Table of Contents

Ukuqonda amagama ayisisekelo asetshenziswa encazelweni yomthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezenziwa ngayo ngokuphathelene nemithetho eyisisekelo. Lamagama akha isisekelo somthetho-mthetho futhi athonya indlela amalungelo nemibuso okulinganiswa ngayo ezweni. Kuzakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enkulumweni yomphakathi, ukuqonda lemiqondo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo nendlela lezozincazelo ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ayikona nje ukufundwa kwemfundo kuphela, kulawula amalungelo esiwajabulelayo, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, nokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondeka kwabantu bonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, uhlanganyela engxoxweni yezombangazwe, noma uzama nje ukuqonda indlela isimiso sethu somthetho esisebenza ngayo, ukujwayelana nala magama ayisisekelo kunikeza isisekelo sokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Kuyini Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo?

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihilela ukuhlaziya nokuqonda incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Iqondisa izinkantolo nezikhulu ekusebenziseni izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezicatshangelweni ezithile nasezindabeni ezithile. Le nqubo iyisisekelo sendlela isimiso somthetho osebenza ngayo, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi yonke eminye imithetho kumelwe ivumelane nezimfuneko zawo.

Umkhuba wokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo ukhuluma ngenselele ebalulekile: amajaji nezinye izikhulu kufanele baqonde futhi basebenzise kanjani incwadi eyabhalwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule ezimweni zesimanje ababengeke bazilindele?

I-Tracyism iyindlela yokuchaza egxile encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izindlela eziningi ngokuhlanganyene ukuze zifinyelele iziphetho zazo. Ukukhetha indlela yokuchaza kungathinta kakhulu umphumela wamacala, okwenza lezimpikiswano zezindlela zibaluleke kakhulu kunokuzivivinya ngokucatshangelwa.

Ukuchaza Isimo Sokuqala: Kusekelwe Encazelweni Yasekuqaleni

Inkolelo - sisekelo iwumbono ongokomthetho e - United States osekela ukuchazwa kombhalo ngokwemithetho - sisekelo, kwezokwahlulela, nokuvumelana nomthetho ngesikhathi sokuwuthola. Lendlela iye yaba nethonya ekwakhekeni komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabahluleli ababambelele ezimisweni ezivamile nezazi ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Incazelo Yokuqala Yeningi

Abaqondisi bomthetho - sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala yokuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi uyoba umthetho.

Lendlela icabangela incazelo ecacile yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo njengoba wawungaqondwa umphakathi jikelele, noma umuntu onengqondo, owayephila ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaziwe. Abalandeli bakuqala baphikisa lendlela inikeza ukuvumelana nemvume nemingcele yokwahlulela, ivimbela amajaji ekubekeni inqubo yawo siqu ngaphansi kokuchaza ngokuzenzakalela komthetho-mthetho.

Umqondo Wakuqala Nowokuqala

Phakathi kobuPhostoli bokuqala, kukhona ukuhlukanisa okubalulekile. Okunye "inhloso yokuqala" okuthi kufanele sichaze uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe kulokho ababewuhlosile ekuqaleni lapho bewubhala. Okunye ukuthi kufanele sichaze uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yokuqala yombhalo [1] hhayi lokho abasunguli ababekuhlosile, kodwa indlela amagama ababewasebenzisa ayeyoqondwa ngayo ngaleso sikhathi.

Umsunguli wezokusetshenziswa kwemithetho uRobert Bork ubizwa ngokuthi ufaka imfundiso yokuqala yanamuhla yobuSulumane esihlokweni sakhe somthetho sango-1971, iNeuthal Principles neZiphithi Ezithile Zokuqala Ezinzima, esakhishwa kuyi-Yale Law Journal. uBork wasikisela enye indlela esekelwe olwazini ukuze agweme lokhu: ngoba abahluleli bahlose ukuthi "bathathe ezindinganisweni eziqondile ezithi umbhalo noma umlando kubonisa ukuthi abafaki benze ngempela futhi bangakwazi ukuhunyushelwa emithethweni enezimiso eziyisisekelo. ”

Ukusuka ekutheni inhloso yokuqala iqonde kuqala emphakathini kwamelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuphawulekayo emcabangweni wokuqala. Lapho sibhekene nobunzima, futhi ngempela nokungafaneleki, kokuzama ukuqonda izingqondo zabadwebi bomthetho-sisekelo, abasekeli bobuKhomanisi bakuqala ngokushesha bahlehla bekhuluma ngenhloso yokuqala, futhi esikhundleni salokhu bagxila encazelweni yokuqala yamazwi oMthetho-sisekelo.

Izimpikiswano Zenkolo Nezokuqala

Abasekeli benkolelo yokuqala banikeza izaba eziningana zokuthatha isinyathelo. Abasekeli bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kwemithetho yokwahlulela kulinganiselwe, kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo yezombangazwe. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukunamathela encazelweni yokuqala yentando yeningi kuthuthukisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngokuhlonipha ukukhetha okwenziwa abantu ababegunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo.

Nokho, ubuProfethi bakuqala bubhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqala kuyindlela eqinile, eyiphutha yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, bephikisa ngokuthi abantu besikhathi soMthetho-sisekelo babengaziqondi ezinye zezimo ezaziyovela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Abagxeki futhi baveza ukuthi ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yokuqala kungase kuhluleke ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngoba abesifazane namalungu ambalwa babengenawo amalungelo afanayo ngesikhathi sokuFundwa (noma ukumiswa kweZimemezelo zeMpi Yomphakathi) njengoba kunjalo namuhla.

