Table of Contents

IBill of Rights ifana nenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, isebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. I-Ratimean, inguquko yokuqala eyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-United States imisa amalungelo ayisisekelo avikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni uhulumeni kuyilapho ichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye nohulumeni wabo. Ukuqonda lamalungelo akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo wemfundo kuphela obalulekile onika wonke umuntu waseMelika amandla okuqaphela lapho inkululeko yakhe ivikelekile noma ingathi iphambukiselwe. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola ubudlelwane obuyisisekelo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye nohulumeni, sinikeza umongo owusizo ngendlela lezisivikelo ezisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nokuthi kungani zingekhona nje ulwazi olubalulekile namuhla olunamandla okunikeza wonke amaMelika anamandla okuqaphela uma inkululeko yabo ivikele ivikelekile noma isesimweni esingaphezuni sekhulu amabili leminyaka edlule.

Umlando Nenjongo Yencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

IBhili of Rights yaphuma empikiswaneni ebucayi phakathi nokudunyiswa koMthetho-sisekelo. Izifundazwe eziningi nezibalo ezinethonya, kuhlanganise noThomas Jefferson, zagcizelela ukuthi isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye siwenezelwe eMthethweni omusha. AmaFederali, ekuqaleni ayemelene nencwadi yamalungelo njengangadingekile, ekugcineni avunywa ukuba avikeleke. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "uBaba Welungelo Lomthetho Wamalungelo," wamisa iziphetho ezazizoba isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika yomphakathi. Lezi zinguquko zaklanyelwe ukuxoxa ngokuqondile ngobushiqela bukahulumeni abaQaphi bezwe ngaphansi kombuso waseBrithani futhi wafuna ukuvimbela iRiphabliki yabo entsha.

IBill of Rights ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, kodwa ngemfundiso engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi i-complion(*) ngokulandela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane () eziningi zalezisivikelo manje zisebenza nakohulumeni bezwe nakuwo. Lokhu kwanda kuye kwenza iBhill of Rights yaba namandla ngisho nangokwengeziwe ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kulo lonke elase-United States.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala cishe siyilungiselelo elidunyiswa kakhulu futhi elicelwa njalo eBill of Rights. Isivikelo saso sakha isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaphana ngenkululeko yemibono, zigxeke uhulumeni wazo, zisebenzise ukholo lwazo, futhi zihlele iqoqo. Inguquko ithi: "Icala ngeke lenze mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngokuthula, nokunxusa kukaHulumeni ukuba kuvuswe izikhalo.""

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ilungelo lakho lokuveza imibono, imibono, nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni noma isijeziso. Lesivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwamazwi akhulunywayo ukuze sihlanganise ukuxhumana okubhaliwe, inkulumo engokomfanekiso (njengokugqoka amahlombe noma amafulegi avuthayo), ukuveza ubuciko, ngisho nezindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ezidlulisela umyalezo. iNkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu igomela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakulinganisela inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi uthola imibono iphambene, ingathandeki, noma ngisho nengozi ezithakazelweni zayo.

Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. Uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo ezimweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo eshukumisa isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze, ukusongela kweqiniso, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, izithombe ezingcolile zabantwana, nokukhwabanisa ayivikeleki. Isibonelo esivamile esivame ukukhonjwa siwukuthi awunakumemeza ngokungeyikho "lomlilo" enkundleni yemidlalo yemidlalo egcwele abantu. Isikhathi, indawo, nezimiso zokuvimbela nakho kuyavunyelwa uma zinelisekile, zifeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni, futhi zishiya izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile.

Uma sikhuluma kahle, inkululeko yokukhuluma isho ukuthi ungagxeka izikhulu ezikhethiwe, uveza imibono engathandeki yezombangazwe, ugqoke izingubo ezinemiyalezo ephikisanayo, usungule ubuciko obubekela imingcele yezenhlalo inselele, futhi uhlanganyele ekuvukeleni ngokuthula. Abaqashi bomuntu siqu namapulatifomu azimele njengezinkampani zezenhlalo zezokuxhumana aboshwanga yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala − bangavimbela inkulumo ezitejini zabo noma emsebenzini wabo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sikuvikela kuphela ekucubuleni uhulumeni, hhayi emiphumelweni ezimele.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Inkululeko yezindaba iqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba zingaqoqa futhi zisakaze ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni noma ukuzithiba. Lesivikelo sibalulekile ekulondolozeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi sigcine labo abanegunya benobuphindu. Iphephandaba lisebenza njenge-"watchdog" emisebenzini kahulumeni, futhi abasunguli baqaphela ukuthi iphephandaba elikhululekile libalulekile ekulawuleni kwentando yeningi.

Le nkululeko ivikela izinhlangano zezindaba ezingokwesiko, izintatheli ezizimele, nanoma ubani ohlanganyela ekuqoqeni nasekusakazeni izindaba nokwaziswa emphakathini. Uhulumeni akanakufuna ukuba kukhululwe izindaba ngaphambi kokuba zimenyezelwe, nakuba izimemezelo zezindaba zisathiwa zifanele ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba, noma ukukhishwa kokwaziswa okungabalulekile ezimweni ezithile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa isithiyo esiphakeme sokuphazamisa uhulumeni nezindaba, ifuna ukuba kuthethelelwe noma imiphi imingcele.

Uma kuqhathaniswa, inkululeko yezindaba isho izintatheli ezihlola inkohlakalo kahulumeni, zikhiphe izincwadi ezivuzayo zesithakazelo somphakathi, zivikele imithombo eyimfihlo (nakuba lesivikelo sihluka ngokwezwe), futhi zibike izindaba zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni. Lenkululeko ivule amandla okuhlola amaphephandabeni angokophenyo avela kuyiPentagon Papers ukuya eWatergate ukudalulwa kwamuva kwezinhlelo zokuhlola zikahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezihlobene nenkolo: u-Claus oMinission ne-Free Execle Claus. Bonke, benza lokho uThomas Jefferson akuchaza ngokuthi "uthango lokuhlukanisa phakathi kweSonto noHulumeni." ISivumelo sika-Claus sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba amise inkolo engokomthetho noma akhethe inkolo eyodwa kunenye. Inkolo ye-Free Specience Claus ivikela ilungelo lakho lokuqhuba inkolo yakho (noma ayikho inkolo) ngokwezinkolelo zakho.

Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uvumele, uthuthukise, noma unikeze izinzuzo ezikhethekile ezinhlanganweni zenkolo ngezindlela eziyokwakha inkolo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezinqabela ukuthandaza okuphoqelelwe ezikoleni zomphakathi, imiboniso yenkolo engokomthetho esendaweni ethile kahulumeni esekela ukholo oluthile, kanye nezimali zikahulumeni ezizuzisa ngokuyinhloko izinhlangano zenkolo. Nokho, umngcele phakathi kokumiswa okuvumelekile kwenkolo nokungamukeleki ngokuvamile uyaphikiswa futhi uye wathatha isikhathi.

