokwalo iifomu abaqhelene nazo." Oku kucebisa ukuba xa ilungelo lokuguqula izinto likho, kufuneka lisetyenziswe kuphela xa ukungabikho kokusesikweni kusenzeka kakuhle, kungekhona kubangela "ukukhanya nokukhawuleza""

Ikhathalogu yeSindululo Sokungabikho Kokusesikweni: Ukuchaza Imithetho Engachananga

Isibhengezo esikhulu siquka uluhlu olunenkcukacha zoluhlu lwezikhalazo ezichasene noKumkani uGeorge III. Ngoxa ezi zingxengxezo zingqalileyo zithetha ngeemeko zenkulungwane ye-18 zamatyala, zicacisa imigaqo ebanzi ngokokuba yintoni okubumba ulawulo olungekho sikweni kunye nemithetho engekho sikweni. Isindululo sichaza ulawulo lwaseBritani njengolawulo lobuzwilakhe kwaye siquka uluhlu lwezityholo ezithethelela ukwahlukana, ezifana nokubeka irhafu ngaphandle kwemvume, ukunqanda amarhamfa kwiimeko ezininzi zokuvavanywa kwejaji, ukungavumi ukumisela imithetho elungileyo kawonke wonke, ukuphelisa iindlu zowiso, ukuphelisa imikhosi exhobileyo eqele iingi, nokuvala umthetho.

Ukumiselwa Kokusesikweni

Zininzi izikhalazo ezithetha ngokukhethekileyo ngolawulo lobulungisa. Esi Sindululo sityhola ukuba uKumkani "Uthintele uLawulo loBulungiseleli, ngokungavumi ukuvunywa kwakhe eMithethweni ngokumisela amagunya oBucuphi" kwaye "uthe aBagwebi baxhomekeke kukuthanda kwakhe kuphela, ukusetyenziswa kweeofisi zabo, ukuhlawulwa nokuhlawulwa kwemivuzo yabo." Ezi zikhalazo zimisela ukuba imithetho esesikweni ifuna ukuba igqwetha elizimeleyo elinokusebenzisa umthetho ngaphandle kokoyika ukuphindezela igunya eliphetheyo.

Umgaqo wokuzimela geqe uhlala ubalulekile kwinkqubo yokugweba namhlanje. Xa abagwebi besebenza ngokuyoliswa ngabo basemagunyeni okanye bexhomekeke kubo ukuze bafumane indlela yokuziphilisa, abanakukwazi ukushwabana ngokusesikweni phakathi kwabemi norhulumente okanye bakhusele amalungelo abo kumntu ngamnye nxamnye negosa likarhulumente. Imithetho elungileyo ayifuni nje kuphela imimiselo elungileyo kodwa kwanamaziko angakhethi buso ukuze bayitolike baze bayisebenzise.

Ubalo ngaphandle komelo

Isikhalazo ngerhafu ngaphandle kokuvuma sibonakalisa umgaqo obanzi wolwalamano phakathi komthetho kunye nokuthanda okuthandwayo. Xa urhulumente ebeka iimbopheleleko kubemi ($noba irhafu, imimiselo, okanye ezinye iimfuno) ngaphandle kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo, sichasene nomgaqo wokuvuma okugunyazisa igunya likarhulumente. Imithetho elungileyo mayiphume kwiinkqubo ezivumela abo bachaphazelekayo ukuba bafumane ilizwi kwindalo yabo.

Ukunyanzelwa komkhosi kunye noxinzelelo

Esi Sindululo sikhalaza ukuba uKumkani umise inkitha yeeOfisi ezintsha, wathumela apha amagosa ukuba ahlasele abantu bethu, "wathi" ugcine phakathi kwethu, ngamaxesha oxolo, imikhosi emileyo ngaphandle kwemvume yendlu zowiso-mthetho," kwaye "ichaphazele ukunikezela umkhosi ngokuzimeleyo nongaphakamisiyo kumandla esizwe." Ezi zikhalazo ziveza ukuba nokuba imithetho ngokwayo inokuba ifanelekile, ukunyanzeleka kwayo, ukugqithisa, okanye indlela yokulwa ibenza bangabi nabulungisa.

