Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awusona nje isizinda esingokomlando, kodwa uyisici esiphilayo esivikela inkululeko yabo bonke abantu ezweni. Kubantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini ngokufanayo, ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni edemokrasi, ekubekeni uhulumeni icala, nasekukhuthazeni ukwahlulela ngokulunga. Lesi sihloko sihlola amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi kungani ebaluleke, ukuthi injani imiphakathi, nokuthi ungenzani ukuze ubavikele.

Ayini Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo?

Amalungelo oMthetho - sisekelo ayinkululeko nesivikelo esiyisisekelo esiqinisekiswe abantu ngoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. balinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bangaphila, bakhulume, bakhulekele futhi bahlangane ngaphandle kokwesaba ukugxambukela okuzenzekelayo. Lamalungelo aphoqelelwa izinkantolo, okusho ukuthi uma uhulumeni ewephula, izakhamuzi zingafuna amakhambi angokomthetho.

Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala (wagunyazwa ngo-178]) wawunezivikelo ezilinganiselwe, njengelungelo le-habeas corpus nokwenqatshelwa kwemithetho ye-expo corpoto. Nokho, [i-Bhill yamalungelo [] . [i-amandla okuqala ayishumi okulungisa izivumelwano] , afake iqoqo eliqondile lenkululeko elaziwa yinkululeko yaseMelika. Ngokuvelele ama-antempments, 13th, 14th, 15th, ne-19, amalungelo anwebekiwe kubantu ababekade begqiwe, baqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo, futhi bandisa amalungelo okuvotela abesifazane nakwabanye.]

Okubalulekile, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awaphelele. Angalinganiselwa ekukhonzeni izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, kodwa noma yimuphi umngcele kumelwe ulungiswe kancane futhi uthethelelwe. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu nomthetho kuxoxwa njalo ezinkantolo nasezindlini zomthetho.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Ngemininingwane

I - Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, ilokhu iyiqoqo elidumile lesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo. Ushintsho ngalunye lukhuluma ngendawo ethile lapho abasunguli besaba khona uhulumeni bephamba. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kungakusiza ukuba uqaphele lapho bebhekene nenselele.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisihluthulelo emihlanu: inkulumo, inkolo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Lamalungelo avumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imibono yazo, zisebenzise ukholo lwazo ngokukhululekile, zigxeke uhulumeni, zihlanganise izinguquko ngokuthula, futhi zicele izicelo zeziphathimandla. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza inkululeko yokukhuluma kabanzi, ivikela yonke into ekuvukeleni kwezombangazwe kuya ezenzweni ezingokomfanekiso njengokushiswa kwefulegi. Nokho, ezinye izigaba zenkulumo `intethe, ukuhlanjalaza, ukuhlamba, nokusongela kweqiniso cishe akwamukeli sivikelo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini siqinisekisa “ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali,” ebekuyimpikiswano enkulu. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ku-[FLT] diveration of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [FLT] kanye [FLT]MDonald v. Chicago[ [2010] yaqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nebhamu lomuntu siqu, kuyilapho ivumela iziqondiso ezinengqondo.[FLT] iyaqhubeka izama ukumelana nalempi yakhona ngokumelene nokuphepha komphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele abaninimakhaya ukuba bahlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokucwaninga

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela “ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuqubuka.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ukuba ibangele ukusesha ikhaya lakho, imoto, noma imishini yobuchwepheshe. Ukwanda kokuhlola kwemishini, kuhlanganise nokuthumela ucingo nokwaziswa kolayini, kuye kwasunduza izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise izivikelo zesine zobuchwepheshe obusha. Icala lengqophamlando Carpeenter v. United States (2088) lathi ukufinyelela i-data yezocingo zocingo zomlando kudinga isiqinisekiso.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukulunga Ekuqhubekeni Kwesigebengu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile, isivikelo ekuzichayeni, futhi sinqabela ingozi ephindwe kabili. Unelungelo lokuthula futhi ube nommeli phakathi nokubuza. “Isixwayiso seMiranda” esidumile sivela ku Miranda v. Arizona [1966], okufuna amaphoyisa azise ukusola lamalungelo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ukubhekana nofakazi, nokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuvikela ekuqulweni kwamacala omthetho nasemajaji abekwe ndawonye. Uhulumeni kumelwe unikeze ummeli uma ungakwazi ukuthenga (bona Gideon v. Wainright, 1963]).