I-Free Exening Claus ivikela ilungelo lakho lokubambelela ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalezo zinkolelo. Ungaya ezinkonzweni zenkolo, ugqoke izingubo noma izimpawu, ugcine amaholide enkolo, futhi ukhulise izingane zakho ezinkolelweni zakho. Uhulumeni awunakukujezisa ngenxa yezinkolelo zakho ezingokwenkolo noma ukukuphoqelela ukuba usekele izinkolelo zakho ongazibambi. Nokho, uma imikhuba engokwenkolo ingqubuzana nemithetho evamile esebenzayo, ukuhlaziya kuba okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo izikhulu zenkantolo ziye zaqinisa isivikelo sokuzivivinya inkolo, ikakhulukazi uma inqubo yenkolo ithatha inselele kunemisebenzi yezwe efana nayo.

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa Ngokuthula

Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula livikela ikhono lakho lokuhlangana nabanye ngezinjongo eziwukusho, kuhlanganise nokubhikisha, imibhikisho, imibuthano yemihlangano. Lelilungelo lihlobene eduze nokukhuluma ngenkululeko ngoba inkulumo ehlangene ivame ukuphakamisa amazwi abantu ngabanye futhi yenza izakhamuzi zincenge uhulumeni wazo ngokuphumelelayo. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ilungelo lokuhlangana liye laba elibalulekile ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, kusukela ekulandeleni amalungelo omphakathi ukuya ekuhleleni ukubhikisha kwanamuhla.

Nakuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa libalulekile, alilinganiselwe. Uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nezindlela ezilinganiselwe futhi afeze izithakazelo zomphakathi ezingokomthetho njengokuhamba kwezimoto nokuphepha komphakathi. Izimfuneko zemvume emibuthanweni emikhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi ngokuvamile ziwumthetho-mthethweni uma zisetshenziswa ngisho nangesandla futhi zinganikezi izikhulu inkululeko engalawuleki yokuphika imvume esekelwe esigijimini esishiwoyo. Ubudlova, ukuncishiswa kwempahla, nokuvinjelwa kwezakhiwo akuzona izindlela zokuhlangana ezivikelwe.

Uma usebenza, lokhu kusho ukuthi ungahlela futhi uhlanganyele ekubhikisheni okunokuthula, ube khona emibuthanweni yezombangazwe, uhlangane emapaki omphakathi ukuze wenze imibhikisho, futhi uhlangane nabantu abanezingqondo ezifana nezakho ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba nangezenzo zokuhlela.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo liqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingatshela izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. Lelilungelo lihlanganisa ukubhalela abameleli izincwadi, ukusayina izicelo, ukumangalela uhulumeni, ukudlulisa izikhalo ezingokomthetho ezikhungweni, nokunxusa ushintsho lwemithetho. Liyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuhlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukujezisa ngokuthintana nabameleli bakho, ngokukhipha izikhalo ngezenzo zikahulumeni, noma ngokufuna amakhambi angokomthetho ngezehlo, ungahlela ukudluliswa kwesicelo, unikeze ubufakazi enkantolo, futhi ulwele izinguquko zezimiso. Nakuba uhulumeni kumelwe akudingeki ukuba uvume isicelo, akudingeki ukuba uphendule kahle noma ngisho nokuphendula nganoma yini.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: “IMilitia ebekwe kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi ukuphatha izimpi, ngeke ligxambuzeke. Lenguquko ibiyindaba yempikiswano enzima nencazelo engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ukuthi ivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezibhamu noma ilungelo elihlangene kuphela elihlobene nenkonzo yezobusosha.

Ngo-2008, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ephawulekayo eSifundeni saseColumbia v. Heller waqinisekisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lomuntu lokuba nezikhali ezingahlangani nenkonzo yamabutho, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinjongo ezingokomthetho ezinjengokuzifaka ngaphakathi ekhaya. Lesi sinqumo kamuva sadluliselwa kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo ngecala lika-2010 uMcDonald v. City of Chicago. Lesinqumo sakha ngokuyinhloko iSiphendulo Sesibili seSiphendulo i-jurispradence futhi saqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezizibeka umthetho zinelungelo lomthetho lokuzidubula izibhamu zazo.

Nokho, iNkantolo ePhakeme iye yakwenza kwacaca ukuthi lelilungelo alilinganiselwe. Uhulumeni angavimbela izikhali ezithile eziyingozi nezingavamile, uvimbele ukuba nezibhamu eziphethwe abadubuli nabagula ngengqondo, anqabe ukuphatha izibhamu ezindaweni ezibucayi njengezikole nezakhiwo zikahulumeni, futhi abeke izimo ekuthengisweni kwezibhamu. Imithetho akumelwe ilisuse ngokuphumelelayo ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali ukuze umuntu azivikele, kodwa imithetho enengqondo ewusizo efeza izithakazelo zokuphepha komphakathi iyavunyelwa.

Kumelwe ukuba, iSichibiyelo sesibili sisho ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivimbela umthetho zingathenga, zinezibhamu ezihloselwe izinjongo ezingokomthetho kuhlanganise nokuzibulala, ukuzingela, nokudubula kwemidlalo. Izimiso ezizozodwa obhekene nazo ziyohluka kakhulu ngokwezwe nendawo, njengoba izifunda ezinezimfuneko ezihlukene zokuhlola isizinda, inkathi yokulinda, imemo efihliwe, imvume, nemithetho evimbela ezinye izibhamu noma izinsimbi. Ukuqonda imithetho ethile yombuso wakho kudingekile ekusebenziseni lelilungelo elifanele nengokomthetho.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuvikelwa Ekuqungeni Amasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu sithi: "Akekho umSolder oyobekwa nakunoma yimuphi umuzi ngesikhathi sokuthula, ngaphandle kwemvume yoMnini, noma ngesikhathi sempi, kodwa ngendlela efunwa umthetho." Lokhu kulungisa izikhalo ezithile zenkathi yamabutho aseBrithani ayesemakhaya amakoloni ngaphandle kwemvume yawo ngaphansi kwezEnzo.

Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kungavamile ukucelwa emacaleni anamuhla angokomthetho futhi kungakaze kube yisisekelo esiyinhloko sesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, kubonisa izimiso ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene namalungelo empahla kanye nobuhlobo phakathi komphakathi wezempi nowesizwe. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhaya lakho liyindawo yakho siqu nokuthi uhulumeni akanakuyalathisa impahla yakho ngezinjongo zempi ngaphandle kwemvume yakho ngesikhathi sokuthula. Ngisho nangesikhathi sempi, noma isiphi isigamu sesine kumelwe silandele izinqubo ezimiswe umthetho.

ISichibiyelo sesithathu siye sacashunwa ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nohulumeni ophazamisa emakhaya, okunezela ekuqondeni okubanzi komthetho-sisekelo ukuthi abantu banendawo evikelekile yemfihlo ezindlini zabo. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kuyinto eshayelwe, kumelela ukuzimisela kwabasunguli kokuvikela izakhamuzi ezindaweni eziphanjwe amabutho empi futhi zilondoloze ukulawula amabutho alwayo.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa

ISichibiyelo sesine sinikeza: "Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenywa okungacabangeleki nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakukhipha, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe noma agunyaziwe, futhi ikakhulukazi achaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezithinjwe. Lempindiso ingenye yezilungiselelo ezivame kakhulu ezinikezwa eBill of Rights futhi inemiphumela emikhulu yecala lokwahlulela kobugebengu namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Imfuneko Yempi

ISichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile sidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze sithole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuthatha isiqinisekiso sokuseshwa noma sokuthatheka. Ukuze zithole imvume, izikhulu kumelwe zibonise imantshi engathathi hlangothi ukuthi cishe zibangela inkolelo enengqondo esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni − ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buzotholakala endaweni okumelwe buphenywe. Imvume kumelwe ichaze ngokuqondile ukuthi yini ezoseshwa nokuthi yini efunwayo, ivimbele imvume ezaziwayo ezasetshenziswa iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ekuhlukunyezeni amakoloni.