Lo mgaqo usasebenza nanamhlanje kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukugcinwa komthetho, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente.

Iimpawu Zomthetho Olungileyo Ngokutsho Kwemigaqo Yesindululo

Ukusuka kwisakhelo sentanda-bulumko yeSindululo kunye neqela laso lokungabikho kokusesikweni, singabona iimpawu eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezichaza imithetho esesikweni nokulawula nje.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Isiqinisekiso soluvo lokuba "bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana" sithetha ukuba ukulingana kwabantu bonke kuya kuba sisiseko sayo nayiphi na inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika. Lo mgaqo wokulingana unentsingiselo enzulu kwinkqubo yomthetho. Imithetho entle ingumqondiso wokulingana okuqinisekisa ukuba sonke siyalingana emehlweni omthetho.

Okusesikweni kwakuthetha ukuba bonke babelingana phantsi komthetho yaye belingana kumalungelo abo. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho kufuneka isebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwindawo enjani, baphi na ubutyebi, okanye isikhundla. Akukho mntu ufanele angaphezulu kunomthetho, yaye akukho namnye ofanele akhanyelwe ukhuseleko lwawo. imithetho entle ayiyileli ikhethelo okanye ikhethelwe iimpawu ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yabo.

Umgaqo wokulingana phambi komthetho ukwafuna ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho zifikeleleke kubo bonke. Ukuba zizityebi okanye zinxibelelane kakuhle kuphela zinokuyisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yomthetho ukukhusela amalungelo azo okanye ukufuna izilungiso zobubi, ngoko ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho uhlale uthenjiwe kunokuba usebenziseke.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ekubeni isindululo simisela ukuba injongo eyintloko karhulumente kukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, imithetho esesikweni kufuneka yenziwe ngenjongo ephambili. Isindululo, umGaqo-siseko, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba bonke abantu banamalungelo athile asisiseko oorhulumente abawadalelwe ukukhusela. Imithetho ephazamisa ngokungeyomfuneko ubomi, inkululeko, okanye ukusukela ulonwabo iyalusilela olu vavanyo lubalulekileyo.

Oku akuthethi ukuba amalungelo apheleleyo okanye ukuba urhulumente akanakuze abeke imiqathango. Kunoko, kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umqathango kumalungelo kufuneka ugwetywe ngenjongo enxulumene nokukhusela amalungelo abanye okanye ukukhusela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo, kwaye akufunekanga abe nemiqathango engaphaya kwemfuneko ukuze afeze loo njongo. Imithetho elungileyo ilinganisela inkululeko yomntu kunye nolungelelwano lwentlalo, ikhusela amalungelo ngoxa ithintela ukuxhatshazwa kwakhe.

Ukubonakala kunye nokuFikeleleka

Ukugxininisa kwesindululo ekuvakaliseni "oonobangela ababangela ukwahlukana" kubonisa umgaqo wokubona ngaphaya. Imithetho elungileyo mayibe yodwa, ibhalwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye ifikeleleke kwabo bamele bayilandele. Imithetho efihlakeleyo, imiqathango engacacanga, okanye iimfuno ezisemthethweni abantu abaqhelekileyo abangenakuyiqonda ichasene nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni.

Ukucaca ngaphaya kwengqiqo kukwadlulela kwiinkqubo zomthetho. Ukuphila phantsi komthetho kuthetha ukuba bonke oorhulumente nabemi bathobela imithetho efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba banegunya elinjani lezobupolitika, kwaye loo mithetho kufuneka izinzile yaye isetyenziswe ngokusesikweni. Xa kusenziwa izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni emfihlekweni, xa kwenziwa ngaphandle kwengcaciso, okanye xa isiseko senyathelo likarhulumente sifihlakele, abemi abanakuhlala benobutyala okanye beqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuphendula kwamagosa karhulumente

Ingcamango yesindululo ithetha ukuba amagosa karhulumente amele aphendule kubantu kunokuba aphendule. Imithetho elungileyo kufuneka iquke iindlela zokubeka amagosa embopheleleko xa esebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo, ewegqitha amandla awo, okanye esilela ukuphumeza imisebenzi yawo. Ngaphandle kokuphendula, umgaqo wokuba urhulumente afumane igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo ungabi nantsingiselo.

