Ukuhamba edolobheni kuyisisekelo sobungqabavu bezomnotho, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile eUnited Kingdom. Njengoba kunabantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 abahlala emadolobheni, indlela abantu abahamba ngayo phakathi naphakathi kwamadolobha ithinta umkhiqizo, izinga lokuphila, nekhono lesizwe lokubhekana nezisulu zezenethi ezinamandla. Ekujuleni kwalenselele isekela abameli bezwe — abakhethelwe ngokuqondile emagunyeni ahlangene anjengeManchester, iMindlands, neLondon. La manani ayanda kakhulu ekulondolozeni imithombo edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kulondolozwe izimiso zomphakathi eziqinile. Ikhono labo lokuhamba ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusekela indawo, ukusekela ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe, nokutshala izimali ezinde zezentengo yezentengo yesikhathi eside kunquma ukuthi izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni, ukunelisa, ukunelisa nokuhleka komsebenzi, ukuhleka nokwehlisa izinkonzo, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi, iLondon.

Indima Ejikelezayo Ye - UK Meyars Emalini Yokuthutha Yomphakathi

Amagunya nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphathi-mameya baseBrithani aye akhula kakhulu kusukela lapho kusungulwa amameya e-metro ngaphansi kwe-Democracy ye-Local Democracy, i-Economic Democratic and Account Act 2009. Nakuba i-Mayor yaseLondon sekuyisikhathi eside ijabulela igunya eliqinile lokuthutha i-Frand eLondon (TfL), abanye omphathi besifunda sedolobha baye bathola ithonya elikhulu emikhakheni yezokuthutha. Namuhla, imeya akuzona nje izimboni ezihamba ngezibalo kodwa abashiseki abayakhayo abathola uhulumeni ophakathi, abaklama amasuntradio ezokuthutha iLondon (TFS), futhi bengamela izinhlelo zezokutshalalishishini eziyizigidi eziyizigidi.

I - Dvolution ne - Metropolitan Mayar

Imisebenzi yokususa ushintsho yathatha izakhiwo zezethuthi isuka kuWhitehall ukuya kumphathi wesifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, iMachester Conedived Authority eholwa iMayor of Greater Manchester, manje ilawula ibhasi elihamba ngebhayisekili, izinkonzo zendawo, nezinkonzo zokuhamba zesitimela ezisebenzayo. Ikhono leManchester lomphathi wezohambo lokuxhasa izimoto elisuka kuhulumeni ophakathi liye ezindaweni ze-Bee Networket — icebo elinamandla lokuhlanganisa ibhasi, itreni, nezindlela zokugibela ibhayise — libonisa indlela idevolue ekwazi ngayo ukutshala izakhiwo zokulungisa izidingo zendawo. Ngokufanayo, amameya eNtshona yeMidlands neNtshona Ntshona Ntshona Yorkshirey aye asebenzisa amandla okuxhasa ukuhlanganisa amabhayisekili, ibhasi, izikhuphulo, i-poundlands, kanye nezikhungo zeze ukuphumelela kwezentengo yesizwe.

Ukuba Ingcweti Nethonya Lesizwe

Ama-mays asebenza futhi njengabasekeli bezentengiselwano eziphakeme zokuxhasa izithuthi zasedolobheni ezisezingeni lesizwe. Amabhungane ahlanganisayo njenge-UK Metro Meyorrs ne-Urban Transport Group andisa amazwi awo eWestminster, acindezela izinhlelo zemali ezibonisa ukuhlalisana kwezikhawu, inkathi ende, nokuvumelana okukhulu endleleni echithwa ngayo. I-Pigrangement for Better Movertting kanye namanye amathangithayela abonisa ukudlondlobalaza okuphumelela kwezentengiselwano emali eLondon ngezimali eziphuthumayo, okuvimbela ukuwa kweTfL ngaphansi kwemali elahlekileyo. Ngaphandle kwalokho i-trandheed — i-data yezentengiselwano yemali — ucingo lwezinkampani yezokuthutha eziyinhloko zezezimali lungabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izimali zenkongosi yezeli yemali yezentengiselwano yemali emboni yezente lezentengiselwano ziphawu zigcwele.