Nokho, inqwaba ehlukile emfunweni ogunyaziwe esungulwe ngomthetho wecala. Amaphoyisa angahlola ngaphandle kobufakazi lapho uvuma, lapho ubufakazi busobala, phakathi nokuboshwa okungokomthetho (funa isenzakalo sokuboshwa), lapho kunezimo ezisobala (izimo), lapho efuna ukubalekela ungabalekeleli (ukujaha) futhi ephequlweni elithile lokufuna ukuthi imoto ikhona imbangela. Ukuqonda lokhu okuhlukile kubaluleke ngoba bachaza imingcele esebenzayo yeSiphendulo sesine.

Yini Ebangela Ukufuna?

Akuzona zonke iziphazamiso zikahulumeni ezakha "phenya" ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukuseshwa kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni ephula ithemba lomuntu elinengqondo lokufuna ukuba wedwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto ozichaya emphakathini, ngokuzenzakalelayo, njengokungathi ukubonakala kwakho ezindaweni zomphakathi noma ngaphandle kwekhaya lakho (_ngendlela ezungezile) azivikelwe. Nokho, ngaphakathi ekhaya lakho, okuqukethwe yimali yakho, izingxoxo zakho zocingo, nezinye izindaba eziyimfihlo ziyavikelwa.

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye bahlaziya isiBuyiselo sesine soMphetho. Izinkantolo ziye zaxabana nemibuzo mayelana nokuhlola ucingo, ukuthatha i-GPS, ukuthatha i-pignal metam, ukuhlola i-drone, nokuqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu futhi idinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola, ngisho nalapho ibanjwa. Ngokufanayo, ukulandelela i-GPS emide kuthathwe njengokusesho okudinga imvume.

Umthetho Oyinqaba

Ikhambi eliyinhloko leSichibiyelo sesine umthetho owenqabela ukukhishwa komthetho, owenqabela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenya okungekho emthethweni noma ngokuquleka enkantolo. Lomthetho, osungulwe eMap v. Ohio (1961), uklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isikhuthazo sokwenza uphenyo olungekho ngokomthetho. Uma ubufakazi obungakhishwa, noma ibuphi ubufakazi obusekhona obuvela ekufuneni okungekho emthethweni (okubizwa ngokuthi "isithelo sesihlahla esinobuthi") bubuye bukhishwe.

Nokho, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uhlukile. Ubufakazi obutholakala ngokholo oluqinile eqinisekisini kamuva olutholakele lungakholeki. Ubufakazi obungatholakala ngokungenakugwenywa ngezindlela ezingokomthetho bungasetshenziswa futhi. Lokhu kungabonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abanecala abakhululeki ezifundweni zobuchwepheshe.

Izisebenziso ezisebenzayo

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, iSichibiyelo sesine sisho ukuthi amaphoyisa awanakungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume, imvume, noma izimo ezizwakalayo. Awanakuma futhi akuphequlule emgwaqweni ngaphandle kokusola okunengqondo ukuthi uhileleke emsebenzini wobugebengu.

Uma umiswa amaphoyisa, kufanele uhlale uzolile futhi uhloniphekile, kodwa akudingeki ukuba uvume ukusesha. Ungabuza uma ukhululekile ukuhamba, futhi uma isikhulu sithi yebo, ungahamba. Uma uboshwa noma uboshwa, akumelwe umelane, kodwa ungasho ngokucacile ukuthi awuvumi ukuphenya futhi ufisa ukukhuluma nommeli. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kungakusiza ekuvikeleni phakathi nokugcinwa komthetho kuyilapho ungazivumeli ngokungafanele isivikelo sakho.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Izindlela Eziningi Zokuzivikela Abamangalelwa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezihlukene: "Akekho umuntu oyobekwa isigwebo senhloko - dolobha, noma ngenye indlela, ngaphandle kokuba abekwe icala noma icala le-Grand Jury, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezavela ezweni noma ebutho lempi, noma eMilitia, lapho esenkonzweni yangempela ngesikhathi seMpi noma sengozi yomphakathi; noma umuntu ozobekwa ngaphansi kobugebengu obufanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho; futhi ngeke aphoqelelwe noma kunoma yisiphi isimo sobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye, noma aphucwe ukuphila, noma impahla, engenayo inqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma impahla yomuntu angeke ithathwe ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa, ngaphandle kwenkokhela."

Icala Elikhulu

IGrand Jury Clause ifuna ukuba ukuquliswa kwamacala kahulumeni angathi sína kuqale ngokumangalelwa yiqembu elikhulu labasizi bejaji − iqembu lezakhamuzi elibukeza ubufakazi ukuze kubonwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kubekwe omunye icala lobugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kusebenza njengesheshi kubaphathi abashicileli abashisekayo ngokufuna ukuba isakhamuzi sivumelwe phambi kukahulumeni ukuba sifake othile ecaleni lobugebengu. Nokho, lemfuneko ayifakwanga ekumelaneni nemibuso, ngakho izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuqalisa izikhalo zobugebengu.

I - “goodi ” Ekabili

I-Bible Jeopardy Claus ivikela ukuba ungaquliswa icala elifanayo kabili ngemva kokulahlwa icala noma ukuvunywa kwecala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uqulwa icala futhi ungatholakali unecala, uhulumeni ngeke akuphendulele ngalelo cala, ngisho noma kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Ngokufanayo, uma uthola icala futhi ugwetshwa, ngeke uphinde umangalelwe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise imithombo yakhe ephakeme ukuze acindezele abamangalelwa ngokuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Nokho, ukulahlekelwa kabili kunemingcele ebalulekile. Akuvimbeli ukumangalelwa yibo bobabili ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni ukuziphatha okufanayo (umbuso owenziwe ngomthetho"imfundiso), futhi akuvimbeli ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala ezimweni ezithile. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kwamacala angokomthetho kuhlukile ekumangalelweni ngecala, ngakho ungamangalelwa ngomphakathi ngisho nangemva kokuba usukhululiwe ngobugebengu. Ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene obuvela ekuziphatheni okufanayo bungabekwa ngokwehlukile uma benezici ezihlukene.

Isivikelo Ekuzichayeni

I-Ilbummentation memone − ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukufaka u-"Impinda"""" ivikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba ufakaze icala lobugebengu. Leli lungelo libonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wokubonakalisa icala futhi ngeke aphoqe abamangalelwa ukuba bazibophe ngecala. Awukwazi ukuthatha ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwakho icala, futhi uma ukhetha ukungafakazeli, ukumangalelwa akunakukhuluma ngokuthula kwakho noma ukucela ijaji ukuba lisho icala lakho.