Ukuziphendulela kufuna amasuntswana amaninzi: imilinganiselo ecacileyo yehambo esemthethweni, ukubonakala kwemisebenzi karhulumente, ulawulo olunempumelelo, nemiphumo yokona. Xa amagosa enokwenza into engasohlwaywa, kwanemithetho emihle iba zizixhobo zokucinezela kunokuba ibe kokusesikweni.

Ukwandiswa

Izikhalazo ezininzi zesiSindululo asizikhathazi nje ngoko kwenziwa ngurhulumente waseBritane, kodwa indlela egqithisileyo okanye ezenze ngayo ngokungekho mthethweni. Imithetho elungileyo kufuneka ithelekise kwiingxaki ezizithethayo kwaye isebenzise iindlela ezincinci eziyimfuneko ukuze kufunyanwe iinjongo ezifanelekileyo. Amandla karhulumente kufuneka asetyenziswe ngobuchule, eqonda ukuba kwanemithetho ezimisele kakuhle ingacinezelwa ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi okanye inyanzeliswe ngogonyamelo olugqithisileyo.

Impembelelo yesibhengezo kwiinkqubo zomthetho nophuhliso lomGaqo-siseko

Imigaqo echazwe kwiSindululo seSindululo seNdebe iye yaphembelela ngokunzulu inkqubela-phambili engokomthetho nesomGaqo-siseko, eUnited States nasehlabathini lonke. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo kunceda kukhanyele indlela umbono weSindululo wemithetho esesikweni nobulungisa oye wasetyenziswa ngayo kwaye uyaqhubeka nokuguquka.

Ukusuka Kwisibhengezo Ukuya KumGaqo-siseko

ISindululo senkululeko senza amadinga athile angezoziphi iinkululeko ezisisiseko nezisisiseko, kodwa loo nkululeko ayizange inyanzeleke ukuba ichazwe ngokusemthethweni de yachazwa kumGaqo-siseko nakwiBhili yamaLungelo.

UmGaqo-siseko wadala ubume borhulumente kunye neenkqubo ezifunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe imigaqo yeSindululo. Waseka inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano, kunye norhulumente ocetyelwe ukunqanda ukuxinezeleka kwegunya elichazwa njengeliyingozi kwinkululeko. ISindululo samaLungelo sandula ke sachaza ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye urhulumente angenakulwaphula.

Urhulumente owomelele ngakumbi phantsi komGaqo-siseko wayenenjongo yokwenza umsebenzi ongcono wokulondoloza inkululeko ngokuba negunya elingakumbi lokudlulisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho eya kukhuthaza nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi, nangona yayinamandla amakhulu, urhulumente wayelinganiselwe kwiinjongo ezithile, okanye imisebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayibanga namandla kakhulu. Oku kubonisa ukuqonda koluKhuselo ukuba urhulumente umele womelele ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela amalungelo kodwa unyanzelwe ngokwaneleyo ukuba angasongeli.

Ukwandisa Isangqa Somgangatho

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zelifa lesindululo yaba yindima yalo ekunyuseni ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yayo kumaqela akhutshwayo ekuqaleni kukhuseleko lwawo. Njengoko iMvukelo yaseMerika yanda, umsantsa ocacileyo wavela phakathi kwezithembiso nenyaniso . "Inkululeko, amalungelo alinganayo, kunye nobumi obupheleleyo bagcinelwa amadoda amhlophe ayenempahla, ngoxa abantu abampofu, abafazi, abantu abamnyama, kunye nabantu belizwe lasekuhlaleni bahlala bengekho mthethweni.

