I-Bible Jeopardy Claus isekelwe ekunxuseni komthetho wasendulo okuvamile okukhuthaza ukukhulula nokungalondeki. Ibonisa isahlulelo somphakathi sokuthi uhulumeni akumelwe avunyelwe ukwenza imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokubopha umuntu, ukumenza amahloni, izindleko, nobunzima, futhi ubaphoqelela ukuba baphile esimweni esiqhubekayo sokukhathazeka nokungalondeki. Lesimiso, esidume ngokucaciswa nguMahluleli Black v. United States, igcizelela izigxobo eziphakeme ezihilelekile. Ingozi ephindaphindiwe kabili ithi akukhona nje ukuphumelela kobuchwepheshe; kuyilungelo elisekela izahlulelo zokugcina nobuqotho besimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza esinye sezihlangu eziyisisekelo kakhulu kuhulumeni ophathwe ngokungemthetho: i-Revicty Claus ye- Jeopardy. Sithi akekho umuntu ozobekwa "ekubekeni isigwebo esifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho somthetho." Lesisimiso sivimbela umbuso ekusebenziseni imithombo yawo enzima kakhulu ekuhlukumezeni abantu ngokuqulwa ngokulandelana, siqinisekisa ukuthi isiphetho sesinqumo, futhi silondoloza ubuqotho bezinqumo zejaji. Abameli, ngempumelelo ukuphakamisa izingozi eziphindwe kabili kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu enqolobaneni, elikwazi ukulahla icala lonke ngaphambi kokuba ukuqulwa kwesikhathi sokuqulwa kwesibili kuqale. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ezingokwesiko ezingokomthetho zokuvikela, ukuvikela, futhi izikhali eziqinile.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuphambana Kabili

Ngaphambi kokubhukuda ungene ezindleleni ezithile, kubalulekile ukuqonda izingxenye eziyinhloko ze - Double Reopardy Claus. iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza isivikelo sezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene uClaus asinikezayo:

  • Ukuvikelwa komthetho wesibili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa.
  • Ukuvikelwa komshushisi kwesibili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokuqiniseka.
  • [[[QUL:0] Ukuvikelwa ekujezisweni okuningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo.

Lezi sivikelo zasetshenziswa ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane esenzekalweni sengqophamlando Benton v. Maryland (11969]. Inkinga yomnyango ekuhlolweni okuphindwe kabili yile [ ukufakwa kwengozi . UJeopardy akanamatheli ngokuboshwa noma ngokubekwa icala. Inamathela eqophelweni elithile enkantolo: uma ijaji lifungqwe enkantolo, lapho ufakazi wokuqala egqibile ebhandeni, noma lapho inkantolo ivuma isicelo esinecala.

Ukuhamba ngengozi okuphindwe kabili Isikhathi sokuhamba okukabili sinqunywa ukunamathela kwengozi. Ukuthatha indawo eyingozi ephindwe kabili kumelwe kwenziwe kuqhubeke ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kusebenze, kodwa kungakwenziwa kuphela uma ingozi ihlangene nenqubo yangaphambili. Uma umshushisi elahla icala phambi kokuba ijaji lifunwe, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuvamile azibambi ukuqulwa kwecala esikhathini esizayo.

Iqhinga 1: Imfuduko yokuxosha isekelwe ku-"Icala"

Isu eliqondile lihlela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kususwe icala, liphikisa ngokuthi lamacala akha "icala" njengomshushisi ongaphambili. Imibuzo egxekayo kumelwe iphendulwe yi: isho ukuthi isiphi isigaba "sokungalungi"? INkantolo Ephakeme isungule uhlelo olunezinto eziningi ukuze yenze lokhu kuzimisela.

Iblockburger / "Same process" Vivinya

Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuhlola ukuthi amacala amabili ayafana yini ukuhlolwa komqambi , okusungulwe ku [FLT]] [FLT]] .[FLT] `Sotburger v. United States[FLT] [1932]]. Lokhu kuhlola kubhekisa kumasuntswana angokomthetho. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, amaphutha amabili awayi "safana" uma ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bengxenye engameleli.

Iqhinga lokuzivikela: Indima yommeli ukuhlukanisa ngokucophelela izici zemithetho yamacala amanje futhi aziqhathanise namacala angaphambili. Umgomo uwukubonisa ukuthi amacala ayafana noma ahambisana nomthetho owenziwe kancane.