Imithombo Eyisihluthulelo Nemishini

Ukuqonda imithombo ehambisana nemali etholakala kumameya kubalulekile ukuze siqonde amathuba nemingcele ababhekene nayo. Ukuthutha kwasemadolobheni ase - UK kuxhaswa ngemali exube izintela zikahulumeni, intela yendawo, inzuzo yemali yokuthenga, kanye nezindlela ezintsha ezinjengokuthatha izwe nokuhlangana komphakathi.

Abanikazi Bakahulumeni Ophakathi

Isisekelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuxhasa inhloko - dolobha ngezimali zokuthutha idolobha sisalokhu singuhulumeni ophakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Dolobha Counter Sustametable Transport Settlements (CRSTS) zinikeza izikhulu ezihlukene zeminyaka eminingi izikhulu ezihlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, inxanxanxa yesibili yeCRSTS, ihlanganisa 2027-2032, ihloselwe ukunikeza izimali ezinkulu zokuhlela izakhiwo ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhodwe athile anjenge-Stenting Upn Fund ne-Transing Cities Fund aye aqondisa izinkulungwane zezigidi ngentuthuko yebhasi, ukwandiswa kwezimoto, nemibhoshongo yebhayisela. Nokho, imeya ivame ukugxeka isimo esifushane salezi zibonelo, okudinga ukuncintisana ekuhleleni izakhiwo ezinkulu. "innerner-alls", lapho i-irneacendrometer" ihlala khona i-irnen ezindaweni eziphambili njenge-ocrine-toodmist.

Ukuxhasa Kwendawo: Intela YoMkhandlu Nezinga Lohwebo

Ukuze bathathise imali kahulumeni omkhulu, omeya banezindawo ezilinganiselwe zokuphakamisa inzuzo endaweni. I-Greater Authority yase-London ingayifaka intela yomkhandlu ngokukhethekile ye-TfL, kuyilapho amametro amameya angasebenzisa isanezelo emazingeni ebhizinisi (ukufinyelela kumabili eponti) ukuxhasa izivumelwano zezokuthutha, ngaphansi kwe-collet comtation yendawo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga ebhizinisi okusekela ukunwetshwa kwe-Midland Metro trank kungumzekelo wemali. Imfunothi ye-metro kumelwe ilinganisele ngokucophelela indiselwano yemali entengo yezepolitiki enyukayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinemali ephansi. Abanye abaphathi bedolobha baye babiza ama-ficcopulation angaphezulu, kuhlanganise nekhono lokusekela inani lezentengo yokukhula noma ukudlulisa intela endaweni ezungezile yokukhokha intela. Ngaphandle kwehrali enkulu kakhulu, imfuyo i-Whichner.

Umngane Womphakathi Neminikelo Yokuthuthukisa

Inhloko - dolobha efuna ukukhokha izimali ingelinye ithuluzi lokuxhasa izimali zikameya. Ubudlelwane bomphakathi (PPS) buye baxhasa imisebenzi emikhulu njenge-DLR eyandiswa eLondon City Airport nase Sheffield Supertram. Muva nje, omeya baye basebenzisa iSiqendu 106 sezivumelwano ne-Community Infrasy Levy ukuze bakhiphe iminikelo ekwakheni abathuthukisi abaseduze nokuxhumana okusha. Nokho, umqondo "wenani lemali yezwe lokuthatha indawo yempahla engeniswe eshiciswe yi-injini entsha" — lapho ingxenye yempahla ekhushuni elikhushulwayo ekhutshwayo eshisiwe ngesikhulu esishayo noma umugqa owe ukuba iqongelele isakhiwo esithile — izuziwe. I-May Burham ne-Chan Kumelwe ukuba ivikele inzuzo yomphakathi engcono kakhulu ekungeneni kwezenzweni kwezentengo yemali ngemva kwe-PPPP.

Izinselele Abagibeli Abangayazi Imithombo Yengcebo

Naphezu kokukhula kwamandla, amameya abhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu lapho ezama ukusekela imali eyanele nengaxhakathi ukuthutha komphakathi. Lezi zinselele zibangelwa ubuthakathaka bokwakha e-UK's fiscal place, imijikelezo yezombangazwe, nobunzima obuzuzwayo bokuzibekela isikhashana semali.