Noko ke, amaqela angadityaniswanga asebenzisa ulwimi lwale Sibhengezo nomoya wokulwela inkululeko namalungelo alinganayo. UAbraham Lincoln wabiza iSindululo esithi "sikhalimiso nesikhubekiso kwingcinezelo nengcinezelo" kwaye siyaqhubeka siphembelela abantu ehlabathini lonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana.

Esi Sibhengezo sasijongwa nguAbraham Lincoln njengomgangatho wokuziphatha iUnited States emayizabalazele kuwo, kwaye wacinga ukuba yingxelo yemigaqo umGaqo-siseko omele utolikwe ngayo. Lincoln waphikisa ngelithi nangona isithembiso sokulingana sasingafezekiswa ngokupheleleyo ekumisweni, samisela umgangatho apho uhlanga lufanele luqhubeke luzabalazela khona.

Kwathatha imfazwe yamakhaya ukuba uLincoln aqale ukwenza umbono kaJefferson wokulingana ube yinto yokwenene engokomGaqo-siseko, nasemva kwemfazwe, umbono weSindululo wawukhokwe ngowe 13, we-14, kunye nowe-15 weSigqibo kumGaqo-siseko, owaphelisa ngokusemthethweni ubukhoboka, uqinisekisa bonke abantu ukuba "bakhuselwe ngokulinganayo kwemithetho," kwaye wanika amadoda aseAfrika aseMelika ilungelo lokuvota.

Lo mzekelo uqhubekeke ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ngemibutho eyahlukeneyo , amalungelo abafazi, amalungelo oluntu, iziphene, kunye nabanye . Ukukhuthaza imigaqo yesindululo ukuphikisana ngamalungelo alinganayo kunye nokuphathwa kakuhle phantsi komthetho. Uxwebhu olutyikitywe kwiSeneca Falls Convention yonyaka ka1848 lwabiza amabhinqa ukuba aphinde agcine ukulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa, efuziselwe ngokoMgaqo-siseko wenkululeko nokulinganiswa kohlobo lwawo kunye nombhalo wawo.

Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi

Imigaqo yesindululo iphembelele inkqubela-phambili yomgaqo-siseko neyomthetho ngaphaya konxweme lwaseMerika. Isiqinisekiso sayo sokuba oorhulumente bafumana igunya labo ngokuvunyelwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye siye saphembelela intsebenziswano yenkululeko, imvukelo yedemokhrasi, kunye namalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. ISindululo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo oluntu kunye nemithetho-siseko emininzi yesizwe ibonisa imigaqo eyacaciswa kuqala kwiZindululo zeSizwe saseMelika zenkululeko.

Iinkqubo Zangexesha Elidluleyo: Oko Sisifundisa Kona Namhlanje Esi Sibhengezo

Imigaqo echazwe kwiSindululo seNkqutyana yokuzimela - geqe iyaqhubeka inxulumene neengxoxo zale mihla ngomthetho, okusesikweni, kunye nolawulo. Ngoxa le mibandela ingqalileyo iye yatshintsha ukususela ngowe - 1776, imibuzo esisiseko ngokokuba yintoni eyenza imithetho ibe nesidima norhulumente uqhubekeke ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko

Ibutho lanamhlanje lijamelene noxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwenkxalabo yokhuseleko nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. ISindululo sicebisa ukuba xa urhulumente enembopheleleko yokukhusela ukhuseleko lwabemi .Inxalenye yokukhusela ilungelo labo ebomini .Imilinganiselo yokhuseleko mayingabi nkulu okanye ingabi nalukhuthazo kangangokuba inciphisa inkululeko abacinga ukuba bayikhusele. Imithetho entle kule meko ifuna ukulungelelanisa, ukuba nengqiqo ngemisebenzi karhulumente yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa, kunye nolawulo olunamandla lokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho Namathuba

Ukugxininisa kwesibhengezo "ukufumana ulonwabo" kuchaphazela inkqubo yezoqoqosho nomthetho. Abantu banokukwazi ukusukela ulonwabo lwabo kwaye babe nethuba elifanayo lokusebenza nzima nokugcina iziqhamo zomsebenzi wabo. Oku kucebisa ukuba imithetho elungileyo ifanele ibangele iimeko apho abantu banokuphucula iimeko zabo ngomgudu nangexabiso, kunokuba babanjiswe ziimeko zokuzalwa okanye imiqobo engekho ngqiqweni.