Isibonelo: Uma ummangalelwa ngaphambili ayeboshelwe ekuhlaseleni okulula (ezama ukubangela ukulimala komzimba) futhi manje esolwa ngokuhlasela okushubile (ezama ukubangela ukulimala okungathi sína komzimba ngesikhali esibulalayo), icala elisha lidinga ubufakazi bengxenye eyengeziwe (ukulimala komzimba, isikhali esibulalayo). Nokho, uma ukuhlasela okusheshisiwe kusekelwe esenzweni esifanayo futhi isisulu sisefana, isivikelo singasenamathuba okuhlasela, njengokuphikisa injongo yokulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho noma ukusebenzisa "indlela yokuhlola" esebenzayo" lapho kusebenza khona.

" Umthetho osebenzayo uthi lapho isenzo esifanayo noma ukuthengiselana kuhlanganisa ukwephulwa kwamalungiselelo amabili ahlukene, ukuhlola okuzosetshenziswa ukunquma ukuthi kukhona amacala amabili noma elinye ukuthi ilungiselelo ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi beqiniso leli elinye elingalifuni.
-Mahluleli uHarlan, i-batburger v. United States[FLT][3]

Ukuvivinywa "Kokuziphatha Okubalulekile" No"Ukudluliswa Kwezenzo"

United States v. Dixon (1993), iNkantolo Ephakeme yawugunyaza ngokuqondisiwe u 'ukuhlolwa okulandelayo" okusungulwe ku- Grady v. Corbin[. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [uvivinyo olungaphezulu] luye lwakholelwa ukuthi izingozi ezingaqinisa ukuqulwa okulandelayo uma uhulumeni efuna ukufakazela kakade indaba yokuqulwa kokuqala, ngisho noma izici zobugebengu zazihlukile. [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [5] Inkantolo yathola lenqubo engenziwangaqondanayo futhi yabuyiselwa kakhulu ezindaweni zokuvikela i-Blockburg'. Lokhu kwakuyimpinda enkulu.

Abameli abavikeli abakwazi ukuthembela engxabanweni ebanzi "Isenzo sobugebengu" ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, nakuba ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza izigaba zazo eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokubanzi kakhulu ukuze zivale ukuqulwa kwezikhangiso ngokulandelanayo ngenxa yentengo efanayo. Abavikeli kumelwe bahlole ukuthi imingcele ekhethekile yombuso ukuze bavikele kakhulu.

Izikhali Eziningi Eziwujuqu: Ithuluzi Eliklanywe Kakhulu

Icebo elihlobene kakhulu lihlanganisa ukucela inselele eqinile yokumangalela njenge-. Icala eliningi lisola icala elilodwa ngamanani amaningi. Lokhu kwephula umthetho ka-Double Jeopardy Claus owenqabela izijeziso eziningi.

Iqhinga lokweba: I-facet yokususa izinombolo eziningi noma ukuphoqa umshushisi ukuba akhethe isilinganiso esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalela ummangalelwa ngokuqulwa kwezinombolo eziyishumi zokweba izinto eziyishumi esitolo esisodwa phakathi nesehlakalo esisodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kukhulu ukuchaza ukuthi umthetho osebenzayo uchaza ukwebiwa njengento eyodwa, eqhubekayo, i-larcny. Isivikelo sithi uhlose ukuba ulwe ukuba kube nesenzo esisodwa esiqhubekayo sokwenza icala elilodwa.

Isu 2: I - Colteracal Estopel (Isu Eliyiphutha)

Ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho noma ukukhomba okulandelayo kungokobungcweti "kwehlukile" ngecala ngaphansi kwe-Blockburger, uhulumeni kungenzeka ukuthi uzama ukuphinda uvule iqiniso elinqunywe ngempela emseni wommangalelwa ozahlulelweni lokuqala. Lena imfundiso ye colteral estoppel, elenziwa lisebenze emacalani obugebengu [FLT]][FLT]] Aspev.[FLT:][5] [1970]]

Iqhinga le-Defense: Leli isu elinamandla, kodwa elivame ukunganakwa, icebo. Isivikelo kumelwe sihlaziye isinqumo sabahluleli bangaphambili ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yimaphi amaqiniso "ngokubodwa" ngokugwetshwa. Lokhu kudinga ukubhekisisa iziyalezo zabahluleli, ukumangalelwa, nobufakazi obunikezwayo.

Isampuli (Indaba ka-Ashe): Abadlali abayisithupha bepoker baphangwa. Abaphathi bamangalelwa ngokuphanga nokungakhokhiwe omunye wabadlali. Isifundazwe sabe sesizama ukumphanga umdlali ohlukile. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi indaba yokuba umnini-("UMasihe oyedwa wabaphangi?") yanqunywa ngempela ukuvalwa kwejaji lokuqala. Izwe labekwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba livalwe ukukhalaza.