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwezigwegwe Ezimweni Zomphakathi

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala engxabanweni eminingi yombango lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka - R2,50.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, ukuhlawuliswa ngokweqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. lokhu kulungisa kuye kwathonya izimpikiswano ngesijeziso sokufa, izimo zasejele, nesigwebo sezingane ezijeziswe yizo.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi uhlu lwamalungelo eMthethweni awuwaphiki noma uwalahle amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Lesi sisho siye sasetshenziselwa ukuphikisana ngamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu (njengaku ] Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1]]) kanye nezinye inkululeko enganqunyiwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amalungelo Ka - United States

ISichibiyelo Seshumi esigciniwe asizange sinikezwe uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu.

Okwenza Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Abaluleke Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ngaphandle kwezincwadi ezingokomthetho, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo anemiphumela yangempela kubantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini. Anika abantu amandla okukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa, aqinisekise ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kulandela izinqubo futhi enze uhlelo loshintsho olunokuthula.

Amandla Omuntu Ngamunye

Ukwazi amalungelo akho . .Ilungelo lakho lokuthula, ukuphikisa ngokuthula, ukwenqaba ukuseshwa okungekho emthethweni, kukunika ithemba ekuxhumaneni neziphathimandla. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini ehluzekile ebhekene nobandlululo ngokomlando. Uma uqonda iSichibiyelo sesine, ungaqinisa imfihlo yakho ngokumelene nokuphenya okungadingekile. Uma wazi iSichibiyelo sokuqala, ungahlela ukuphikisa noma uqale iphephandaba lomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Isivikelo Ekuxhashazweni Kukahulumeni

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo asebenza njengenhlolo-hlolo egunya likahulumeni. Uma iphoyisa lihlola ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume noma umkhandlu wedolobha uzama ukuvimbela umhlangano onokuthula, ungabekela lezozenzo enkantolo inselele. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, sihlangene nejaji elizimele, siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu azikwazi ukuwathathi amalungelo akho. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi ne-Civil Rights Movement, abashisekeli bacela iSiphakamiso sokuqala ne-14 ukuze babekela imithetho ehlukanisa imingcele, kuholele ekubekeleni imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu.

Isisekelo Sentuthuko Yomphakathi

Amalungelo omthetho awami ndawonye; aguqukela ngokuchaza nangokulungisa. Ukulingana kwabesifazane, ukulingana komshado, kanye namalungelo okuvota amaMelika aseAfrika konke kwavela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lomlando kungashukumisela imiphakathi ukuba ikhuthaze ushintsho ngezindlela zomthetho, njengokulwela umthetho omusha noma ukuqunga icala lokuvikela amalungelo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo se 14 seSiphendu seSiphendulo soMgangatho uClaus.

Indlela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Awuthinta Ngayo Umphakathi Wakini

Lapho izakhamuzi ziwazi amalungelo azo, zingabambisana ngokuphumelelayo, zibhekane nokungabi nabulungisa, futhi zilolonge izimiso zendawo.

Ukukhuthaza Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ukuqaphela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kukhuthaza izinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano ye-Black Live Matter incike eSichibiyelweni sokuqala sokuphikisa unya lwamaphoyisa neSichibiyelo sesine ukuze ibeke inselele ukuqapha ngokweqile. Izinhlangano ezihlanganyela kulamalungelo zingaphoqelela ukuguqula amaphoyisa, izimiso zezindlu ezilinganayo, namathuba angcono okufundisa. Izinhlangano ezingahwebi nzuzo njenge-ACLU zinikeza imithombo yokusiza imiphakathi ukuba iqinise amalungelo ayo kule mikhakha.