Isazi sezemthetho saseHarvard Law School uRichard H. Fallon Jr. uphikisa ngokuthi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme athi angabasunguli baqala empeleni asebenzisa ubuOrist ngendlela ekhethe kakhulu "ngokuvamile okungathathwa njengemithetho engaguquki." Lokhu kugxeka kusikisela ukuthi ubukhomanisi bungase bungabi obungathathi hlangothi noma obucindezela njengabasekeli babo.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Ukugxila Embhalweni Oyingcaca

Ukubhala kuyinkolelo - mbono esekelwe emfundisweni engokomthetho lapho ukuchazwa kwalo mbhalo kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko encazelweni evamile yombhalo ongokomthetho ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwawo, lapho kungacatshangelwa khona kangako imithombo engewona umbhalo, njengenhloso yomthetho lapho udluliswa, inkinga owawuhloselwe ukuxazulula, noma imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobulungisa noma ukufaneleka komthetho.

Indlela Ukubhala NgemiBhalo Okusebenza Ngayo

Izincwadi zivame ukugcizelela indlela amagama asemthethweni ayeyoqondwa ngayo abantu ngesikhathi egunyazwa, kanye nomongo lawomagama avela ngawo. Ngokuvamile ababhula ngemibhalo bakholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo enenjongo yombhalo, futhi ngokuvamile ababuzi imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yababuthi, abatholi, noma abaqeqeshi boMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo lapho kuvela incazelo embhalweni.

I-textalism iyinkolelo-mbono yokuthi kufanele sichaze imibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo, esekelwe kwincazelo evamile yombhalo. Umlobi wemibhalo ushaya indiva izici ezingaphandle kombhalo, njengenkinga umthetho okhuluma ngayo noma lokho okungenzeka ukuthi abadwebi bomthetho bahlose ngakho. Kodwa kusho ukuthi sicabangela ukuthi amagama namagama abhalwe embhalweni asho ukuthini lapho ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho lithathwa.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo Kwahlukile Ekwakhiweni Okuqinile

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukubhalwa kombhalo akufani nokuqina kokwakha. UScalia washo ukuthi wayengesona isosha eliqinile, futhi akukho-yedwa okwakufanele abe yi"; uqhubekela phambili, abize ukwakhiwa komthetho oqinile "uhlobo olungcolile lombhalo oletha ifilosofi yonke ehlazweni".

Wabhala ukuthi umbhalo akufanele uthathwe ngokuqine kakhulu, futhi akufanele kucaciswe ngokuyekethisa; kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokunengqondo, ukuze kugcinwe konke okushiwo yiwo ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu: abacwaningi bemibhalo bafuna incazelo enengqondo yombhalo, hhayi incazelo engokoqobo noma eqinile engase iveze imiphumela ewubuwula.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokufunda Nokuqala

I-textalism iwuhlelo olungaphansi lobukhombane futhi yasungulwa ukuze igweme ezinye zezici eziphazamisayo zobuProgramu bokuqala njengoba kwakuchazwe okokuqala. Nakuba lezizindlela zihlobene, zinezincazelo ezingafani. Umehluko phakathi kwazo ungenye yezinga, hhayi ifilosofi: Umthetho-msuka ubhekisela ngokuqondile ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yamagama aphathwa ngesikhathi sokubhala, kanti ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kubhekisela ekuchazeni yonke imibhalo ngokwencazelo evamile yombhalo, ubeke eceleni kwezici ezingekho embhalweni ngokwawo.

Lendlela ifana kakhulu nokubhala kodwa ayifani. Indlela yokuqala yomphakathi yokuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo ayisekelwe nje kuphela embhalweni, kodwa, kunalokho, ithola incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi yombhalo njengesiqondiso esibanzi sokuchaza.

Izinzuzo Zokubhala Ngemiyalezo

Baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo yesimiso somuntu siqu, okuholela ekubikezeleni okwengeziwe ekwahlulelweni. abasekeli baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuthuthukisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngoba kunamathela emazwini oMthetho - sisekelo owamukelwa abantu ngokuphambene nalokho amaJaji angabantu abakucabangayo noma abakukholelwayo.

Ngokugxila embhalweni ngokwawo, izazi zemibhalo ziphikisa ngokuthi zinikeza indlela enengqondo nephoqelelwe ukuchaza. Lendlela ifuna ukuvimbela abahluleli ukuba bafundele uMthetho-sisekelo wabo kuyilapho zisavumela ukuchazwa okunengqondo kolimi olusetshenziswayo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Inqubo Enamandla

Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela, ungumbono wokuthi umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unencazelo enamandla ngisho noma umbhalo ungalungiswanga ngokomthetho. Abasekeli babheka umthetho-sisekelo njengowakheka kanye nezidingo zomphakathi futhi unikeza ohulumeni ithuluzi elithambile.

Ifilosofi Ebangela Ubumthetho - sisekelo Obuphilayo

Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo uguqula, ushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uzivumelanise nezimo ezintsha, ngaphandle kokulungiswa ngokusemthethweni. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi izwe liye lashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela kusuka ekubhalweni koMthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kwekhulu le-18 kwezinkinga zamashumi amabili nanhlanu kungenza kungafaneleka noma kusebenze njalo.