Iingxoxo ezingendlela yokulawula izoqoqosho, irhafu, amalungelo empahla, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo zingaziswa ngokubuza enoba iinkqubo zikhulisa okanye zithintela amandla abantu okusukela ulonwabo kumsebenzi onemveliso. Imithetho elungileyo kule ngqukuva kufuneka ikhusele amalungelo empahla kunye nenkululeko yezoqoqosho ngeli xesha iqinisekisa ukuba amandla ezoqoqosho akajoliswe phambili kangangokuba akwamkeli abanye ngokunempumelelo amathuba anenjongo.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Izikhalo zesindululo esingento yokuthintelwa kobulungisa nokukhanyelwa kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala zibalaselisa ukubaluleka kweenkqubo ezifikelelekayo, ezingakhethi cango. Iingxaki zangexesha elizayo ziquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanezintlu-mali ezilinganiselweyo banokukwazi ukufikelela kwiinkundla, ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho azibi ntsonkothe kangako okanye zibe nexabiso elininzi kangangokuba zifumaneka kuphela kwizityebi, kwaye iindlela zesigqibo ezizizodwa ezinika iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Imithetho elungileyo ayifuni nje imithetho elungileyo kodwa kwanemibutho neenkqubo ezivumela abantu ukuba bathethelele amalungelo abo baze bacombulule iimpikiswano ngokusesikweni. Xa iinkqubo zomthetho zifikeleleka ngenxa yexabiso, ukuntsonkotha, okanye ukulibazisa, isithembiso sokusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho asizaliseki.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nomelo Olulawulwa Ngolawulo - melo

Umgaqo woMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo wokuvuma okulawulwayo uphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nendlela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zexeshana ezibonisa ngayo ukuba uthanda okuthandwayo. Imithetho elungileyo kufuneka ivele kwiinkqubo ezivumela abemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekulawuleni, enoba ngovotelo, ngengcaciso yoluntu, okanye ngezinye iinkqubo. Xa izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo zilawula inkqubo, xa i-galelo lomthetho ligqwetha umelo, okanye xa abemi bengenalwazi olunentsingiselo ngemisebenzi karhulumente, unxulumano phakathi kolwamvolo nomthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente luyekelelayo.

Amalungelo Kwiminyaka Yamanani

Ubugcisa obutsha budala ucelomngeni lokukhusela amalungelo achazwa sisibhengezo. Uphando lwamanani, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ubuntlola obungeyomfuneko, kunye nemigangatho ye-intanethi iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukuzimela, isimbo esikhululekileyo, kunye namandla karhulumente ebekungenakulindelwa ngabasunguli. Kodwa imigaqo yesibhengezo isekho: Ingaba obu bugcisa kunye nomthetho wabo ziyawakhusela okanye zisongele amalungelo abantu? Ingaba ziyawakhulisa okanye ziyawathoba isidima somntu nesomkhethe? Ingaba ngaba ziphantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi olunentsingiselo kunye nokuphendula?

Iingxaki Nemilinganiselo

Ngoxa iSibhengezo Senkululeko sichaza imigaqo enamandla ngemithetho esesikweni nokusesikweni, uhlolisiso olunyanisekileyo lufuna ukuvuma imida yaso kunye nemisantsa ephakathi kweengcamango zaso nembali eyinyaniso.

Ukuphikisana Ngobukhoboka

Eyona nto ididayo kwiSindululo kukuba, xa kuvela amazwi afanayo kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko zikarhulumente, umbhali oyintloko uThomas Jefferson, wazenza amakhoboka abanye abantu njengokuba babevakalisa ukuba bonke abantu badalwa belingana namalungelo angenakuhlulwa. Olu hanahaniso luye lwakhokelela abanye ekulahleni imigaqo yesindululo njengentetho nje. Noko ke, xa kuvela amazwi afanayo kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko, babesoloko bexhaswa kwicala lenkululeko nolingana, kwaye bobabini abaxhasi bobukhoboka kunye nabaxhasi bemibutho abaqondwa njengathi "wonke wonke abantu badalwa bayalingana" abanakuthathwa nzulu kwaye baphile ngokulinganayo.