Lokhu kuvikelwa kudlulela ngalé kwenkantolo. Phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa, unelungelo lokuthula, njengoba kuvezwe kahle exwayisoni lweMiranda okumelwe anikeze amaphoyisa ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo. Ungakuncenga lokhu nganoma isiphi isikhathi, futhi uma usukhona, kumelwe ume kuze kube yilapho ummeli ekhona noma uthola ukukhulumisana okukhululekile. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi ukuthula kwakho akunakusetshenziswa kuwe, nakuba kuhlukile uma uphendula imibuzo ethile kodwa hhayi abanye.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uphenywa amaphoyisa, unelungelo lokuthi "Ngicela ilungelo lami lokuthula futhi ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli." Kufanele usebenzise lelilungelo ngokucacile nangokucacile. Ukuthula ngaphandle kokucela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu kungase kunganikeze isivikelo esifanayo. Lelilungelo lingelinye lesivikelo sakho esibaluleke kakhulu phakathi nophenyo lobugebengu.

Inhlanganiso

I-Century Procession Claus yenqabela uhulumeni ukuba akuncishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesivikelo sinezinga elimbili: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile. Inqubo yokuhlela idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba enze isenzo esithinta amalungelo akho, kumelwe uthole isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala. Inqubo efanelekile ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa izinqubo.

Inqubo efanelekile iyasebenza ezimweni eziningi ngalé komthetho wobugebengu. Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uqede umsebenzi wakho womphakathi, usule ilayisense yakho yobuchwepheshe, umise umfundi esikoleni, noma wenze ezinye izenzo ezithinta inkululeko yakho noma impahla, ngokuvamile kumelwe inikeze isaziso nohlobo oluthile lokuzwa. Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ezimweni nasezithakazelweni ezisengozini.

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo iye yaba isisekelo sokuqaphela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo angagunyaziwe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokungenamuntu siqu, ilungelo lokushada, amalungelo obuzali, kanye nokuzimela komzimba. Lemfundiso iphikisana ngoba ihilela izinkantolo ezibonisa amalungelo ayisisekelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, kodwa iye yaba isisekelo ezinqumweni ezivelele ezivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuthatha UClaus

I-Piestores Claus ifuna uhulumeni ukuba anikeze imbuyiselo uma idinga indawo yomphakathi ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini odumile. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthwalo wemisebenzi yomphakathi awubekwanga kumnini mpahla ngabanye ngokungafanele. Uma uhulumeni edinga indawo yakho ukuze uthole umgwaqo omkhulu, isikole, noma omunye umsebenzi womphakathi, kumelwe ukukhokhele inani elifanele lempahla.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yandisa umqondo "ukuthatha" ngaphandle kokufakwa impahla ngokoqobo ukuze ihlanganise ukuthatha imithetho elawulayo − − ukuvimbela lapho imithetho kahulumeni ivimbela khona kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwempahla kangangokuba inciphise umnikazi wayo ngokunenzuzo. Ukuthatha nokuthatha izinto ngokukhetha kungase kudinge imbuyiselo. Lendawo yomthetho ilinganisela isidingo sikahulumeni sokulawula amalungelo omphakathi angcono kubaphathi bempahla ukuba basebenzise futhi bajabulele impahla yabo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Ecala Elifanele

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siyanikeza: “Kukho konke ukumangalelwa kobugebengu, ummangalelwa uyojabulela ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngokushesha, ngejaji elingakhethi loMbuso nesifunda lapho ubugebengu buyobe senziwe khona, isiphi isifunda esiyobe siqinisekisiwe ngomthetho ngaphambili, futhi atshelwe ngemvelo nembangela yamacala; ukubhekana nofakazi; ukuba abe nenqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi bemvume yakhe, nokuba abe noMthetho weseluleko sokuzivikela kwakhe."

Ukubhekana Nokuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo livimbela uhulumeni ekubambezeleni ngokungenasiphelo, okungashiya abamangalelwa bebekwe emacaleni angokomthetho, kukhubaze ikhono labo lokuzivikela njengoba izinkumbulo ziphela futhi ubufakazi bunyamalala, futhi kunwetshwe ukukhathazeka nemingcele yokumangalelwa. Izinkantolo zicabangela izici eziningana ekunqumeni ukuthi lelilungelo liye laphulwa, kuhlanganise nobude besikhathi sokulibala, isizathu sokulibala, ukuthi ummangalelwa wagcizelela ilungelo, nokuthi ingabe ukulibala kucasukela isivikelo.

Uma ukuqulwa kwecala lakho okusheshayo kwephulwa, ikhambi liwukuxoshwa kwamacala obandlululo, okusho ukuthi ngeke lilungiswe. Lelikhambi elinamandla libonisa ukubaluleka kwalelilungelo. Ngokwenqubo, ama-gundane amaningi anemingcele eqondile yesikhathi sokuletha amacala, futhi abamangalelwa bangathatha ijubane ukuze bashalaze uma le zikhathi ezimisiwe zingahlanganwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Lomphakathi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi liqinisekisa ukubonakala kwecala lobugebengu futhi livimbela ukuqulwa kwecala okungasiza ekucindezeleni. Ukutholakala komphakathi kuvumela ukuqondisa kwesimiso sobulungisa futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izenzakalo ziqhutshwa ngokulunga. Nokho, lelilungelo aliphelele .Iziqu zingavala ukuqulwa ngezimo ezilinganiselwe ukuvikela izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo njengokuphepha, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ilungelo lommangalelwa ekuqulweni ngokulunga, kodwa ukuvalwa okunjalo kumelwe kulungiswe ngokulinganiselwe.

Ukufaneleka KobuJuda Obungakhethi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyikhothamo lesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu baseMelika. Ijaji kumelwe likhishwe eqenjini lomphakathi elinobulungisa, futhi abahluleli ngabanye kumelwe bangakhethi futhi bakwazi ukunquma icala elisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini obunikezwayo. Phakathi nokukhethwa kwamajaji (kunzima), abameli bangangabaza abameleli bejaji futhi baphikise labo ababonisa ubandlululo.

Abahluleli kumelwe babe abavela kuhulumeni nasesifundazweni lapho ubugebengu benzeka khona, beqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa baquliswa ontanga emphakathini abathintelwe yilokho okuthiwa ubugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuthengeni izindawo ukuze athole imingcele engcono. Ezimweni lapho ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezenkantolo noma umuzwa womphakathi kwenza ukuba icala libe sobala, abamangalelwa bangacela ukushintshwa kwezindawo.

Ilungelo Lokwazi Ukuphatha

Unelungelo lokwazi indalo nembangela yamacala obekwe wona. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe akunike ukwaziswa okuqondile ngamacala owamangalelwa ngawo nesisekelo esiyiqiniso salawomacala. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ungalungiselela isivikelo esanele futhi kuvimbele uhulumeni ukuba angakubophi icala lobugebengu obungabekwanga icala noma obungabonwanga.

UClaus

I-Breade Claus ekunikeza ilungelo lokumelana nofakazi ngokumelene nawe, ngokuyinhloko ngokuhlola okuxhunyiwe. Lelilungelo lisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi ukuhlola okunqamule i-ast kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlola ukwethembeka kobufakazi. Ukushushisa ngokuvamile akunakuletha izimemezelo zobufakazi kofakazi abangaveli enkantolo ngaphandle kokuba ufakazi akatholakali futhi ummangalelwa ube nethuba langaphambili lokudlula kubo.