Okokuqala, umbono wesimiso uphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvumelana nencazelo yawo yokuqala noma injongo ngezinye izikhathi akumukeleki njengendaba yenqubo futhi ngakho incazelo eguquguqukayo idingekile. Owesibili, uma uhlobana nenhloso, uphikisa ukuthi abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo babhala uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile ngamagama amakhulu navumelanayo ukuze badale umbhalo onamandla, "ophilayo".

Ukuvuselelwa kobufandamentali kuma- 1980 kwakuyindlela yokusabela emfundisweni ye-"Olince Constitution" leyo mfundiso yayifuna ukuba abahluleli bachaze uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ngokwesilimi sawo, kodwa ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, abahluleli akumelwe bagxile kulokho okushiwo nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa lokho okufanele bakusho uma ubhalwe namuhla.

Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Osebenza Ngayo

Ngakho ngizochaza indlela ngempela eyisisekelo sesiko lethu eliphilayo lomthetho - sisekelo, indlela ethathwe emthethweni ovamile nasekelwe esibonelweni nasesikweni.

Umsebenzi wangempela omningi uzakukwenziwa ngokuhlaziywa kweNkantolo ngezinqumo zayo zangaphambili. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ukhula ngengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezinkantolo, umphakathi, kanye nezimo ezishintshayo, kunokuba kuchazwe ngencazelo eyodwa emisiwe eyasungulwa ekuqaleni.

Izimpikiswano Ezisekela Ubumthetho - sisekelo Obuphilayo

Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo bakhomba ezidingweni ezisebenzayo. Okwamanje, izwe liye lashintsha ngezindlela eziningi. Izwe liye lakhula endaweni futhi inani labantu balo liye lakhula kaningana. Baphikisa ngokuthi abakhi be-flamestring babengeke balindele ubuchwepheshe banamuhla, izakhiwo zezenhlalo, noma izinselele, nokuthi ukunamathela okuqinile ezimfunweni zakuqala kungenza uMthetho-sisekelo ungasebenzi.

Lomqondo uhlangene nemibono yokuthi umphakathi wamanje kufanele uhlonishwe ekuchazeni amagama ngomthetho-mthetho. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo luklanyelwe ukuba luvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo ngamabomu.

Ukugxekwa Kobumthetho Obuphilayo

Abaphikisi bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele ushintshwe inqubo yokulungisa ngoba ukuvumela amajaji ukuba ashintshe incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kululaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphila ngomthetho ngokomthetho kunikeza amajaji angawukhethi amandla amakhulu kakhulu okubeka izindinganiso zawo emphakathini.

Enye impikiswano emelene noMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo iwukuthi isenzo somthetho - mthetho, kunokuba sibe izinqumo zokwahlulela, siyimelela kangcono intando yabantu eUnited States eriphabliki elingokomthetho, njengoba ukukhetha ngezikhathi ezithile kuvumela abantu ukuba bavote ukuthi obani abayobamelela eMkhandlwini Wase - United States, futhi amalungu e - Congress kufanele (emfundisweni) asabelele emibonweni yabantu ababaphethe.

Abaqondisi bemvelaphi yenkolo, ngokuphambene, abanampendulo kumbuzo odumile kaThomas Jefferson: kungani kufanele sivumele abantu abaphila kudala, ezweni elihlukile, ukuba banqume imibuzo eyisisekelo ngohulumeni wethu nangomphakathi namuhla? Lokhu kuphikisana okuyisisekelo phakathi kokuhlonipha isikhathi esidlule nokuvumelana namanga amanje kusemnyombweni wezimpikiswano ezimayelana nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukwakhiwa Okuqinile Nokwakhiwa Okubanzi

Ngaphandle kwemibono eyinhloko echazayo, ngokuvamile ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuchazwa ngokwakhiwa okuqinile nokubanzi. Lamagama achaza izinga lokuchaza kunokuchaza izindlela eziningi.

Ukuchazwa Kokwakha Okuqotho

Ukwakhiwa okuqinile kuhilela ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokulinganiselwe, okusekelwe embhalweni ongokoqobo. Lendlela ilinganisela izinga lamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nemibuso kahulumeni kulokho okushiwo ngokucacile noma okushiwo ngokucacile embhalweni. Abakhi abaqinile bakhetha ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuchaza amandla egunya ngokulinganiselwe.

Nokho, njengoba kuphawulwe ngaphambili, ngisho nabalobi bemibhalo abavelele njengoMahluleli uScalia bakwenqaba ukubhalwa kwegama lombhali oqinile wokwakha, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza kufanele kube okunengqondo kunokuba okufana nokushaya emhloleni.

Ukuchazwa Ngokubanzi Kokwakha

Ukwakhiwa okubanzi kuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokufana nokunye, kucabangela izimiso ezibanzi nezinguquko zezenhlalo. Lendlela iqaphela amandla ashiwoyo futhi ifunda izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokucabangela izinjongo nezimiso zazo eziyisisekelo. Abakhi bathambekele ekutholeni ukuvumelana okungcono kakhulu ngolimi lomthetho-sisekelo futhi bazimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuqaphela amandla namalungelo angadwebi ngokucacile embhalweni.