Uhlelo lwe-Practical: Ummeli ovikelayo kumelwe ahlolisise iziyalezo zokwahlulela, ukumangalela, nobufakazi obuvela ekuqulweni kokuqala ukuze ahlele ngokuqondile udaba olwanqunywa. Lelisu liphumelela kakhulu emacaleni asho ukuthi amaqembu ezidakamizwa noma ukukhwabanisa okuyinkimbinkimbi, lapho uhulumeni angazama ukuhlukanisa icebo elilodwa lobugebengu libe ukulingwa okungalingani.

Isu 3: Ukuhlasela Okungalawuleki Nokuphumelela

Umngcele ophawulekayo wengozi ephindwe kabili yimfundiso yobukhosi . Lemfundiso iphethe lezozikhundla ezihlukene (umz., uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, noma izifundazwe ezimbili ezihlukene) ngayinye inamandla okumangalela ummangalelwa ngesenzo esifanayo uma leso senzo siphula imithetho yombusi ngamunye.

Ubukhosi Obubodwa Buyanqotshwa

Ku i-Gguedge v. United States[[FLT]] [2017], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasiqinisekisa lemfundiso, iphethe ukuthi isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni sokuba yinkosi ephethe isibhamu asiyivimbelanga ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni ngesenzo esifanayo sempahla. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi umbuso nohulumeni bayimiphakathi ehlukene yezombangazwe, idonsa igunya labo emithonjeni ehlukene.

Iqhinga lokulawula eliqinile Isu lokuzimela: Nakuba imfundiso yobukhosi obubili iqinile, abameli abavikelayo bangayihlasela emaceleni:

  • "Icala" noma i-Colussive Prosection: I-Argue ukuthi ukushushisa kwesibili kuyithuluzi leyokuqala, lapho umbusi oyedwa esebenza njengethuluzi noma inxusa lenye. Lena ibhande eliphezulu kakhulu okumelwe lihlangane nalo.
  • "Umthetho owenziwe ngesame" Impikiswano: Impikiswano yokuthi amagunya endawo nombuso, noma iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni abasebenza ngokubambisana okukhulu kangangokuba basebenze njengombusi oyedwa, kufanele baphathwe njengoyedwa. Lokhu kudinga ukubonisa izinga elingavamile lokuhlola nokulawula okuhlangene.
  • Ubukhosi bobuKhosi be-Tribinali: Izizwe zoMdabu waseMelika zibhekwa njengezizimele ezihlukene eUnited States. Ummangalelwa angamangalelwa ngesenzo esifanayo enkantolo yesizwe nenkantolo kahulumeni. Icebo lokuvikela lapha ligxile e-Indian Civil Rights Act futhi ukuthi ukuquliswa kwesizwe kwakulungile futhi kwanele, nakuba lokhu kuthukela kuvimbela ukuqulwa komthetho.

Ukuphikisa Nokuhlanganyela Okulandelanayo

Emagunyeni anezintambo eziqinile, ummeli ovikelayo angase aphikise ngokuthi umshushisi wathatha isinyathelo ngokholo olubi ngokuhluleka ukuhlanganisa zonke iziphakamiso ezivela ecaleni elifanayo lobugebengu ekuqulweni okukodwa. Nakuba ukwenqaba ukuhlanganyela kungena njalo engozini ephindwe kabili, kunganikeza isisekelo sokuxoshwa uma ummangalelwa engabonisa ukuthi umshushisi wasebenzisa ngamabomu isimiso ukuze avimbele isivikelo sikaClause.

Isu 4: Ukunqoba Ngemva Kokungahleleki

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabili ihilela amaphutha. Uma icala liphela enkantolo engalungile, ummangalelwa angase angabi yicala lesibili, kuye ngokuthi ubani ocele ukuqulwa kwecala futhi kungani.

Amaphutha Abangelwa Ukuzivikela

Uma ukuzivikela kucela ukuqulwa kwecala elingafanele, ukuqulwa kwecala okulandelayo ngokuvamile akungethiwa ngengozi ephindwe kabili. Isizathu siwukuthi ummangalelwa wakhetha ngokuzithandela ukuqeda icala lokuqala.

Ukumangalelwa Kwamacala Okumangalelwa Noma Inkantolo

Yilapho ukuvikela okukahle kugxeka khona. Uma umshushisi ebangela inkantolo engalungile ngokuziphatha okubi, noma uma umahluleli ememezela iphutha lokwahlulela ngokumelene nommangalelwa, amaphutha aphindwe kabili ayakuphinde abekwe ikhambi uma inqubo engalunganga uma i- ingcono kakhulu.