Leli lungelo linemiphumela ebalulekile ebufakazini benzwabethi nasemibikweni eyimfihlo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi abahlaziyi abalungisa imibiko yezebhu ngokuvamile kumelwe bafakazele ngokwabo kunokuba imibiko yabo ivunywe ngaphandle kwethuba lokuhlola isiphambano. Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kobufakazi obusetshenziselwa ukumangalela abamangalelwa.

Inqubo Ephoqelelwe

Ilungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe lisho ukuthi ungafakaza ngofakazi abangaphansi komthetho ukuze unikeze ubufakazi. Uhulumeni ngeke ukuvimbele ekunikezeni isivikelo noma ukubiza ofakazi abangase basekele icala lakho. Leli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banamathuluzi okuphikisa icala lomshushisi futhi bafakazele ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziphoqelele ofakazi abangaphansi komthetho abavikelayo njengoba benza nangabo abamangalela ofakazi.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Ilungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko lingenye yeziphetho zeSihlalo sesi-6 ezigxeka kakhulu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuGideon u-Wainwright (1963) samisa ukuthi amazwe kumelwe anikeze abameli kubamangalelwa abangenamandla okuzikhokhela. Lelilungelo lihlanganisa nanoma iziphi izigaba ezibucayi zokuqulwa icala, kusukela ekuveleni kokuqala ukuqulwa kwecala nokudluliswa komthetho okokuqala.

Unelungelo lokuphumelela ekusizeni ngeseluleko, hhayi nje ukuba khona kommeli. Uma umsebenzi wommeli wakho ungaphansi kwendinganiso eqinile yokucabangela nalolu bandlululo lokungalingani, ungase ufanelekele ukulingwa okusha. Futhi unelungelo lokuzimelela uma udedela ilungelo lakho ngenhloso futhi ngokuzithandela ekululekeni, nakuba izinkantolo zizokuvimbela ngokuqinile lokhu kukhetha.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma uboshwa futhi ungenammeli, umuntu uzomiswa ukuba akumelele. Kufanele ucele ummeli ngokushesha lapho eboshiwe futhi ungaphenduli imibuzo ngaphandle kommeli wakho. Ukuxhumana kwakho nommeli oyimfihlo kunelungelo futhi kuyimfihlo, okukuvumela ukuba ukhulume ngokukhululekile ngecala lakho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi amazwi akho azosetshenziswa ngokumelene nawe.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Sinelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seSembethi sinikeza: "Amasudi emithetho evamile, lapho inzuzo ephikisanayo izodlula khona amaRandi angamashumi amabili, ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyolondolozwa, futhi alikho iqiniso elizanywa yijaji, ngenye indlela liyophinde lihlolwe kunoma yiliphi iGabhethi lase-United States, kunangokwemithetho yomthetho ovamile." Lokhu kulungisa kudlulisela icala lomthetho eliyilungelo eliyilungelo eliqondenezehlulelo lomphakathi, libonise inkolelo yabaQaphi bejaji yokuthi amajaji asebenza njenge-ehlololo kumandla kahulumeni futhi avikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

ISichibiyelo seSeventh sisebenza ezimpindazweni ezingokomthetho (labo abafuna umonakalo wemali) kunokuba basho okulinganayo (labo abafuna imiyalo noma ukwenza okuthile okuqondile). Umnyango wama - dollar (R2,50) awulungiswa ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali, ngakho cishe zonke izenzakalo zomphakathi zihlangabezana nalemfuneko. Nokho, lelilungelo alizange lihlanganiswe nemibuso, ngakho ukuqulwa kwezindaba kulawulwa imithetho yezwe, okuningi okunikeza isivikelo esifanayo.

Ukulungiswa futhi kulinganisela ikhono lamajaji lokugumbuqela izinqumo. Nakuba amajaji engakhipha isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho noma agunyaze ukuqulwa kwecala elisha ezimweni ezithile, awanakuthatha indawo yesahlulelo sawo ngenxa yamaqiniso atholwa abahluleli. Lokhu kuvikela kulondoloza indima yamajaji njengomtholi wamaqiniso ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuvikelwa Esijezisweni Esidlulele

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sithi: “Akuyikufuneka ibheyili yemali, noma ifa eleqile, noma isijeziso sonya nesingavamile esinikezwayo. Lezi zigwebo ezintathu zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isijeziso sikahulumeni silingana futhi sinobuntu.

Indlala Eyingozi Ngokweqile

I-Odmistival Bail Claus yenqabela izinkantolo ekumiseni ibheyili emalini ephakeme kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kommangalelwa lapho equlwa icala. UBail usiza ekulinganiseni isithakazelo sommangalelwa senkululeko nesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uvela emacaleni enkantolo. Izici ezicatshangelwayo ekuhleleni ibheyili zihlanganisa ubuqatha bamacala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ubudlelwane nomphakathi, kanye nengozi yokubaleka.

Nokho, iSichibiyelo Sesi - 8 asiqinisekisi ukuthi kufanele bakhokhelwe noma bakhululwe ngecala lentambo noma bafake izingozi ezinkulu zokundiza emphakathini ngaphandle kwebheyili. Imibuso eminingi iye yashukumisela ekushintsheni ibheyili ukuze ibhekane nezimpikiswano zokuthi izimiso zemali zicwasa abamangalelwa abampofu abangakwazi ngisho nokuthenga imali elinganiselwe.

Izinhle Ezidlulele

I-Slave Fines Clause ekhuluphele ilinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokubeka izijeziso zemali ezingalingani neze necala. Lesivikelo sisebenza kumali ehhoxiswayo yobugebengu nakuhluthwa kwezakhamuzi okufeza izinjongo zokujezisa. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele amandla ecala nobulukhuni besijeziso ekunqumeni ukuthi inhlawulo imbi.

Le nkulumo isibaluleke kakhulu njengoba ukulahlekelwa kwempahla yomphakathi kuye kwakhula. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwempahla zingathatha impahla ehlobene nobugebengu, futhi ezimweni eziningi, umnini-mpahla kumelwe abonise ukuthi impahla ayinacala ukuba ayibuyise. Izinkantolo seziqale ukuhlolisisa lokhu kulahlekelwa ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwe-Estastive Fie Beef Clause, ikakhulukazi uma inani lempahla ethathweyo lingaphezu kakhulu kokwephulwa kwecala.

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

Isijeziso sonya nesenqaba u-Claus eyingxenye evame kakhulu yeSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili. Sinqabela izijeziso zobuqaba, eziwubuqaba, noma ezingafani neze necala. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lesi sigqebhezana "izindinganiso ezihloniphekayo zokuziphatha okuhle eziphawula intuthuko yomphakathi okhulayo," okusho ukuthi isijeziso esamukelekayo ngo-1791 singaba esingafaneleki namuhla.

Le mithetho ibilokhu iyisisekelo sesigwebo sokufa. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi isijeziso sentambo asiyona inqubo engekho ngokwesivumelwano, iye yabeka imingcele ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo. Isigwebo sokufa asinakubekwa ngenxa yobugebengu obungaphumeli ekufeni, bungakho ukuboshelwa, futhi ngeke sisetshenziswe kubamangalelwa abakhubazekileyo abacushwe ngengqondo noma labo ababesebasha ngesikhathi sobugebengu babo. Amazwe kumelwe anikeze ukubukeza okunenjongo kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi isigwebo sokufa asibekwangabekwangabo.