Oku kucebisa ukuba nangona imigaqo yesindululo yayingasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo ekusungulweni, yayiqulathe ngaphakathi kwazo imbewu yolwando lwazo. Ukungavisisani phakathi kobukhoboka neenjongo zesibhengezo kwadala iingxwabangxwaba ezingokuziphatha nokusengqiqweni ezathi ekugqibeleni zaba negalelo ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka, nokuba loo nkqubo yayithatha ixesha elide kakhulu kwaye ifuna imfazwe yamakhaya etshabalalisayo.

Ukucinywa Kwamabhinqa Namanye Amaqela

Isibhengezo solwimi "sonke amadoda" sasiqondwa ngelo xesha ukuwakhupha amabhinqa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika namalungelo amaninzi asemthethweni. UAbhigali-Adams wabongoza umyeni wakhe uYohane ukuba abhale athi, ‘ Khumbulani amanenekazi, ninganiki amadoda "amandla angenamda" phezu kwabafazi bawo njengoko wayecamngca ngemithetho yohlanga olutsha. Isibongozo sakhe asizange sithotyelwe, nabafazi babengayi kuzuza ukulingana okupheleleyo kwezobupolitika iminyaka emalunga neyi-1050.

Ngokufanayo, abantu belizwe labo, nangona bengabemi belo lizwe bokuqala, babengagqalwa njengenxalenye yengingqi yezopolitiko iSindululo esamiselwa. Olu xwebhu lunentetho echaza "Ii-Avages zama-Indiya angenaziphene" ebonisa ikhethe lexesha lalo neprojekthi yelizwe lalo ephucukileyo.

Oku kucalucalula kusikhumbuza ukuba kwanezona ngxelo zibalaseleyo zomgaqo zinokuhambisana nokungekho sikweni okunzulu, yaye ukufikelela imithetho esesikweni nokusesikweni kokwenyaniso kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo wokwandisa amalungelo abo akhuselweyo namazwi abo aviwayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzalisekisa

Isithembiso sesiSindululo, nangona singaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, siye sakhokela iingxoxo zezobupolitika zaseMerika ukususela ngoko. Umsantsa phakathi komgaqo kunye noqheliselo uhlala ulucelomngeni oluzingisileyo. Ukuvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu banamalungelo alinganayo kulula kunokudala iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni nezikhusela amalungelo alinganayo. Ukuvakalisa ukuba urhulumente ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma abalawulwa kulula kunokuyila amaziko abonakalisa ngokwenene ukuba aya kuthandwa ngelinye ixesha ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane.

Imigaqo Esebenzisekayo Yokulahla Imithetho Nemigaqo Efanelekileyo

Isindululo senkululeko sinikela isiseko sokuhlola enoba imithetho nemigaqo karhulumente ilungile na. Abahlali, abamisi-mthetho, abagwebi, nabaqulunqi bemigaqo bangayisebenzisa le migaqo xa beqwalasela imithetho emitsha okanye behlola ekhoyo.