Iqhinga lokuzivikela: Isivikelo kufanele simelane kakhulu nesimemezelo sokwahlulela okungeyikho futhi siphikise ngokuthi inkinga ayilapheki. Uma kushiwo iphutha, ukuzivikela kumelwe kuthathwe ngokushesha futhi kususwe ukuxoshwa okusekelwe engozini ephindwe kabili. Isivikelo singaphikisa ngokuthi "isidingo esikhulu" sidinga indinga ephezulu", ngaphezu nje kwenkinga noma ubunzima.

U-Hung Juries: Ijaji elilengiwe liyisibonelo esivelele sokubonakala okudingekile. Uma ijaji liboshwe ngephutha ngemva kokuphenya okukhulu, umahluleli angamemezela inqubo eyiphutha, futhi uhulumeni angamphikisa ummangalelwa ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Iqhinga lokwahlulela:[[FLT:] I-FLT:3] Isivikelo kufanele siphikisane nenkundla eyiphutha, siqinisekise ukuthi ijaji alikho ngezeki futhi lingafinyelela isahlulelo. Uma icebo lishiwo ngokungafanele, intebo yokugcina umbhalo wokukhanka ngokuthi umahluleli iphisa ngokuzingela kwabo ngokungenze.

Imposiso enzima: [ Uma umshushisi ebopha ummangalelwa ukuba acele isigwebo esingafanele, noma uma umshushisi ethatha ukuziphatha okubi okubi kakhulu kangangokuba ephoqelela umahluleli ukuba amemezele amaphutha, amaphutha aphindwe kabili. Lokhu kuyindinganiso enzima ukuhlangabezana nayo. Isivikelo kumelwe sibonise injongo eqondile yokubangela ukuxazululwa kwecala, hhayi ubandlululo noma iphutha.

" Ilungiselelo lengozi ephindwe kabili leSichibiyelo sesihlanu aliqinisekisi ngokuphelele ukuthi icala lommangalelwa lizoqedwa ngenkathi eyodwa eqhubeka. ... umbuzo onzima uwukuthi umahluleli wecala wahlola ngokucophelela nangokucophelela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba ezinye izindlela zingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuba amemezele amaphutha."

Isu 5: Ukugwetshwa Nokujeziswa Kwesijeziso Esiningi

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayikona nje ukuphindela ekuzanyweni; iyasebenza futhi ekutheni isongwe kabili [ ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Lena indawo yempi enzima eqenjini lesigwebo.

Isigwebo Esiyinselele

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa ngezibalo eziningi ezinqunywa ukuba kube "icala elifanayo" ngaphansi kukaBlockburger, inkantolo kumelwe ihlanganise izinkolelo eziqondene nezinjongo zokugweba. Isivikelo kumelwe siphakamise lendaba ngonya.

Iqhinga lomthetho: Isivikelo kufanele sifake ukunyakaza kwempikiswano yokuthi amanani ahlukene nokuthi imisho elandelanayo ingadala ingozi ephindwe kabili. Lokhu kudinga ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezici ze-state kanye namaqiniso aqondile endaba. Uma amacala esekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo kodwa anezakhi ezihlukene, ukuzivikela kungaphikisa ukuthi umthetho womthetho ungahlose ukuvumela isijeziso esikhungetheneyo.

Ukukhuliswa Kwesigwebo Nezinkolelo Zangaphambili

Icebo likahulumeni elivamile ukusebenzisa isiqinisekiso sangaphambili ukuze kunyuswe isigwebo emangalweni yamanje. Isivikelo kumelwe siqinisekise ukuthi lokhu akusona isijeziso sesibili ngenxa yecala elingaphambili. Ngokuvamile, ukugwetshwa kabusha kwesigwebo (njengemithetho emithathu) akungqubuzani nezingozi eziphindwe kabili, njengoba bejezisa ummangalelwa ngecala elisha, hhayi elidala. Nokho, uma uhulumeni ezama ukuchaza amaqiniso ento engenakulahlwa ngaphambi kokuba ivulwe ukuze athethelele ukuthuthukisa, isivikelo kumelwe sibhekane nomonakalo ophindwe kabili.