Isijeziso sonya nesingavamile sika-Claus siyasebenza nasezimweni zasejele. Ababoshelwane balondoloza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, futhi izimo zokuvalelwa ezihilela ubuhlungu obungenasizotha nobungadingekile noma ezilingana kakhulu nobukhulu bobugebengu obuphula iSichibiyelo Sezempilo Sesishiyagalombili. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa okunganele kwezokwelapha, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwabalindi, nezimo zokuphila ezibonisa unya. Nokho, izinkantolo zivame ukudebesela kubaphathi bejele ezindabeni zokulondeka nezokuphatha.

Isimiso sokulingana kwemithetho sisho ukuthi izigwebo kumelwe zihambisane nobukhulu becala. Nakuba izinkantolo zinikeza izishaya-mthetho iziqondiso ezibanzi ekumiseni izijeziso zobugebengu, izigwebo ezinzima kakhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obuncane zingaphula iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalo Sesishiyagalombili. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izigwebo zokuphila ngaphandle kokugwetshwa kwezingane ezivalelwe icala elingalawuleki futhi idinga ukuba intsha egwetshelwe ukuphila ibe nethuba elinenjongo lokukhulula ngokubonisa ukuvuthwa nokuvuselelwa.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Angenazo Izigwegwe

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth siyanikeza: "Uphawu oluseMthethweni, lwamalungelo athile, ngeke luthathwe njengokuphika noma ukulahla abanye abantu abalondolozwe abantu." Lokhu kulungisa kukhuluma ngokukhathazeka okuphakanyiswa phakathi nezinkulumo eziphikisayo: ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo akhethekile kungase kubonise ukuthi amalungelo angalingani awekho noma awavikelwe.

ISichibiyelo seNinth siqinisekisa ukuthi iBill of Rights ayigcwali futhi abantu balondoloza amalungelo angaphezu kwalawo ashiwo ngokuqondile. Nokho, izinkantolo azivamile ukuthembela eSichibiyelweni seNinth njengomthombo ozimele wamalungelo. Kunalokho, kuye kwacashunwa njengobufakazi obusekelayo bokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uvikela amalungelo angagunyaziwe, nemfundiso eyisisekelo eyisisekelo esebenza njengemoto esekela amalungelo anjalo.

Inguquko ibonisa ukuqonda kwabasunguli ukuthi amalungelo emvelo akhona ngaphandle kukahulumeni nokuthi injongo yoMthetho-sisekelo iwukuvikela inkululeko ebanzi, hhayi ngezindlela ezicaciwe kuphela. Nakuba ukusebenza kwayo okusebenzayo kulinganiselwe, iSichibiyelo seNinth simelela isimiso esibalulekile sefilosofi ngobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe Kahulumeni Nabantu

ISichibiyelo seshumi sithi: "Imibuso engaphathi i-United States umthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, igcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lokhu kulungisa kuqinisa isimiso sokubusa kwezwe, qhaqhatha ukuhlukana kombuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sikhanyisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni unalawomandla awunikezwa ngokukhethekile uMthetho - sisekelo, kuyilapho amazwe elondoloza amandla avamile amaphoyisa okulawula impilo, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo. Lesi sakhiwo sasiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla kuhulumeni kahulumeni futhi avumele amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola intando yeningi, azame izimiso ezihlukile ezivumelana nezimo zawo ezithile.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuye kwashintsha. Ukuchazwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kwemibuso kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iCommerce Claus ne-Pallare Claus, kuye kwandisa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni jikelele. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yacela iSichibiyelo seshumi lesithathu ukuba silinganisele amandla kahulumeni, iphethe ukuthi iSishaya-Prommenterre ngeke ilawule izinhlelo zikahulumeni noma iphoqeqe ukuba imibuso ethile ilawule ngezindlela ezithile.

Uma kuqhathaniswa, iSichibiyelo seshumi sisho ukuthi izici eziningi zomthetho wezephulamthetho, umthetho womkhaya, umthetho wempahla, nomthetho wesivumelwano (‘ ngokuyinhloko zilawulwa uhulumeni hhayi umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani imithetho ingahluka kakhulu ngokwezimo ezindabeni ezinjengomshado, isehlukaniso, izijeziso zobugebengu, nemithetho yezebhizinisi. Ukuqonda ukuthi impikiswano ilawulwa umthetho kahulumeni noma uhulumeni kubalulekile ukuze wazi ukuthi iliphi ilungelo nezibopho ezisebenza kuwe.

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esisebenza Ngayo Ekuphileni Kwanamuhla

I-Bill of Rights isasebenza kakhulu eMelika yamanje, nakuba ukusebenza kwayo kuye kwaqala ukubhekana nezimo zanamuhla abasunguli bengeke bazilindele. Izobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi, zibangele izinselele ezintsha zokuchaza umthetho. ISichibiyelo sesine sisebenza kanjani ekufuneni izinto ezingenangqondo ezisemngciphekweni we-makhalekhukhwini, ekugcineni amafu, nasemithonjeni yezokuxhumana? Ingabe iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ye-ingosi kunezinkulumo ezingokwesiko? Ingabe uhulumeni ungaziphoqa izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuba zifake i-ecompry amathuluzi noma zinikeze imvume yokuxhumana okungaqondakali?

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezimiso zemishini ngendlela efanayo nezincwadi ezingokoqobo, ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisebenza ezingxoxweni ze - Internet, nokuthi ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo budinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sihlala sinenjongo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweBhili of Rights kukunika amandla okuqaphela ukuthi lawo malungelo asengozini nini futhi uthathe isinyathelo esifanele. Lokhu kungase kusho ukwenqaba ukuvuma ukuseshwa, ukucela ilungelo lakho lokuthula, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho okukhuluma, noma ukufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho lapho amalungelo akho ephulwa. Ulwazi ngalezi zivikelo luyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ahlala ethembekile.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngeBhili of Rights iyaqhubeka ekuqondeni okuthandwayo. Okokuqala, iBhili yamaLungelo ivame ukukuvikela kuphela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, hhayi kubantu ngabanye noma ezinkampani. Umqashi wakho angavimbela ukukhuluma kwakho emsebenzini, amasiteji ezokuxhumana angasusa izikhundla zakho, futhi abanikazi bempahla bangavimbela imisebenzi esendaweni yabo − akukho neyodwa yalezenzo eziphula amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo ngoba awazona izenzo zikahulumeni. Imfundiso kahulumeni idinga ukuhileleka kohulumeni ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho ukuba kusetshenziswe.

Okwesibili, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awaphelele. Ilungelo ngalinye linemingcele, futhi izinkantolo zilinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezinzuzo zikahulumeni ekunqumeni izinga lesivikelo. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubaluleke njengokuqonda amalungelo ngokwawo.

Okwesithathu, ukucela amalungelo akho omthetho - sisekelo akuwona ubufakazi bokuba necala noma ububi. Ungakwenqaba ukuvuma ukuphenywa, ungathuli lapho amaphoyisa ebuza, noma usebenzise noma yiliphi elinye ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe lokhu kuwe. Lamalungelo akhona ngempela ukuze avikele abantu abangenacala kuhulumeni abaphambayo, futhi ukuwasebenzisa kuyindlela engokomthetho nevikelekile yokuzikhethela.