Imibuzo Onokuyibuza Ngawo Nawaphi Na Umthetho

  • [[UMTL:0] Ingaba ikhusela okanye isongela amalungelo abantu? imiyalelo kufuneka ikhusele amalungelo obomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo kunokuphazamisana ngokungeyomfuneko nabo.
  • Ingumthetho obonakalisa uvumo lokwenyaniso lokulawulwa? kufuneka uphume kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezivumela inxaxheba enentsingiselo kunye nomelo.
  • Isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke? Imithetho akufunekanga iyile amahlelo anelungelo okanye ikhethe ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezizizo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingaba abantu banokukwazi ukwazi oko kufunwa ngumthetho nokuqonda indlela oza kusetyenziswa ngayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ingaba ilungelelanisiwe kwaye iyimfuneko? imiyalelo kufuneka isebenzise iindlela ezincinci ezingqongqo ezifunekayo ukuze kufikelelwe iinjongo ezisemthethweni.
  • Ingaba iquka uvavanyo lokuphendula? Kumele kubekho iindlela zokubeka amagosa ajongene nendlela amisa ngayo imithetho kwaye ayinyanzelise ngayo.
  • Imithetho ifanele iphathe abantu njengeziphelo ngokwabo, hayi njengendlela nje yokusebenzisa ezinye iinjongo.
  • Ikhuthaza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo ngelixesha ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye? Imithetho elungileyo ilungelelanisa inkululeko yomntu nentlalo-ntle.

Indima Yabemi

Imigaqo yesindululo ibonisa indima esebenzayo kubemi ekulondolozeni imithetho elungileyo nasekulawuleni ngokusesikweni. AmaMelika ayenethuba nembopheleleko yokwenza urhulumente olungileyo ngokhetho olulungileyo, hayi ngo "ukhetho kunye nokunyanzeliswa". Oku kucebisa ukuba abemi babe neembopheleleko eziqhubekayo zokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente, babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, bagcine amagosa ebeke ityala, kwaye bathethe ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni.

Isindululo sokuzimisela kwelungelo lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente ongekho sikweni asithethi ukuba abemi kufuneka babhenele ekuvukeleni kumqondiso wokuqala wokungavisisani. Kunoko, kuthetha ukuba abemi bafanele bazibandakanye ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, basebenzise iinkqubo ezikhoyo ezingokwasemthethweni nezolawulo-moya ukucombulula izikhalazo, kwaye bagcine ukuphaphazela nxamnye nokurhoxa kwamalungelo nokumiselwa koorhulumente ngokuthe ngcembe.

Uxwebhu Oluthi Luyinto Ephilayo

Isigwebo sesibini sesibhengezo sithathwa njengenye yezona migca zibalulekileyo nezaziwayo kwimbali yehlabathi, eziqulathe "wona mazwi anamandla nangumphumo kwimbali yamaMelika". Amandla aso ahlala ehleli angekho nje kwintsingiselo yayo engokwembali kodwa kumsebenzi waso oqhubekayo kwimibuzo yokusesikweni, amalungelo, kunye nolawulo olusemthethweni.

Isibhengezo sisebenza njengento enokuthi "luxwebhu oluphilayo" hayi ngenxa yokuba amazwi aso ayatshintsha, kodwa ngenxa yokuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sibambene nokusebenzisa imigaqo yaso kwiimeko ezintsha kwaye sandise izithembiso zaso kwezo zazingadityaniswanga. Ingcamango yokulingana yayisemgangathweni kwintanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa kwamalungelo endalo, kodwa emva kokuba ivele kwiSindululo, yafumana intsingiselo entsha yezobupolitika, kwaye kulo lonke uhlanga olutsha nangaphaya kwalo, abantu abasuka kuzo zonke izithethe zobomi baqalisa ukufuna ukulingana, kwaye baye baqhubeka besenza oko kwizizukulwana.

Inkcaza Eqhubekayo Nesicelo

Inkqubo yokugqiba oko imigaqo yesindululo ithetha kona ekuqhubekeni. Yintoni efunekayo phambi kokuba umthetho ulingana ngexesha lokwenza izigqibo zomthetho-mthetho? Lifanele lilungelelaniswe njani ilungelo lenkululeko nxamnye nenkxalabo yempilo kawonke-wonke? Ukusukela ulonwabo kuthetha ntoni kuqoqosho olusehlabathini lonke? Le mibuzo ayinazo iimpendulo ezilula, kodwa isindululo sinika isiseko sokucinga ngazo.