Imali Eyinhloko

Umehluko onzima ukhona phakathi kwemali enikezwayo esetshenziselwa ukwakha isisekelo kanye nezimali ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe izinkonzo. Ngokuvamile ama-matshitshi akuthola kulula ukukhokha izimali eziphumayo ukuze athole imishini emisha noma izitimela kodwa alwele ukuthola ukusekela okuqhubekayo okugcina izinhlelo zisebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho kulandela imiphumela yesifo esiwumshayabhuqe ekululameni kwe-patbox. I-TfL' ukuphikisana okude nohulumeni ngokusekela kwayo imali ekhona kufaka inzuzo ephambili: isocishini lokuthutha imishini yendlu-mfa edinga inzuzo enele ukuze ilondoloze amazinga enkonzo ngisho nangemva kokuthola izakhiwo eziyizinkulungwane zezigidi ze-fusion. Izikhulu eziningi zamazwe eziningi ziphikisana nokukhula okungahambi kahle kwebhasi kanye nokuhamba kwe-rayelobhulobhungane nontanga yaseYurophu kungenxa yenzuzo egciniweyo. Ngaphandle kokusekela kwenkoletini emalini egciniwe, ngisho nalenziwe ngemisebenzi yezenyuko.

Imijikelezo Yezombangazwe Nokuhlela Isikhathi Eside

Ukwenelisa imali enkulu yokuziphilisa — njengemigqa ye-tram, iziteshi ezintsha, noma ugesi — kungathatha iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu kusukela ekutheni kuqedweni. Nokho amagama omphathi-maya athatha iminyaka emine kuphela, futhi ukuqoqa imali kahulumeni ophethe kuhambelana nemijikelezo yephalamende. Lokhu kufana kwakha inqubo "ukuyeka" ukutshala imali, lapho izakhiwo zingayekwa noma zilinganiswe ngemva kokushintsha ukuphathwa kwezwe. Ukulahlwa kwebanga empumalanga yeHS2 kanye nokungaqiniseki kweNyakatho ye-Murpouse Rail kuye kwabonisa indlela izivumelwano zezombangazwe ezingasheshiseki. AmaMayster atshala inhloko yezombangazwe ezinkulu kakhulu ukuze alondoloze imali, kodwa uma kushiciswe uhulumeni omkhulu, imizamo yawo ingavela. Abanye abameli be-Australia be-In Nationalfracracraclactive Comments Comsting bethurs, imali encikelwe isamba sezombangazwe.

Ukuncintisana Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezingalo Ezibalulekile

Ama-mays kufuneka alinganisele ukuthutha neminye imithwalo ecindezelayo — indlu, amaphoyisa, amakhono, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Ezindaweni ezinenani elikhulayo labantu kanye nemali elinganiselwe, ukuxhasa indlela entsha yebhasi kungasho ukudela inqubo yokuvuselelwa kwezindlu. Ukungahleleki kwezindlu okubekwe nguhulumeni ophakathi, njengezikhotho zentela nokuboleka, okuqhubekayo kuvimbela igumbi lomphathi wemeya ukuba alungise isimilo. Inkinga yezindleko nezindleko zokuphila ziye zanciphisa le misebenzi yokuhweba, njengoba ukwehla kwenanisela kwemali kukhuphuka izindleko zokwakha futhi ihluleka ngejubane elilindelekile. Izindawo eziningi zemeyampulane ziye zanciphisa izimali ezikhona ukuze zilungise izakhiwo noma zilungise imisebenzi yokuguqula. Le nombolo yenza imidlalo ye-rom yenza uhlelo olunenzuzo.

Amakhambi Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Ukuze basebenzise lezi zinselele, iziphathimandla zedolobha e - UK ziqala ukusungula izindlela ezintsha zokusekela imali nenqubo yokusebenzisa imali okungasetshenziswa njengezibonelo kwabanye.