Okwesine, iBill of Rights iye yachazwa futhi yasetshenziswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ezinqumo zenkantolo. umbhalo wodwa awukutsheli ukuthi la malungiselelo asebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile. Umthetho woMthetho - sisekelo uyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngokuvamile kudinga ulwazi lwecala elihlobene nezimfundiso zomthetho. Lapho ubhekene nezimpikiswano ezingathi sína zomthetho, ukuxoxa nommeli kubalulekile.

Ukuvikela Nokulondoloza Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

I-Bill of Rights ayiqedi ukuzibulala, kodwa lezi zisivikelo zihlala zinenjongo kuphela ngokuvikela nokuqinisekisa. Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlala zinolwazi, ngokusebenzisa amalungelo azo, ukubeka icala likahulumeni, nokusekela izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Uma amalungelo ephulwa, amakhambi angokomthetho ahlanganisa ukumangalelwa ngaphansi kuka-42.C. ngo1998 avumela abantu ukuba bafune incithalo futhi bakhululeke izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo omthetho.

Izinhlangano ezifana ne- Inkululeko yomphakathi wase-America ([FLT:]]] [[FLT]]https,//wwww.aclu.org[), [ I-Extrantition Foundation [[[[FLT:]]]] [[FLT]]] [[[FLT]]] u-https.ww.s.eff.org , [[FLT]] ne-I-Intertitutestrontialvement Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation [[FLT]] umsebenzi wokuvikela amalungelo omthetho-onkelwayo, ukuguqula imfundo yomphakathi, nemfundo yomphakathi. Lezinhlangano eziphambili ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngokusekela izinhlangano ezingcono.

Imfundo mhlawumbe iyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu lokuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi ziwaqonda amalungelo azo, zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba ziwasebenzise futhi ziqaphele lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zisongela lawo malungelo. Imfundo ye-COVIC, kuhlanganise nokuqonda iBhill of Rights, kufanele ibe yindawo yokuqala kubo bonke abantu baseMelika kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabalungu noma bayiphi imibono. La malungelo angawo wonke umuntu futhi avikele wonke umuntu, futhi ukulondolozwa kwawo kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizazileyo nezithembise isibopho.

Izincwadi Zamalungelo Ekhulu Lama - 20 Lokuqala

Njengoba i-Melika iqhubekela phambili ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala, i-Bill of Rights ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba. Ukuvuleka kobuchwepheshe obufana nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukuqapha i-biomimetric, nokubikezela kwamaphoyisa kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-sisekelo. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine kufanele sisebenze kanjani ezimisweni zokuhlola abantu abaningi? Ingabe ukwenza kwe-algorithism kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kufaka amalungelo afanele enqubo? Ingabe uhulumeni ungasiqhubekisela ukuvezwa kwemininingwane ye-biometric efana neminwe noma i-scan?

Izinkinga zenhlalayenza yesizwe ziye zahlola imingcele yesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Ngemva kokuhlasela ngo-September 11, izimpikiswano zakhula ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwenhlala - kahle nenkululeko. Izinhlelo zobuphekula, izinqubo zokuvalela, nezinyathelo zokulwa nobuphekula ziye zaphakamisa yonke imibuzo engokomthetho mayelana nobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Imithombo yezokuxhumana ne - Internet iye yakha izinkundla ezintsha zokuxoxa kuyilapho iphakamisa nemibuzo ngokulinganisela, ukwaziswa okunganembile nangendima yezinkampani ezizimele ekunikezeni inkulumo yeningi.

Izinhlangano zomthetho ezilungisa izigebengu ziye zagxilisa ukunakekela endleleni isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esisebenza ngayo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini encishisiwe. Ukukhathazeka ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga epholishini, ekumangaleleni, nokugweba kuye kwaholela ekugcizelelweni ngokusha kokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho avikelwe ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, hhayi nje ngencazelo kodwa ngokusebenza kwayo. I-Bill of Rights ithembisa isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele, futhi ukufinyelela leso sithembiso kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo nokuqapha.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvikela amalungelo akho omthetho - sisekelo ezimweni ezifanayo:

Phakathi nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa: Hlala uzolile futhi uthobile, kodwa wazi ukuthi unamalungelo. Ungabuza uma ukhululekile ukuba uhambe. Uma uvalelwe, ungahlala uthule ucele ummeli. Akumelwe uvume ukuphenya umuntu wakho, imoto, noma ikhaya lakho. Ngokucacile uthi "Angivumelani nalokhu kuhlola" uma uceliwe. Ungalwi ngokomzimba, kodwa cacisa ukuphikisa kwakho. Uma uboshiwe, cela ilungelo lakho ukuba uhlale uthule futhi ubophe ilungelo lakho kuwe ukuba umelane nommeli ngokushesha nangokungenaphutha.

Ungaveza imibono yakho emphakathini wesiko njengezindawo zokuhlala kanye nemizila, ngaphansi kwesikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nendlela ebekelwe imingcele. Ungagxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni nezimiso ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Uma uhlela ukubhikisha noma ukubukisa, hlola izimfuneko zemvume, kodwa wazi ukuthi izimfuneko azinakusetshenziswa ngokuhlukanisa ngokombono. Khuphela noma yikuphi ukuhlangana komthetho phakathi nokuvinjelwa, njengoba lokhu kungaba ubufakazi obubalulekile uma amalungelo ephulwa.

[[NTL:0] Ukuvikela imfihlo: Sebenzisa ama-password aqinile kanye nokufihlwa kwemishini yakho ye-apply nezokuxhumana. Yazi ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelayo nabasebenzisi bocingo noma benkonzo ye-inthanethi kungatholakala kuhulumeni nge-pachena noma nge-oday yenkantolo. Ukuqonda izimiso zemfihlo zezinkonzo ozisebenzisayo. Cabangela ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bobumfihlo bokuvikela uma kufanele. Uma umthetho ucela ukufinyelela ezisetshenziswani zakho noma kuma-akhawunti, ungazenqaba futhi ufune ukuba zithole imvume.

Enkantolo:[[FT:1] Uma ubekwa icala lobugebengu, sebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokululeka ngokushesha. Ungazami ukuzimelela ezindabeni zobugebengu ezingathi sína. Hlanganyela ekuvikeleni kwakho ngokunikeza ummeli wakho ukwaziswa, kodwa ummeli wakho makakwenzele izinqumo ezingokomthetho, uqonde ukuthi unelungelo lokufakaza noma ungafakazeli ngokuzivikela kwakho. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwe phakathi nokumangalelwa, yazisa ummeli wakho ukuze aphakamise ukuphikisa nokuthatha isinyathelo esifanele.

Ukuveza ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo aphuliwe, bhala yonke into. Bhala lokho okwenzekile, lapho kwenzeka, obekuhilelekile, nanoma yibuphi ofakazi. Hlanganisa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, izithombe, amavidiyo, noma izincwadi ezihlobene nesehlakalo. Funa iseluleko esingokomthetho ngokushesha, njengoba kunemingcele yesikhathi yokufaka icala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge ACLU zingakwazi ukunikeza usizo noma ukukhomba uma ungenammeli.