Ingxenye Ekhuthazayo Yomsebenzi Wesibonda

Uma abantu beqonda amalungelo abo okuvota, ukukhuluma, nokuhlangana, bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ekubuseni kwendawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuya emihlanganweni yesikole, ukuvota okhethweni lukamasipala, ukujoyina izikhundla zomphakathi, nokuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Umphakathi oboshiwe wezwe uyakwazi ukumelana nokuvikela imithombo yemali nezinguquko. Ukucwaninga kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganyela komphakathi lihlangene namazinga aphansi obugebengu nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezingcono.

Ukusebenzisa I - ordinasi Yasezindaweni Ezihlala Kuyo

Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho ukuze zithonye imithetho yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma idolobha libeka imithetho yezikhathi zezikhathi ngaphandle kokuzithethelela ngokwanele, izakhamuzi zingalibekela inselele ngokuthi ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yokuhamba (ngokuvamile kuhlangene neSichibiyelo se-14). Ngokufanayo, ukutholakala komphakathi emihlanganweni kahulumeni namarekhodi kuvikelwa imithetho kahulumeni evulekile esekelwe kuleyozimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala. Ngokuhlanganyela kulamalungelo, imiphakathi ingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kwendawo kuhlonipha izindinganiso zomthetho.

Izinselele Elungelweni Lomthetho - sisekelo Ezweni Lanamuhla

Naphezu kwesivikelo soMthetho - sisekelo, usongo olusha luqala lapho umphakathi ushintsha. ubuchwepheshe, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kungawaqeda amalungelo uma izakhamuzi zingaqaphile.

Imishini Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

ISichibiyelo sesine sabhalwa enkathini yamaphepha angokoqobo namakhaya. Namuhla, inqwaba yokwaziswa komuntu siqu kuqoqwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Iqoqo elikhulu le-metadata yocingo, izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ezisetshenziswa amaphoyisa, kanye nokuhlola kwezezezokuxhumana ziyingozi ekusithekeni. Izinkantolo zisalokhu zintengantenga ekusebenziseni iSiphendu sesine seSiphendu sokwaziswa kokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe. Umthetho-National Center unikeza imithombo yezokwaziswa kulezindaba. Ukuvikela imfihlo yakho yobuchwepheshe, ungasebenzisa ukufinyeza komthetho, usekele umthetho we-msholo, nokufuna ukuba i-okhambiswano esemthethweni. [[FLT]

Ukuhlasela Okungaphezu Kwesilinganiso Kukahulumeni NoMbuso Wesizwe Wokulondeka

Ngemva kwezenzakalo ezifana no-9/11, imibuso yokuhlola ebanzi ngaphansi kwePatriot Act yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala nesesine. Ukungalahli mthetho, izinkantolo zempi zangasese, kanye nokungagunyazi okungagunyazi ukuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile futhi zibambe uhulumeni ulandiso ngokuphakamisiwa, ukuquliswa kwesizwe, nokungamele. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- ACLU[FLT] ziyaqhubeka zibekela inselele inselele ekhoselayo enkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo asho okuncane uma abantu bengenakuwasebenzisa ngenxa yobumpofu, ubandlululo, noma ukungatholakali. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo leseluleko (ISichibiyelo se-Sixth) liyancitshiswa lapho izimiso zokuvikela umphakathi zincishiswa, kuholela ekumileni kwabantu abagcwale amacala nokungamele. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuvota (le-15, le 19, le-26) lingavinjelwa imithetho yamavoti, i-gerrymanning, nezindawo zokuhlola ezilinganiselwe. Ukungalingani kudinga kokubili ukugcwala komthetho ongokomthetho nokumiswa kwezindawo eziminyene.