Ukuvimbela Ukuhlasela Nokuhlanza Izindawo Zomoya

Ukulawula nokuhlanza izifunda zomoya kuletha inzuzo ngesikhathi esifanayo kunqande ukusetshenziswa kwemoto nokuthuthukisa izinga lomoya. Ukuminyana kwemoto eLondon, okwaqala ngo-2003, kuye kwaphakamisa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeTfL futhi kwanciphisa izimoto phakathi kwedolobha. Ngemva kokuhola kweLondon, amanye amadolobha anjengeManchester neBirmingham aye abheka noma asebenzise izikhala ezihlanzekile, nakuba ngokuvamile kunezingangeni eliphansi kakhulu. Inselele kubaphathi bedolobha ukuncintisana kwemithetho enjalo — iziphakamiso zokukhokhwama kwemali eManchesternester ephethe ngo 2008. Noma kunjalo, amameya aye abheka noma asebenzisa lezi zikhangiso njengezinganiso zokukhokhisi ezisekela imali esikhundleni sentela. Uma umsele wezentengo, uma izimali zezentengo yezokuthutha, inikeza izinga lokuzinganiso yemali ephakathi kwemali ephethe i-ocesternnercester ephethe uhulumeni.

Ukubanjwa Kwenani Lasezweni

Inani lokuthatha izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo emhlabeni liyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthunyelwe izakhiwo zezezimali. I-Elizabeth lisebenzisa iskondi esiphawulekayo seMayoral Community Infrarusure Levy esenzeka endleleni. Ngokufanayo, i-nethiwekhi ye-tramsting ehlongozwayo yeWest Yorkshire ihlelwa ngenani lokuthatha ingxenye yomhlaba. Abagawuli bazama "ukuthuthukisa" izintela, lapho ingxenye yokwanda kwempahla eziteshini ezintsha iqoqwa khona ukuze ikhokhele ukuboleka. I-Urban Land Institute ilinganisela ukuthi ukuthuthwa kwemali esendaweni ebekelwe kahle kungahlanganisa izingxenye ezingu-20% zezindleko ezinkulu zecebo emadolobheni. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kudinga ukukhokha okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi omphathi-meya kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi umthwalo awuwiswe ngokulinganayo ezindaweni ezikhona noma emabhizinisini amancane.

I - Druevolution Development Ne - Trailblazer Agible

I-"Troyblazer" izivumelwano ze-devolution zavumelana ngo-2023 phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi neNtshona ntshona-Midlands, iManchester, nezinye izifundazwe ziye zanika amameya amandla amakhulu ngokwezimali. Lezi zimo zanika amameya indawo eyodwa ehlangene yezimali zokuthutha, kuhlanganise nemali yeminyaka eminingi, kanye nezindawo zokuboleka. Izakhiwo zokuboleka. INtshonalanga yeMidlandsblazer'i, ngokwesibonelo, zihlanganisa isibopho sokuhlola indlu yendawo ensundu nezimali zokuthutha ezivumela imeya ukuba ibhayise izinja ezinkulu. Imisebenzi enjalo imelela inyathelo eliya ohlobo lwezingxenye zedolobha ezihlukeneyo, izimali ezisekelwe ekuzingeni ezibizwa isikhathi eside. Nokho, zisenemide, ngokwesibonelo, zinomuzwa owendawo, futhi eziningi ezincincane kulamadolo olusuka kulamapulani elivamile lokuhlanganisa zonke izikhulu ze-traybrown.

Ikusasa Lesixuku Sasemadolobheni — Abaholi Bendlela

Uma bebheka phambili, indima yomameya ekulondolozeni imithombo yezothutho zomphakathi iyokhula kakhulu. Amadolobha ase-UK abhekene nezingcindezi ezimbili zokwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokushintsha kwenetha, kuyilapho elulama ekuphazamisekeni kobhadane lokuhamba. Ama - May angahlanganisa imifula ehlukahlukene yezimali, akhe imifantu exubile exhunyiwe, futhi axhumane nombono oshukumisayo ngekusasa ledolobha lawo, kuyoba ngcono kakhulu ukukhulula izimiso zokuthutha ezidinga futhi ezifanele izakhamuzi.