Impikiswano phakathi kokwakha okuqinile nokubanzi ibilokhu ikhona kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa, enamanani anjengoThomas Jefferson ngokuvamile asekela ukwakhiwa okuqinile noAlexander Hamilton owayesekela incazelo ebanzi, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namandla kahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okuqonda

Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zokunquma ukuthi ziyavumelana yini noMthetho - sisekelo. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo, nakuba singashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni - sisekelo ngokwawo, siye saba isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Isisekelo Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Imfundiso yokuhlola kokwahlulela yasungulwa enkantolo ephawulekayo kaMarbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall aqinisekisa khona igunya leNkantolo Ephakeme lokumemezela imithetho ngaphandle komthetho. Lesi sinqumo samisa ijaji njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo elinamandla okuhlola izenzo zamagatsha omthetho nezikhulu.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza njengenqubo ebalulekile yokuvikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nokulondoloza ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha likahulumeni elingadlula igunya lalo lomthetho - sisekelo nokuthi amalungelo omuntu ngamunye avikelwe kuhulumeni ophambanayo.

Izinga Nemingcele Yokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Nakuba ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyithuluzi elinamandla, kusebenza phakathi kwezithiyo ezithile. Izinkantolo zivame ukugxambukela ukuthi imithetho iwumthetho-sisekelo futhi izoyisekela uma noma iyiphi incazelo enengqondo isekela ukusebenza kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zigwema ukunquma imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba idingeka ngempela ukuze kuxazululwe icala.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zihileleke ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo, okwenza ukukhetha indlela yokuchaza indlela yokusebenza kube okubalulekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amajaji abheka uMthetho - sisekelo njengabafundi bokuqala, abacwaningi bemibhalo, noma izazi zomthetho - sisekelo ophilayo ziyothinta kakhulu indlela asebenzisa ngayo amandla awo okuhlaziya ukwahlulela.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela kuyizimiso eziyisisekelo ezilawula indlela uMthetho - sisekelo oqondwa futhi usetshenziswe ngayo.

Ukuqonda Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: igatsha lemithetho (Coren), elenza imithetho; igatsha eliphethe (uMongameli), eliphoqelela imithetho; negatsha lokwahlulela (izinkantolo), elichaza imithetho.

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa igatsha ngalinye negunya lalo nemithwalo yemfanelo. ISiphakamiso nginika iSishaya - mthetho, iSiphakamiso II amandla okubusa kuMongameli, futhi iSiphakamiso III simisa amandla okwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya - mthetho.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Imishini ihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokunika igatsha ngalinye ikhono elithile lokulinganisela izenzo zamagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu ungakhipha imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angayikhipha, futhi uMkhandlu ungakhipha i-veto neningi eliphindwe kathathu. UMongameli umisa amajaji angokomthetho, kodwa iSigebengu kumelwe siwaqinisekise. Izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho engekho ngokwezifektha, kodwa iSishaya-Profession ingamisa izinguquko ezingokomthetho ukuze kuqedwe izinqumo zokwahlulela.

Le nqubo idinga ukubambisana nokuhlehla phakathi kwamagatsha kuyilapho ivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libuse amanye.

Izimfune Eziqondakalayo

Izimiso zokuhlukanisa imibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela zithonya ngokuphawulekayo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Lapho izinkantolo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, kumelwe zicabangele indlela izinqumo zazo ezikuthinta ngayo ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha. Imibuzo ngelungelo eliphezulu, igunya lobuphostoli, namandla okwahlulela konke kuhlanganisa lezizimiso eziyisisekelo zokwakha.

Izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza zingaholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nobukhulu obufanele begunya legatsha ngalinye. Abaqondisi bezokuqala bangabheka ekuqondeni indlela abaqondisi bezakhiwo abakuqonda ngayo ukuhlukana kwemibuso, kuyilapho izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo zingacabangela ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha buye baqala kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukukhohlisa Kwesilomo Nendima Yangaphambi Kokuqala

I-Starde decisis iyisimiso somthetho sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqumo ezilandela isibonelo − ngqa lapho kunqunywa amacala ahilela amaqiniso afanayo nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Le mfundiso inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi ukuchaza okuningi kwezindlela zomthetho-mthetho okulandelwa umahluleli.

Isizathu Sokuba Kuqale Kubilwe Izinto

Imfundiso yokubuka ithuthukisa ukuzinza, ukubikezela nokungaguquguquki komthetho. Uma izinkantolo zilandela inqubo elandelwayo, abantu bangabikezela kangcono ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho izosetshenziswa kanjani futhi bahlele ukuziphatha kwabo ngokuvumelana nalokho.

Futhi iqhinga likhuthaza impumelelo yokwahlulela nokulingana. Kunokuba kuphinde kucatshangelwe wonke umbuzo ongokomthetho kusukela eqophelweni lomthetho ngalinye, izinkantolo zingakhela ezinqumweni zangaphambili. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala afanayo anqunywa ngendlela efanayo, kuthuthukisa ukungakhethi nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Lapho Ingozi Ingasetshenziswa Khona

Nakuba ukubheka kuyisici esiqinile, akusona isisekelo esiphelele. Izinkantolo zingasigumbuqela isiphetho sokuthi isinqumo sangaphambili sanqunywa ngokungalungile noma lapho izimo ezishintshiwe zenza lesi sibonelo singasebenzi noma singasebenzi. Nokho, isithiyo sokugumbuqela isakhiwo siphakeme, ikakhulukazi ezicaleni zomthetho - sisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izici ezihlukahlukene zokunquma ukuthi lesi sibonelo sizogumbuqela nini, kuhlanganise nokuthi siye sabonakala singasebenzi yini, ukuthi siye salulazwa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezalandela, ukuthi izithakazelo zokuthembela ezisekelwe kuso zaziyolinyazwa yini ngokusigumbuqela, nokuthi lesisandulela sasingacatshangelwa kahle yini.