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokudilizwa, iBhili Lamalungelo liseyisivikelo esiyinhloko senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye e - United States. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa izimiso ezingaphelelwa isikhathi ngokuphathelene nobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni: ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo futhi kumelwe avikelwe ekubuseni kweningi, ukuthi umbuso kahulumeni kumelwe ulinganiselwe futhi uhlolwe, nokuthi abantu bafanelwe isithunzi, ukuzibusa, nokuphatha kahle ngaphansi komthetho.

IBill of Rights iye yahlolwa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika − ukuvivinya izimpi, izinxushunxushu zezenhlalo, inguquko yezobuchwepheshe, nezinkinga zezombangazwe. Ngezinye izikhathi lezisivikelo ziye zahlonishwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziye zaphulwa. Ukufakwa kwesizwe saseJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ukucindezelwa kwabashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi, ukuxhashazwa komphakathi, kanye nezinkolelo ezingalungile konke kubonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo adinga ukuqapha njalo nokuzivikela.

IBhili of Rights iye yenza futhi kwaba nentuthuko enkulu. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi, ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, isivikelo sabamangalelwa bezelele, inkululeko yezindaba yokudalula ububi bukahulumeni, nokunqoba kwabantu okungalinganiyo ngokumelene nohulumeni ngokuphamba konke okuphuma kulezisivikelo somthetho - sisekelo. I - Bill of Rights inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokungabi nabulungisa okunenselele nokuvikela isithunzi somuntu.

Njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis abhala, "Izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu zenkululeko ebambene ngokunyenya nabantu abashisekayo, abazimisele kodwa abangenakuqonda." iBhill of Rights ivikela kokubili kuhulumeni ononya futhi iphambaniswe kahle. Iqaphela ukuthi ngisho nezimiso ezithandwayo zingasongela amalungelo abantu nokuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kumelwe sihlale siqinile kungakhathaliseki izinkanuko zesikhashana zezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda iBill of Rights akukona nje ukwazi imfundiso engokomthetho, kodwa kungokokuqonda izindinganiso ezichaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Lokhu kulungisa izibopho ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni, kuhulumeni olinganiselwe, inqubo efanele, nesithunzi sobuntu. Kumelela isivikelo esiqinile izizukulwane ezidlule ezalwela ukumisa nokuwalondoloza. Ukwazi lamalungelo, ukuwasebenzisa, nokuwavikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyoqhubeka zivikela izizukulwane ezizayo.

IBhili of Rights ingeye-wonke amaMelika. Lesivikelo asixhomekile engcebweni, esikhundleni, ethandwayo, noma ezombangazwe. Isebenza ngokufanayo kwabanamandla nabangamandla, abathandwayo nabadelelwayo, izakhamuzi nabangatholwanga e-U.S.. Lokhu kwenza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi labo abadinga kakhulu ukuvikelwa embusweni kahulumeni.

Kulenkathi yokuthakatha kwezombangazwe, iBhili of Rights inikeza isizathu esifanayo. Abantu kuwo wonke amaqembu ezombangazwe bayazuza ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo. Lamalungelo awawona awobuzwe noma awemibono . Ukulwela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuwavikela wonke umuntu, ngisho nalabo ongavumelani nabo. Njengoba kubikwa, "Uyakungakufuni lokho okushoyo, kodwa ngizovikela kuze kube sekufeni ilungelo lakho lokukusho."

IBhill of Rights ayiyona ibhukwana eliqinile ngo-1791. Isakhiwo esiphilayo okumelwe isizukulwane ngasinye sichaze futhi sisebenzise ezimweni ezintsha kuyilapho sihlala sithembekile ezimisweni zaso eziyisisekelo. Izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nezakhamuzi zonke zidlala indima ekunqumeni ukuthi lezi sivikelo zisebenza kanjani. Le nqubo eqhubekayo yokuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho we-computer iqinisekisa ukuthi iBhill of Rights ihlala ibalulekile futhi isebenza ekuvikeleni inkululeko.

Ekugcineni, iBhili of Rights linamandla njengesibopho sabantu baseMelika sokuyisekela. Isivikelo soMthetho - sisekelo esibhalwe esikhumbani asisho lutho ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi eziziqondayo, ezizisebenzisayo, futhi ezifuna ukuba uhulumeni azihloniphe. Wonke umuntu ocela amalungelo akhe, wonke ummeli ovikela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, noma yimuphi umahluleli ophoqelela lezisivikelo, nanoma isiphi isakhamuzi esihlala sazisiwe unezela ekulondolozeni lenkululeko.

IBhili of Rights imelela isithembiso − isithembiso sokuthi uhulumeni uyohlonipha isithunzi somuntu siqu, ukuthi amandla ayoba nemingcele futhi ayoba nesibopho sokulandisa, ukuthi ubulungisa buyoba obulungile futhi bulingana, nokuthi leyonkululeko iyovikelwa. Ukugcina lesosithembiso kudinga ulwazi, ukuqapha, nesibindi. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweBhili lamaLungelo, uhlonyiselwa kangcono ukuvikela lawomalungelo akho wena nabanye, uqinisekisa ukuthi lenkululeko eyisisekelo ihlala ikhona izizukulwane ezizayo.

Imithombo Engeziwe Yokuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi. Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe (]https://constitutioncenter.org[] inikeza izinto zokufundisa, imibukiso ehambisanayo, nemithombo yezemfundo mayelana noMthetho-Constitution ne-Bill of Rights. Izikole zomthetho zaseYunivesithi zivame ukunyathelisa iziyalezo ezifinyelelekayo kumthetho-mthetho, futhi eziningi zinikeza izifundo ze-intanethi ezihlanganisa lezi zihloko.

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho emphakathini wakini zinganikeza usizo uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe kodwa azinamali yokuthenga ummeli. Izinkampani eziningi zebar zinikeza izinkonzo zommeli ezingakuhlanganisa nabameli abanolwazi ngomthetho-mthetho. Amahhovisi okuvikela umphakathi, kuyilapho ngokuyinhloko ekhonza abamangalelwa abamangalelwa, angaba imithombo eyigugu yokuqonda amalungelo enqubo yobugebengu.

Ukuhlala wazi ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nentuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo kukusiza ukuba uqonde indlela amalungelo akho achazwa futhi asetshenziswe ngayo. Amaphephandaba amakhulu, amabhukwana angokomthetho nezinhlangano ezizinikele ekwabiweni ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa njalo amacala omthetho-sisekelo abalulekile kanye nezindaba. Ukusebenzisa lezi mithombo kukwenza wazi ukuthi usongelwa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo namathuba okuqinisa isivikelo.

IBhili of Rights iyifa lakho njengefa laseMelika (a isivikelo esithengiwe ngenguquko, esicwengisisiwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka empi, futhi silondolozwe ngokuqapha kwabantu abaningi ababeqonda ukuthi inkululeko idinga ukuzivikela kwaphakade. Ngokufunda lamalungelo, uwasebenzisela ngobuqotho, nangokuwamela lapho esongelwa, niyazisa lelofa futhi niqinisekisa ukuthi lidlula liphelele ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. IBhili lamaLungelo aliyona nje incwadi engokomlando kuphela, futhi liyisithembiso esiphilayo senkululeko exhomeke ekutholeni ulwazi nasekweletaneni izakhamuzi ukuba lihlale liphila.