Izisulu Zeqanda Lenethi Nokuthutha Okunezinga

Isibopho esingokomthetho sokufinyelela igwebu legesi ekhipha igesi enenetha ngo-2050 — kanye nesisulu sokuncitshiswa kwezimoto ezihamba nge- 78% ngo-2035 ngo-2035 — izindawo zokuthutha eziphakathi kwesimiso sokususa i-carboniation. Ukuthutha kungumkhakha omkhulu kakhulu, ukuhlanganisa cishe 27% ye-UK. Ama-gueater aphethe amasus. Ama-guner aphethe amapulani okuhamba ngezimoto zendawo asuka ezimotweni zomphakathi ukuya ezithuthilo, ukuhamba, nokuhamba ngebhayisekile. Lokhu akudingi ukutshala imali emali ezindaweni zikagesi nasemijahweni yebhayisekile kuphela kodwa futhi kungenisa imali enkulu ukuze kugcinwe imali ebizayo enele. Ezinye izakhiwo zihlola "izinkampani ezikhululekile" noma izinkonzo ezithene kakhulu zemisebenzi ethile, njengemisebenzi efuna abantu abasha noma abambalwa. I-Scecke ezindaweni eziphambili ezikhokhelwa ukuthutha inzuzo eziningi, inzuzo ezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezizungezile, nezinzuzo eziningi.

Isixuku Esihlakaniphile Esingenaluzwela

Ikusasa lokuhamba kwamadolobha lihlangene futhi liyinombolo. Ama-maya akhuthaza amapulatifomu avumela abahambi ukuba bahlele, babhale izincwadi, bakhokhele uhambo oluningi nge-app eyodwa. Izimiso ezinjalo zixhomeke ekubekeni imali ekwazisweni kwemitapo kanye nasekuzimiseleni kwabasebenzi bezokuthutha abahlukahlukene — izitimela, izitimela, izitimela-imoto ezibhayisekile, izingidi — ukuze zivumelane. Abahambi bangasebenzisa amandla abo okuzihambela ukuze bakhuthaze ukuhlangana, kodwa izimali zidingeka ukuze zakhe isakhiwo sobuchwepheshe. I-Midlands' yaseNtshonalanga "Itshengwa" iscricket khadi elihlakaniphile nesimiso se-London siphumelela kakhulu. Izindlela zesikhathi esizayo zingasebenzisa izimboni ezishukumisa amandla asekelwe ekufuneni kwe-carbon. Abahosholishi bemishi, abaholi, abakhi bobuchwepheshe, nokuhlangenwe-mkhanyikhanyi, obe.

Ukuhlangana Nomphakathi Nokutholakala

Ekugcineni, omeya kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izimoto zomphakathi zisebenza yonke imiphakathi, hhayi izisebenzi ezicebile zasedolobheni. Ukuxhasa izimoto kumelwe kuqondiswe emigwaqweni empofu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasezindaweni ezisemaphandleni, lapho ukuba nemoto kuphansi kodwa amabhasi ngokuvamile kunciphile. Umqedazwe ohlasela ibhasi uhlala uqinile, futhi izinkonzo eziningi zisalokhu zisengozini yokugawulwa. Ama-Ay Burham asebenzisa ibhazi elicekelwe phansi ukuze avule imali enciphilekile futhi anciphise amathikithi, kodwa enze ukuthutha kube lula kakhulu. Kodwa ukuzongantengi kudinga ukukhokhela imali ebhayisekile evela kuhulumeni ophakathi. I-Compheneteve Relation Review ephambili idinga ukuvikelwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ekuphetheni, imeya yeUK ingabantu abayinhloko abangahlela ikusasa lokuhamba emadolobheni. Ikhono labo lokuvikela imali yokuhamba komphakathi — ngokusekela izimali zezokuthutha, ngokusebenzisa izimali ezintsha, nangokusebenzisa izikhali ezihlukene, liyonquma ukuthi amadolobha axhumene kakhulu, ahlale eqinile futhi angabi nasici. Nakuba izinselele zokulahlekelwa imali, ukungantengantengi kwezombangazwe, nokuphikisana okusekhona, amameya angcono kakade abonisa ukuthi ngengxube efanele yemithombo yengcebo nenguquko, ushintsho lungenzeka. Ukukhetha okwenziwa eshumini elilandelayo kuyokwenza ukuba izizukulwane zihambe ngendlela engcono.