Imfundiso Yokuzicabangela Neyokuchaza

Indima yesibonelo idala izingxabano ezithakazelisayo nemibono ehlukahlukene echazayo. Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala babhekene nenselele yokubuyisana kwabo nencazelo yokuqala nemfundiso yokugqolozela. Uma isibonelo siphikisana nencazelo yokuqala, ingabe kufanele siphendulwe? Izazi zomthetho sisekelo, ezigcizelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuzivumelanisa, kumelwe zichaze ukuthi kungani izinqumo zakudala kufanele zinqande izincazelo zamanje.

Empeleni, amajaji amaningi (8) ngaphandle kokwahlukanisa ifilosofi yawo echazayo − anikeza isisekelo esiphawulekayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ayivamile ukugumbuqela ezayo izenzakalo, futhi lapho yenza kanjalo, isinqumo ngokuvamile sibangela impikiswano nempikiswano ebalulekile.

Ubumbano Nokuhlukana Kwemibuso

I - Federalism ibhekisela ekuhlukaneni kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe.

Amandla Aqinile Nagciniwe

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni othile ongowokuhlukanisa imibuso ethile ehlelwe ngokuqondile embhalweni, ngokuyinhloko kuyi - Article I, Ingxenye 8. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, imali yemali, ukumemezela impi, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi, phakathi kwezinye.

Lesi simiso semibuso egciniwe sisho ukuthi inegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezingabelwanga uhulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingokwesiko njengemfundo, umthetho womkhaya, nomthetho wobugebengu (ngaphandle kobugebengu obungokwezwe).

Ukuziphendukela Kwesigaba Somphakathi

Ukulingana phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuye kwashintsha kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. ICommerce Claus, enika uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, iye yachazwa kabanzi ukuze isekele imithetho kahulumeni ebanzi. I-Linedict and Seat Clause, evumela uKhongolo ukuba lwenze imithetho edingekile nefanele yokukhipha amandla ayo adwetshiwe, iye yafundwa kakhulu.

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ziholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nezinga elifanele lombuso kahulumeni.

Izimpikiswano Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla zomthetho - sisekelo zihilela imibuzo ewumthetho - sisekelo. Izihloko ezinjengomthetho wokulawula impilo, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukunqanda izibhamu, kanye nokufaka insangu ngokomthetho konke kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemibuso ehlukene yohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ukuze kutholakale ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezindabeni ezithile.

Ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa imingcele emandla kahulumeni egameni lombuso, imisa imithetho edlula imibuso yombuso ebaliwe kahulumeni woMkhandlu noma lowo mbuso ophethe. Ngezinye izikhathi, iNkantolo iye yasekela igunya elibanzi likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Chwebo Clausle kanye no-Clauslaus oxhaphazekayo.

Inqubo Efanele: Iprocedual ne - “ficut ”

I-Century Process yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane inikeza ukuthi akukho muntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lamazwi ahunyushwa ukuze avikele kokubili amalungelo esizwe nawabo abalwayo, nakuba izinga lalezisivikelo lisancintiswa.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqaphela amacala noma izenzakalo, ithuba lokuzwakala, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, kanye nezinye izivikelo ezivumelana nezimo.

Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ohlotsheni lwenzalo ehilelekile kanye nasengozini yokuncishwa kwephutha. Abamangalelwa begebengu bathola isivikelo esikhulu sezezimali, kuhlanganise nelungelo leseluleko, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nemfuneko yobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa. Ukuqulwa komphakathi nezenzo zokuphatha kudinga ukuvikelwa okuncane kodwa okusabalulekile.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo iphikisana kakhulu. Lemfundiso ithi i-Gast Process Clauss ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma uhulumeni elandela izinqubo ezifanelekile. Lamalungelo awabalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni kodwa abhekwa njengebalulekile ekutholeni inkululeko.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela amalungelo ahlukahlukene adinga inqubo emisiwe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuba nabantwana, ilungelo lokuqondisa imfundo nokukhuliswa kwezingane zomuntu, ilungelo lobuqotho bomzimba, nelungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungafunwa. INkantolo futhi iye yaqaphela ilungelo lokuthola imvume yangasese, nakuba lelilungelo lingashiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni.

Izimpikiswano Eziwukuchaza

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo iphikisana kakhulu phakathi kwezikole ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza. Abagxeki, kuhlanganise nabaqambi abaningi, baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwemithetho-sisekelo ivumela abahluleli ukuba bafunde izindinganiso zabo siqu eMthethweni ngaphansi kobungozi bokuvikela "ukukhulula". Baphikisa ngokuthi uma ilungelo lingashiwo ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo noma lisekelwe ngokucacile emlandweni nakumasiko esizwe, izinkantolo akumelwe ziliqaphele njengelivikelwe ngokomthetho-sisekelo.