Abantu abahlukeneyo baza kufikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ngendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yesibhengezo kwimibandela ethile. Oko kumele kulindelwe kwibutho labantu elahlukeneyo. Into engundoqo kukuba iingxoxo ngomthetho nomgaqo zibandakanya ngokunzulu nemibuzo esisiseko ephathelele amalungelo, okusesikweni, uvumo, kunye neenjongo zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo kunokugxininisa kwizinto ezinqwenelekayo okanye kwinzuzo elinganiselweyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotyelwa Ngokuqhubekayo Kwemigaqo Yezibhengezo

Isibhengezo seSindululo seNtlalo sinika ingqiqo enzulu ngokokwenza imithetho ibe nemithetho esesikweni nelawulayo. Imigaqo yayo esisiseko yenziwa ngokulinganayo, ukuba bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo angenakuhlukaniswa, urhulumente ukho ukukhusela loo malungelo, kwaye igunya likarhulumente lifumana imvume yabaphathi abalawulwayo.

Ngokwesiseko soSindululo, imithetho elungileyo, kufuneka ikhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngoxa ikhuthaza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo, isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, ivela kwiinkqubo ezibonakalisa imvume ethandwayo yokwenene, esebenza ngokucace gca, iquka iindlela zokuphendula, kwaye isebenzise iindlela ezilungeleleneyo ukuze iphumeze iinjongo ezifanelekileyo. Le migaqo ihlala isebenza namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo ngo1776, njengokuba ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kunye nomongo zitshintshile.

Ilifa lesindululo lintsonkothile. Lichaza imigaqo yenguquko ngexesha lokudibana nokungekho sikweni okunzulu. Lavakalisa iinyaniso zendalo yonke lize lingazikhuseli kwinkuselo yalo. Kodwa imigaqo yalo ingqineke inamandla ngokwaneleyo ukukhuthaza izizukulwana zabantu ukuba zifune ukuba izithembiso zayo zizaliseke, isangqa sazo sokhuseleko sandiswe, kwaye umbono waso wokusesikweni ufezeke ngokupheleleyo.

UJames Madison waphawula ukuba "Ubulungisa yisiphelo [senjongo] karhulumente. Sisiphelo sebutho lasekuhlaleni." Isibhengezo senkululeko sinika isiseko sokuqonda oko okufunekayo kokusesikweni: ukuqondwa kokulingana kwabantu nesidima, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko, ukuphendula kukarhulumente kwimicimbi elungileyo yoluntu, nemithetho esebenzela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Njengoko siqhubeka sizama ukuphikisana nemibuzo ephathelele imithetho esesikweni nokusesikweni kwixesha lethu, iSibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko sisenguvimba obalulekileyo (hhayi njengendlela egqibeleleyo yokuphendula yonke imibuzo, kodwa njengengxelo yemigaqo enokukhokela indlela yethu yokucinga, iphembelela iinjongo zethu, kwaye inike imilinganiselo yokuvavanya ukuba imithetho namaziko ethu asebenza ngokwenene kusini na kwiinjongo urhulumente afanele abe nazo. Umbono waso soluntu apho bonke abantu bagqalwa njengabalinganayo, apho amalungelo akhuselwa khona, apho urhulumente akhonza khona abantu kunokuba anikezele, nalapho okusesikweni kuhlala kufanelekile khona ukuba kufikelele usukelo olufanelekele ukuzabalazela.

Ukuhlola okubhekele phaya kwezi mixholo, ungahlola umbhalo opheleleyo weSibhengezo se-Inkululeko kumaZibonelo esizwe, uhlolo lokwenza uthetho phakathi kweSindululo, umGaqo-siseko, kunye noBill of Rights [[FLT:]] kuMzikelo woMgaqo-siseko weSizwe, hlolisisa [[[FLT:]] [4] indlela isibhengezo esiye saphembele ngayo imibutho yokulinganisa [ [ngendlela engomthetho] iGildlexman Institutestion, ifunda malunga [[FLT:] izikovo:] kunye nemigaqo yayo yemimiselo [FLT] kusetyenziswa kweZiko lamaLungelo, kunye nofundo [FT] lwezicwangciso-FLT] lwezicwangciso lomthetho lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-onke] [FT]