Ukukhokhwa Kwezigebengu Nokujeziswa Ngezigebengu

Imingcele ethakazelisayo yesu eliphindiwe lokulahlekelwa kwengozi ephindiwe ihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwecala lomphakathi kanye nokuquliswa kwecala. Uhulumeni uvame ukuphishekela kokubili isijeziso somphakathi esiphucwa isigwebo kanye necala lobugebengu elisekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo. Defense Strategy:[ Argue ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwesizwe okwakuqhubeka kwakuyinto engokwemvelo kangangokuba kwakungamelangasohlwayanga isijeziso sobugebengu. Uma kuphumelela, ukuquliswa kwecala kungavinjelwa. Inkantolo ePhakakhulu e v. Ursery (196) ngokuvamile ithi ukulahlekelwa yisijeziso esingoko ngokomphakathi akusona isijeziso esiyingozi, kodwa ukuhlasela okungakhonziwa kakhulu noma okungakhonziwa injongo engcono kakhulu.

Isu 6: Izivumelwano Zokubhucungwa Kwezigebengu Neziqu Zasendle

Kubalulekile ukuba iseluleko sokuvikela siqonde ukuthi isivikelo esiphindwe kabili singalahlwa. Indlela evame kakhulu lokhu kwenzeka ngayo ngesivumelwano. Uma ummangalelwa encenga icala, ngokuvamile abanakuphikisa kamuva ukuthi ukumangalelwa kwecala kulimaza izingozi eziphindwe kabili, ngaphandle kokuba ubuso becala buhluleka ukusho icala.

Iqhinga le-Defense: Nakuba uhulumeni evame ukufuna izikhangiso ezibanzi, ummeli we-savvy ovikelayo angasebenzisa impoqo yamalungelo aphindwe kabili njengasiphakamisi sokufaka i-pap. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzivikela kungavuma ukulahla inselele ephindwe kabili yokuzibeka inselele ehlukene ekumangaleleni ukugunyaza okungcono kakhulu ekumangaleleni abakhokhisi abayinhloko. Ngokuphambene, ukuzivikela kufanele kusebenzise ingxoxo eqinile ukuze kulondolozwe ilungelo lekhasimende eliphindwe kabili lokufaka izingozi, ngisho noma isicelo singena.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuwusizo Nezindlela Zokumelana Nakho

Abalweli babhekana nobunzima obukhulu lapho bephakamisa izingozi ezimbili.

  • Umthwalo wobufakazi: Umthwalo uphezu kommangalelwa ukuze amise izingozi ezilungile eziphindiwe ngokuqashelwa kobufakazi. Lokhu kunzima, ikakhulukazi uma uzama ukufakazela ukuhlangana kombuso noma ukholo olubi.
  • Uvivinyo "Ukuziphatha kwe-Same" lulinganisela: Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Dixon[[[FLT]] [1993] wenqaba uvivinyo olubanzi "lodwa" ku- Grady v. Corbin[[FL:7]]. Lokhu kwabuyisela ukubhekisa phambili, izakhi-zicinjnerzelo-bber, kwenza kube nzima ngabamangalelwa ukuba baphikisene ukuthi ukumangalelwa okuhlukanisa izikhalo zesenzo sobugebengu ezifanayo kufanele kuvinywe.
  • Izikhalo zokwehla: Izifunda eziphezulu eziningi zivumela uhulumeni ukuba adlulise isinqumo senkantolo ngokushesha ukukhipha icala ngezindawo eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lokhu kusho ukunqoba kokuzivikela ngokuvamile kuhlala isikhathi esifushane futhi kuhlolwe ukubukezwa ngokushesha.

Isiphetho

Ukwazi ubuciko bokuvikela okuphindwe kabili kudinga ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuchaza imithetho engokomthetho, nomthetho-mthetho. Noma kumane kudlulisa izici zomthetho owenziwe ngaphansi kwe-Blockburger, ukusebenzisa i-conteral estomple ukuze uvimbe ukuphinda kuqondana kweqiniso eliyinhloko, noma ukuphikisa ngamandla isimemezelo esiyinkimbinkimbi, indima yommeli wokuzivikela ukuqinisa uhulumeni umthwalo wakhe womthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba imfundiso embaxambili yobukhosi kanye "ukuziphatha okufanayo" kulinganiselwe kunezithiyo, iJeopard Claus ekhona ihlala iyisivikelo esiqinile nesibalulekile. Isivikelo sesivikelo, siyithuluzi lokuthi, uma sisetshenziswa ngokunembe nangokuqonda kahle, singavikela ukunqoba okuphelele nokugcinayo kombuso.

[[QURT:0] Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe nge-Reopardy Claus nezinhlelo zayo, bheka Cornell Legional Information Institute eku faka kuka-Face Dieupardy.