Abavikeli benqubo efanelekile yokuvikela inqubo eyisisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela inkululeko ebanzi, hhayi nje amalungelo akhethekile ahlelwe embhalweni. Baphikisa ngokuthi abaqambi basebenzisa ulimi olubanzi njengo "beerty" ngoba babefuna ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ngisho noma bengakwazi ukubala zonke izisebenziso eziqondile.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokuchaza Ezibalulekile

Ngaphandle kwemibono eyinhloko esekuxoxwe ngayo, ezinye izindlela eziningana zokuchaza kufanele ziphawulwe. Lezizindlela ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa zodwa kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa nezinye izindlela.

Ukuthenga

I-Purosivism ifuna ukuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokucabangela izinjongo zabo eziyisisekelo. Kunokuba igxile kuphela embhalweni noma encazelweni yokuqala, abahlaziyi babuza ukuthi yiliphi ilungiselelo elalihloselwe ukusingatha futhi yimiphi imigomo okwakuhloselwe ukuyifinyelela. Khona - ke bachaza lelilungiselelo ngendlela efeza kahle kakhulu lezo zinjongo.

I-profilivism ingaholela ekuchazeni okubanzi kunokubhala imibhalo eqinile, njengoba ibheka ngalé kwamagama aqondile ezimisweni ezibanzi. Nokho, abaculi baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ithatha kangcono inhloso yabalawuli futhi iveza imiphumela enengqondo kakhulu kunokubhala imibhalo eqinile.

I - pragmatism

Izinqubo ezithathelwanayo zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo zigcizelela imiphumela engokoqobo nemiphumela yezwe yangempela. Izazi zezemfundo zicabangela indlela izincazelo ezingafani ezingasebenza ngayo, kanye nalokho imiphumela yabo yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, neyezombangazwe engaba yikho. Zifuna izincazelo eziveza imiphumela emihle futhi zigweme imiphumela elimazayo noma engasebenzi.

Abagxeki bokuzinqumela bathi kunikeza amajaji ukuhlakanipha okukhulu futhi kubavumela ukuba baphoqelele izinqubo zabo siqu. Abalweli baphendula ngokuthi konke ukuchaza kuhilela ukucabangela imiphumela nokuthi ukuvumelana nezimiso kumane nje kwenza lokhu kucatshangelwa kube sobala futhi kuhleleke.

Ukwakha

Incazelo yokwakha ithola incazelo ehlelweni loMthetho-sisekelo wonke kanye nobuhlobo obumiswa yiwo phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukene. Kunokuba bagxile kumalungiselelo athile ombhalo, abakhi bacabangela indlela umthetho-sisekelo ohlela ngayo uhulumeni kanye nezimiso ezingathathwa kuleyonhlangano.

Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya asishiwo ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa sithathwa ekwakhekeni kwawo − ukuhlukaniswa kwephepha kube yizihloko ezimisa amagatsha ahlukene anamandla ahlukene. Ngokufanayo, izimiso zombuso zithathwa ekusungulweni kukahulumeni wezwe onamandla alinganiselwe.

Umkhuba Ongokomlando

Ezinye izindlela zokuchaza zigcizelela umkhuba nomthetho. Lendlela ibheka indlela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo aye aqondwa futhi asetshenziswa ngayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Imikhuba namasiko akudala abekwa indinganiso ekutholeni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ayilonzwanga nje kuphela yizinqumo zokwahlulela kodwa yizenzo zawo womathathu amagatsha kahulumeni kanye nabantu baseMelika ngokwabo. Umkhuba ongokomlando unganikeza ubufakazi bokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo aye aqondwa kanjani futhi angasiza ekuxazululeni izinto ezingekho embhalweni.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana

Imfundiso ehlanganisiwe iyintuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo eye yandisa kakhulu ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Lemfundiso isekela ukuthi eziningi zezivikelo zeBhili lamaLungelo zisebenza kohulumeni ngomthetho weSichibiyelo se-Claus.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zokuhlalisana

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo lalisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Izwe lalikhululekile ukuvimbela ukukhuluma, ukumisa izinkolo, ukwenza ukuphenya okungenangqondo, futhi ngenye indlela yenza ngendlela eyayiyophula iBhill of Rights uma yenziwa uhulumeni. Lokhu kwashintsha ngokuthatha iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngemva kweMpi Yombango nentuthuko eyalandelayo yemfundiso yokuhlanganisa.

Ngezinqumo eziningi ezilandelanayo emashumini amaningi eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seNkathi yeshumi nane senqubo efanele sihlanganisa eziningi zezivikelo eziqondile eziseBill of Rights, izenze zisebenze kohulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwaba enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika, okwandisa ngokuphawulekayo isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukuhlobana Okuthandayo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa "ukukhetha ukuhlanganiswa," ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo akhethekile eBill of Rights ngayinye ngesikhathi esisodwa kunokuba ihlanganise wonke umqulu Wamalungelo ngesikhathi esisodwa. INkantolo iye yahlanganisa cishe wonke amaBhili Amalungelo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ilungelo lokuthwala izikhali, ukuvikela ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzihlukanisa, ilungelo lokuweluleka, kanye nokunqabela isijeziso esinonya nesokungajwayelekile.

Amalungiselelo ambalwa asasetshenziswa, kuhlanganise nokwenqabela kweSichibiyelo sesithathu kumasosha athatha ingxenye yesine, imfuneko enkulu yamajaji yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, ilungelo leSichibiyelo seSember lokuqulwa kwecala lombango, kanye nokwenqabela kweSichibiyelo sesi-8 ekuhlawulweni okungaphezulu kakhulu.