Ukungaqondi NeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

Inkathi ye-minucture inzima enzima. I-mistformation nenkulumo yenzondo isakazeka ngokushesha kuyi-inthanethi, okuholela ekufuneni imithetho kahulumeni. Nokho, iSichibiyelo sokuqala silinganisela ukucushwa kukahulumeni, ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwenkulumo engamanga noma elimazayo. Kunalokho, imiphakathi ingathembela ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe, ukufunda imithombo yezindaba, nezimiso zesikhulu (akuzona izimvume zikahulumeni) ukuze ixazulule le zinselele. Ukuqonda umugqa phakathi kwenkulumo evikelweyo nokukhuthaza ukugcinwa kubalulekile kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inkulumo yasobala enempilo.

Indlela Yokuvikela Nokusekela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo ongazithatha njengomuntu ngamunye nanjengengxenye yomphakathi.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Intambo yokuqala yokuzivikela ulwazi. Funda uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo. Imicebo eminingi yamahhala, kuhlanganise ne- Cornell Legional Information Institute [, inikeza izinguqulo eziphawulweyo ngomthetho wecala. Xoxa ngalamalungelo nabangane, umkhaya, nomakhelwane. Indlu yezemisebenzi esendaweni yakini ukuze ifundise amalungelo ayisisekelo, ikakhulukazi ebusheni.

Yiba Khona Emihlanganweni Yeningi Futhi Uhlanganyele Nohulumeni

Izwi lakho linendaba ekulolongeni izimiso zendawo. Yiba khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wedolobha, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zesikole, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo. Qaphela ukuthi imihlangano ivuliwe yini nokuthi umphakathi uvunyelwe yini ukuphendula. Uma izikhulu zivimbela ukukhuluma ngenkululeko noma zihluleka ukunikeza isaziso somphakathi esanele, ungacaphuna imithetho esobala yezindaba neSichibiyelo sokuqala ukuze ufune ukuvunyelwa.

Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi Zisekela

Amaqembu anjenge-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, ne-Brennan Center for Justice asebenza ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nge-ligitation, ukuqapha, nemfundo. Ukunikela noma ukuzinikela ngezinhlangano ezinjalo kuqinisa umzamo womphakathi wokulondoloza inkululeko. Ungahlanganisa nezahluko zalamaqembu asebenza ezimpikiswaneni ezithinta indawo yakini.

Ukushisekela Nokusekela Izinguquko

Ngaphandle kokuvota, thintana nabameleli bakho ukuze ukhulume ngentela ethinta imfihlo, inkulumo ekhululekile, amalungelo okuvota, noma ukwahlulela ngokulunga. Sebenzisa imikhankaso yezicelo nezimpande zotshani ukuze ubeke impikiswano kule ngxoxo.

Yima Lapho Amalungelo Ephulwa

Uma ubona noma ubhekana nokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, bhala lokho okwenzeka bese ubika ngakho. Lokhu kungahilela ukuxhumana nommeli, ukudlulisa isikhalo nebhodi eliyilungu lezobuphekula, ukufinyelela eqenjini likahulumeni elihlukanisa amalungelo omphakathi, noma ukutshela abezindaba. Amakhambi angokomthetho ahlanganisa ukumangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo noma imiyalo yokunqanda izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Ekusekeleni Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awakona ukuzidla; adinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezakhamuzini. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sifunde, sivikele, futhi sandise lenkululeko ukuze sibhekane nezinselele ezintsha. Ngokuqonda lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okuqinisekisayo, ukuhlanganyela nomphakathi wakini, nokuthatha isinyathelo lapho amalungelo esongelwa, usiza ekulondolozeni isisekelo sentando yeningi sesizwe.

Impilo yeRepublic ixhomeke kubantu abanolwazi. Kusukela edolobhaneni elincane kakhulu ukuya enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo alolonga ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni. Njengoba uqhubekela phambili, khumbula: Amalungelo akho anamandla kuphela njengokuzimisela kwakho ukumelana nabo (__nelungelo labanye.)