Impikiswano Echazayo Ngokungavumelani

Imfundiso ehlanganisiwe iphakamisa imibuzo ethakazelisayo. Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisana ngokuthi abahleli beSichibiyelo seshumi nane ababehloselwe ukuhlanganisa iSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu. Ezinye izazi zokuqala ziphikisa ngokuthi amaGawunda noma amaGama kaClaus, kunokuba kuvikelwe i-Grast Proce Claus, kwakuhloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni kombuso.

Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile basekela ukuhlanganiswa kwemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo efanelekile evikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Baphikisa ngokuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini injongo eqondile yabahleli beSichibiyelo seshumi nane, ukuhlanganisa kunengqondo njengendaba yesimiso somthetho-sisekelo futhi kuye kwamiswa ngokuqinile ngesiqalo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Kuyasetshenziswa

Ukuqonda le mibono echazayo kubalulekile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela indlela esebenza ngayo. Abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme namanye amajaji bancika kunoma iyiphi indlela yokuchaza. Kunalokho, basebenzisa izindlela eziningi, ngezinye izikhathi bafinyelele iziphetho ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi iyiphi indlela abagcizelela ngayo.

Ukungacabangeli Emibonweni Yokwahlulela

Imibono eminingi yokwahlulela icaphuna imithombo eminingi yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Umbono ovamile ungaqala ngombhalo, uhlole ukuqonda kokuqala, ucabangele isiqalo, uhlole injongo yelungiselelo, futhi uhlole imiphumela esebenzayo. AbaHluleli bavame ukusebenzisa noma imuphi amathuluzi achazayo asekela umphumela wawo othandwayo, uholela abagxeki ekumangaleleni ukuthi ukuchaza indlela yokusebenza ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela.

Ngisho nabahluleli abavumelana kakhulu nefilosofi ethile echazayo ngezinye izikhathi bayosuka kuyo uma iholela ekutholeni imiphumela engamukeleki. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinye izazi ukuba ziphikise ngokuthi izinkolelo zokuchaza aziphoqeleli kakhulu kunabasekeli bazo nokuthi ukwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela kuthonywe yizici ezingenakuchazwa.

Indima Yezindinganiso Nokwahlulela

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ngokungenakugwenywa ihlanganisa izibalo nokusebenzisa ukuqonda. Ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo luvame ukuba lubanzi futhi ludida, lushiyela indawo izincazelo ezihlukile ezinengqondo. Amagama afana "nenkululeko yokukhuluma," inqubo engaphambili," "isivikelo esilinganayo," nesijeziso esingavamile" ayinayo incazelo eyodwa, esobala.

Amajaji ahlukahlukene, esebenzisa indlela efanayo yokuchaza, angafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngoba ahlola ubufakazi ngendlela ehlukile, agcizelela ukucabangela okuhlukile, noma anemibono ehlukile ngalokho okubalulekile njengencazelo enengqondo.

Ithonya Lokushintsha Kwesimo

Indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokuchaza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho njengoba amalungu ayo eshintsha. Uma amajaji amasha ejoyina iNkantolo, aletha owawo amafilosofi nemibono ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kungaholela ekushintsheni ezimfundisweni, neNkantolo idlulisele noma ibeke imingcele yezinqumo zangaphambili.

Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu ekwakhiweni kweNkantolo nasekushintsheni komthetho-mthetho wemfundiso. Ukuvelela okukhulayo kokuqala nokuchaza imibhalo eNkantolo yamanje kuye kwaholela ekuphindeni kuhlonishweni kwezandulela nezimfundiso ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano ezichazayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani izinqumo zeNkantolo ngezinye izikhathi zishintsha nokuthi kungani ukumiswa kokwahlulela kulandela inqubo.

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Ziqonde Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukujwayelana nala magama nemiqondo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlaziywa ngayo futhi zinqunywe ngayo. Kukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela ngolwazi ezingxoxweni zomphakathi nasezinqumweni. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo, zingahlaziya kangcono izinqumo zokwahlulela, zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, futhi zenze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokwaziswa ngokwahlulela.

Ukususa Izinqumo Zokwahlulela

Kunokuba ivumelane noma iphikisana nemiphumela esekelwe ezinqubweni ezinqunyweni ezinqunywe yizo, izakhamuzi zingahlola ukucabanga okusekelwe ezinqumweni futhi zicabangele ukuthi abahluleli bawuchaza ngokwethembeka yini uMthetho - sisekelo noma babeka imibono yazo siqu.

Lapho inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo esiphikisanayo, ukuqonda indlela yokuchaza esetshenziswayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi lesi sinqumo sinengqondo yini ngokomthetho, ngisho noma zingavumelani nemiphumela engokwesimiso. Lo mehluko phakathi kokuchaza umthetho nezimiso kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umthetho nokubukezwa ngokomthetho kokwahlulela.

Ukuhlanganyela Enkulumweni Yentando Yeningi

Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela enkulumweni engokomthetho ngokuvota, ngezenzo zezombangazwe, ngenkulumo yomphakathi, nangokuthembisana umphakathi. Ukuqonda amagama nemibono eyisisekelo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo kwenza ukuba kuhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ngokwengeziwe kulemisebenzi.

Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda imiqondo enjengeyobuqaba, inqubo esemthethweni, ukuhlukana kwemibuso, nombuso, zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Zingahlola imibono yabazohlolwa ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, ziqonde izigxobo ezimpini zokuqinisekisa, futhi zifake iqhaza ezingxoxweni zomphakathi ngomthetho-mthetho.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Uma abantu bazi ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uvikelani nokuthi iziphi iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, bahlonyiselwa kangcono ukuqinisa amalungelo abo nezenzo zikahulumeni ezibekela inselele ezingaphezu kwemingcele yomthetho - sisekelo.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zingaqaphela lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zingase zingavumelani nesimiso somthetho futhi zingathatha isinyathelo esifanele, kungaba ngokuphambanisa, ukuphambana kwezombangazwe, noma ngezinye izindlela. lolulwazi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okugcina uhulumeni unecala futhi uvikele izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje imfundo kuphela, kodwa inemiphumela yangempela yezwe yendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo kanye namalungelo abantu ajabulisayo. Ukuchaza okuhlukene kungaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela ukukhipha isisu, amalungelo okudubula, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yobugebengu, amalungelo omphakathi, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa.

Akukho Kunye Okuphathelene Nezindlela Zokusebenza

Naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka encazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, akukho ukuvumelana ngenqubo efanelekile. i - productalism iye yavelela emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kodwa ukuphila komthetho - sisekelo nezinye izindlela kuyaqhubeka kusekela kakhulu. Le mpikiswano eqhubekayo iveza ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nenkani yomthetho, indima yamajaji, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwakudala namanje.

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kungabi nakuvumelana kuyinkinga, okuholela ekunganqunyelwani kusengaphambili nasekuvumeleni amajaji ukuba ahlakaniphe kakhulu.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo izoqhubeka izenzeka. Imibono emisha yokuchaza ingavela, futhi izinkolelo ezikhona zingacwengisiswa noma zishintshwe. Izinguquko ekwakhekeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme zizothinta ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezikhona ezichazayo. Izinguquko zezenhlalo, zezombangazwe, nezezobuchwepheshe zizoveza imibuzo emisha ehlola izisekelo ezikhona.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda amagama ayisisekelo nemibono yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ziyokwazi kangcono ukuhileleka kulokhu kuqhubekayo. Ziyokwazi ukulandela izimpikiswano ngokubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo, zihlaziye izinqumo zokwahlulela, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enkulumweni yentando yeningi ngendima yoMthetho-sisekelo ekuphileni kwaseMelika.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, imithombo eminingi ikhona. i-Constitution Annoted, eshicilelwe i-Library of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ inikeza imithombo yemfundo, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ehambisana nezingxoxo zemfundo ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho.

Izikole eziningi zomthetho namayunivesithi zinikeza izifundo ze-inthanethi ze-inthanethi zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho-mfantu. Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuqondile, etholakala ngewebhusayithi yeNkantolo , kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela amaqhinga asebenza ngayo ezindleleni ezihlukene. Izincwadi zezezigebengu eziphezulu, kuhlanganise nezo zika-Anton Scalia, uStephen Breyer, nabanye, zichaza amafilosofi azo achazayo ngendlela elula.

Izingosi ezingokomthetho nezinkulumo ezisekelwe emthethweni zinikeza ukukhulumela okuqhubekayo ngezindaba zamanje nezimpikiswano ezichazayo.

Isiphetho

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho isici esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esibalulekile sikahulumeni nomthetho. Ukuqonda amagama ayisisekelo nemibono − ukuchaza amagama nemibhalo yokuqala, ukuthatha umbhalo wesandla, umthetho-sisekelo, ukwakhiwa komthetho-sisekelo, ukuqina nobubanzi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, inqubo efanele, kanye nabanye .

Lezimpikiswano ezichazayo aziyona into ecatshangelwayo, zinemiphumela eqinisekile yamalungelo abantu ngabanye, amandla kahulumeni, kanye nokulingana kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso. izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ziholela emiphumeleni ehlukene ezimweni ezihilela izindaba eziyisisekelo ezinjengokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, inkululeko engokwenkolo, isivikelo esilinganayo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, nomthetho wezomnotho.

Ngokuqonda lemiqondo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enkulumweni yentando yeningi, zihlaziye ngokuhluzekile, futhi zivikele amalungelo azo nenkululeko ngempumelelo kakhulu. Ukuchazwa koMthetho - sisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kushiyelwe kubameli nakumajaji kuphela — kuyindaba ekhathazayo ngazo zonke izakhamuzi ezikhathalela umthetho nesivikelo sezindinganiso zomthetho.

UMthetho-sisekelo ungowabantu baseMelika, futhi ukuqonda indlela ochazwa ngayo kubalulekile ekufezeni imithwalo yemfanelo yobuhlalo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uthanda ubuProtom, ukuphila komthetho sisekelo, noma enye indlela, uhileleke kulemibuzo ngokucabangela nangolwazi lwamagama ayisisekelo nemiqondo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esinempilo.

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka inquma izimpikiswano ezibumba umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika, futhi njengoba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ziqhubeka enkundleni yezombangazwe kanye nasesiteji somphakathi, izakhamuzi ezihlonyiswe ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ziyokulungela kangcono ukuhlanganyela kulezizingxoxo ezibalulekile. Lolwazi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuba zigcine uhulumeni unecala, uvikele izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi zinikele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wohulumeni womthetho qobo oye wachaza umbuso wezwe waseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo.