Table of Contents

U.S.U. uhlala emnyombweni wenkulumo mpikiswano yezombangazwe, isinqumo senkantolo, kanye nenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yaseMelika, kodwa amaMelika amaningi awakaze ayifunde. Kumagama angaba ngu7 500 kuhlanganise neziphendu, kufushaniswe izimfuneko zenkonzo eziningi zewebhusayithi oziqedile ngaphandle kokufunda. Kodwa ngokungafani nalawo magama, uMthetho-sisekelo uthinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, kusukela emalungelweni owawakhokhayo ezinkokhisweni ozikhokhayo ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni ozamukelayo.

Ukuqonda indlela yokufunda uMthetho-sisekelo akuwona nje inqubo yemfundo. Uma abezombangazwe bethi kukhona "kungavumelani," lapho izinkantolo zishaya imithetho, lapho kufunwa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, bonke babhekisela kulencwadi. Kodwa ukufunda umthetho-sisekelo akuvamile. Izinkulumo ezibonisa njalo amaMelika amaningi ukuthi awakwazi ukuqamba amagama amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ingachazeki indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezindabeni zanamuhla.

Lo mqondisi obanzi unikeza indlela esebenzayo ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo [, uphule uhlelo lwawo, uchaze ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukubonisa indlela yokusebenzisa ukucabanga komthetho-sisekelo ezinkingeni zamanje. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umvoti, noma uyisakhamuzi esinelukuluku, lesiqondiso sizokusiza ukuba uhileleke ngokunenjongo nencwadi yesisekelo yaseMelika.

Okwenza Ukufunda Umthetho - sisekelo Kubaluleke Kakhulu Kunanini

Amandla Asebenzayo Olwazi Lomthetho - sisekelo

inikeza izinzuzo zikakhonkolo ekuphileni kwanamuhla:

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho: Ukwazi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kukusiza ukuba uqaphele lapho esongelwa. Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo Sesine kuyasiza phakathi nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa. Ukwazi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuyasiza ezimpikiswaneni zasemsebenzini. Ukwazi amalungelo enqubo afanele kuyasiza ezimweni ezingokomthetho.

Izinkulumo eziguquguqukayo zezombangazwe: Abezombangazwe njalo bathi iziphakamiso zabaphikisi azinamthetho ngokomthetho. Ngaphandle kolwazi lomthetho-sisekelo, awunakuzihlola leziziphakamiso ngokuzikhetha. Ukuqonda umbhalo wangempela kukwenza uhlukanise izinkathazo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho kwezezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela kuBukho bentando yeningi: Ukuvota okunolwazi kudinga ukuqonda lokho amagatsha ahlukene angakwenza futhi angakwazi ukukwenza. Ababezeli bamaKhongolo abanakuthembisa ukugumbuqela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngesandla esisodwa. Abameli abanakushintsha ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Ukwazi lemikhawulo kukusiza ukuba uhlaziye izithembiso ezingokoqobo.

Ukuqonda Izenzakalo zamanje: Izindaba ezinkulu zihilela izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho-sisekelo, iziyalezo ezilandelanayo, izinqumo zenkantolo. Umthetho-mthetho wokubhala uguqula ukudida idrama yezombangazwe ibe izinqubo zokubusa okungaqondakali.

Impikiswano Ephilayo

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiqiniswanga ngo-1789. Indlela esiyichaza ngayo futhi siyisebenzise iguqula:

Izivumelwano[: 27 izinguquko ziwulungise umbhalo wokuqala, kusukela ekuhlanganiseni iBill of Rights kuya ekunciphiseni inkathi yokuvota

Izincazelo zeCurts: Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ziveza umthetho-sisekelo. "I-Sparence kodwa ilingana" yake yaba ngokomthetho-sisekelo; manje ayisasebenzi

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungaguquguquki: Izinguquko zesocieta zithinta ukusebenza komthetho-sisekelo. Abaqali abazange babone i-inthanethi yolwembu, kodwa izimiso zokuqala zesichibiyeli zisasebenza ku-inthanethi

Inqubo yePolithical [: imibuthano yomthetho-mthetho iqala ngokuzijwayeza. Isilinganiso somongameli wezingxenye ezimbili kwakuyisiko elingahleliwe ngaphambi kokuba ibe yiSichibiyelo sama-22

Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenza ukufunda nokubhala kuqhubeke, hhayi ukuphumelela okukodwa.

Ukuqalisa: Indlela Yokufinyelela Umthetho - sisekelo

Khetha Inguqulo Yakho Ngokuhlakanipha

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene, khetha indlela efanele yokufunda ngayo:

Uhlelo olucacisiwe lunikeza umongo nezincazelo eduze kombhalo wokuqala. Izinqolobane zeNational zinikeza izinguqulo zamahhala eziphawulwe nge-inthanethi. Lezi zisiza ukuguqula ulimi lwe-18-phakathi futhi zinikeze isizinda somlando.

Uguqulo lolimi oluPlain luguqula ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo lube isiNgisi sanamuhla. Nakuba luwusizo ekuqondeni kokuqala, njalo lubuyela embhalweni wokuqala ukuze luqonde kahle /-amagama aphelele abalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho ngokomthetho.

Uhlelo oluhlukanisayo lubonisa indlela uMthetho-sisekelo oshintshile ngayo, ukhombe umbhalo wokuqala eceleni kwenguquko. Lokhu kubone ngombono ukuziphendukela kwedokhumende futhi kusize ukuqonda izinkinga ezidalwe.

Izinguqulo zeDigali zinikeza ukuseshwa nokuncintisana phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlobene. i-Constitution Anenomedition [ eMtatsheni we-Library of Congress inikeza ukukhulumela okukhulu nezikhombo zomthetho.

Isu Lokufunda: Hlomisa Ukuqonda Kwakho

IPass yokuqala - Isakhiwo kanye nokubuka ngokudlulisa: Qala ngokuqonda izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuminyana. Funda uqhubeke ngokushesha ukuthatha:

  • Izinjongo eziyisikhombisa
  • Indlela inguquko ehlelwa ngayo
  • Ukuhanjiswa kwedokhumende lilonke

I-pass e-Accel - ukufunda ngokucophelela: Funda kancane kakhulu, ugxile olimini lwangempela. Qaphela:

  • Amandla akhethekile anikezwa futhi anqatshelwa
  • Amazwi nemiqondo ephindwayo
  • Izindima Ezingacacile

IPasswod - Ukuhlaziya okubucayi: Buza ukuthi ufundeni:

  • Kungani abasunguli babehlanganisa lokhu?
  • Yiziphi izinkinga ababezisingatha?
  • Lokhu kungasebenza kanjani namuhla?
  • Yini elahlekile noma engacacile?

Okubalulekile Ngaphambi Kokufunda

Ukuqonda uMthetho - sisekelo kudinga ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngaphambili:

Izihloko zeNkathi [1] yakha uhulumeni kahulumeni obuthakathaka ongakwazi ukukhokha intela, ukulawula ezohwebo, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho. UMthetho-sisekelo wasabela kule hluleka ngokuqinisa amandla kahulumeni kuyilapho ulondoloza ukuzibusa kukahulumeni.

UShays' Ukuhlubuka [1786-1787] wabonisa ubuthakathaka bezihloko uma iMassachusetts ingakwazi ukunqanda ukuvukela okuhlomile. Lenkinga yaqinisekisa abaningi ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni onamandla kakhulu udingekile.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kobukoloni ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani kwalololonga amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukuphatha amasosha emakhaya kwaholela eSichibiyelweni Sesithathu. Imithetho engokomthetho yaphefumlela iSichibiyelo Sesine. Ukuntuleka kokumelelwa okukhuthaza izakhiwo zentando yeningi.

I-prophecy Philosophy yathonya abaqali. Inkolelo-mbono engokwemvelo yamalungelo kaJohn Locke, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nemibono yeRepublic eRoma lasendulo yonke imiklamo yomthetho-sisekelo eklanywe.

Isethulo: Ukuqonda injongo yomthetho-sisekelo

Ukuqeda Amazwi Okuvula

Idigirisi [ ingaba ingxenye edumile yomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ayiqondwa kahle kakhulu:

" Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, siqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwemisebenzi yasekhaya, sinikeze ukuzivikela okufanayo, sithuthukise i-Welfare, futhi sivikele izibusiso zenkululeko kithi ngokwethu ne-Poster, sigcoba futhi simise loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.

" Thina bantu" - Revolution ngesikhathi sayo, lenkulumo yamemezela ubukhosi obuthandwayo. Amandla avela ezakhamuzini, hhayi kuNkulunkulu noma enkosini. Qaphela ekuqaleni yayisho amadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla − ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kusiza ekuqondeni ukuthi incazelo yomthetho sisekelo iye yavela kanjani.

" guqula i-Union ephelele kakhulu"[ - Ivuma izihloko zokungapheleli kwe-Confederation kuyilapho iqaphela ukuphelela njengenqubo eqhubekayo, hhayi isimo esifinyelelwe.

" IJaji elimisiwe" - Lungisa izinkantolo zombuso nezimiso zomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle ngaphansi komthetho.

[[INTLO]" Ukuvimbela ukungqubuzana kwasekhaya" - ivimbela izingxabano zangaphakathi njengoVukela uShays futhi igcine ukuthula phakathi kwezizwe.

" inikeza ukuzivikela okuvamile" - Ihlanganisa amandla ezempi ukuze avikeleke ezisongweni zangaphandle.

[[UMTL:0]" guqula i-Welfare evamile" - ivumela uhulumeni ukuba wenze ngokuvumelana, nakuba ububanzi balombhalo bulokhu buphikisana.

" ukulondoloza izibusiso zenkululeko" - ivikela inkululeko hhayi nje yezakhamuzi zamanje kodwa yezizukulwane ezizayo.

Izinkantolo zinqume ukuthi i-Pregdage ayinikezi mandla akhethekile noma amalungelo, kodwa ayinikezi ncazelo. Nokho, inikeza isiqondiso esichazayo uma amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo engaqondakali. INkantolo Ephakeme ibhekisela ekuqondeni inhloso yabasunguli.

ISiphakamiso I: Igatsha Elibhalwe Ngemithetho

Ukuqonda Amandla Omphakathi

I-Article I iyisihloko eside kakhulu ngoba abasunguli babheka i-Congress njengegatsha elibaluleke kakhulu. ubude bayo nomniningwane wayo kubonisa imizamo yakho kokubili ukugunyaza nokucindezela igunya lomthetho.

Ukukhetha 1 - Vesting Claus: "Wonke Amandla okumisa alapha agunyaziwe azakubekwa eSixukwini"

  • Qaphela "ugunyaziwe"""""Chorler usho amandla kuphela ahlelwe ngokuqondile, ngokungafani nezinye izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezinegunya elivamile
  • I - “bameralism ” (amagumbi amabili) njengesakhiwo esiyisisekelo

I-project 2 - Indlu yabameleli: Amalungiselelo ayinhloko ngokuvamile awaqondwanga kahle:

  • Abameleli kumelwe babe neminyaka engu - 25 ubudala, izakhamuzi iminyaka engu - 7
  • "Izingxenye ezintathu kwezinhlanu zeyekethisa" zibalwa abantu abagqilaziwe njengomuntu ongaba ngu-3/5 ukuze afanekiswe (oqiniswe yiSichibiyelo se - 14)
  • Imibuso inquma izimfanelo zomvoti (nemingcele engokomthetho)
  • Indlu inamandla "okuqeda ukucupha" (iletha amacala, hhayi ukususwa)

[[Ukwehlela:0] Ukuhlanganisa 3 - Igele[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Izigele ezimbili esifundeni ngasinye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singowaluphi umphakathi (azinakushintshwa ukubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni)
  • Izingwenya kumelwe zibe neminyaka engu - 30 ubudala, izakhamuzi iminyaka engu - 9
  • Umongameli oyisekela uyabusa kodwa amavoti kuphela okuphula izibopho
  • ISigele sizama ukusola (amasenzo njengabahluleli, hhayi abashushisi)

Amandla Anamandla (Umvuzo 8)

Imibuso eqondile yoKhongolo-kahulumeni ihlelwe emigqeni engu-18. Isihluthulelo samandla sihlanganisa:

Commerce Claus : "Hlaziyani ibhizinisi nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, naphakathi kwamaZwe amaningana"

  • Umthombo wamandla kahulumeni omkhulu kunayo yonke
  • Kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela emithethweni ephathelene namalungelo omphakathi kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile
  • Impikiswano engapheli yomthetho - sisekelo

[[Umthetho:0] Izentengiselwano no-Claus ofanele: "Yenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthwalwa ekufezeni amagunya angenhla"

  • Ibizwa ngokuthi “i - Elastic Claus" ngenxa yokuvumelana kwayo
  • Ivumela amandla ashiwoyo adlulela ngalé kwalawo ahlelwe ngokucacile
  • Umthombo wemithetho yebhange, yokudweba imishini, neyabaningi

Amandla eMpi[: Memezelani impi, phakamisa amabutho, gcina imikhumbi yasolwandle

  • Phawula: ISishaya - mthetho kuphela esingamemezela impi (amakhosi asethole umsebenzi oseduze)
  • Umkhawulo wamabutho amile ubonisa ukwesaba kwabasunguli

Amagunya emali: Intela, ukuboleka, imali, ukulawula ukuwiswa kwamandla emali

  • "Amandla esikhwama" i-congress sessweek kunamagatsha aphethe
  • Zonke izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele eMzini

Imingcele Yamandla E - Congress (Impikiswano)

Imingcele ebucayi ngokuvamile ayishaywa mkhuba:

  • HAbeas Corpus kungabekwa kuphela ekuvukeleni noma ekuhlaseleni
  • Akukho [[QT:0]Alex post cono imithetho (ukwenza izenzo zesikhathi esidlule)
  • Akukho zikweletu ze - “hander ” (isijeziso esiwubala ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala)
  • Azikho iziqu zezicukuthwane

Lemingcele ibonisa izikhalo ezithile zamakoloni amelene nePhalamende laseBrithani.

Isihloko II: Kuchazwa Igatsha Eliphethe Iqembu

Amandla Kamongameli Nemingcele

Article II imfishane kakhulu futhi ayicacile kuneSiphakamiso I, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni zamakhulu eminyaka ngokuphathelene namandla okulawula.

Ukukhetha 1 - I-Electoral College: Isimiso sokukhetha umongameli esiyinkimbinkimbi sibonisa ukuhlehla:

  • Ilinganisela izithakazelo ezinkulu nezincane zikahulumeni
  • Idala isikhawu phakathi kwabantu nomongameli
  • Ivumela izifundazwe ukuba zinqume izindlela zazo zokukhetha

Ukuqonda i - Electoral College kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani imikhankaso yobumongameli igxile ezifundazweni ezishintshayo.

[[Ukhetho:0] Ukukhetha 2 - Umongameli [[[QL:1]]:

  • uMyaleli kuPhakeme: ukulawula kwezempi kwe-Politian, kodwa ayikwazi ukumemezela impi
  • Amandla ombuso [: Idinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele 2/3 (ngakho izivumelwano eziningi zomhlaba wonke manje zibizwa ngokuthi "izivumelwano zokulwa")
  • A amandla okumisa: Amajaji nezikhulu, kodwa iSigele siqinisekisa
  • Pradon Power: Kucishe kungabi namkhawulo kumacala kahulumeni (angeke akwazi ukuthethelela ukuphazanyiswa)

Imisebenzi ye- 3 - Imisebenzi ye-Presidenti:

  • Isimo se-Union[: Kumelwe sazise uMkhandlu ngezikhathi ezithile
  • Qaphela u-Claus. "Uyakuqaphela ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka"
    • Isisbe saso sonke isifundazwe sokuphatha]
    • Umthombo wempikiswano ngokuhlakanipha kokulawula

Inkinga Yokungezwani

Ukufinyeza kwesihloko II kudala izinselele ezichazayo:

  • Ayini “amandla okuhlupha ” ngaphandle kwalawo asohlwini?
  • UMongameli uqikelela kangakanani ekwenzeni imithetho?
  • Yini ehlanganisa "Ubugebengu Obuphakeme Nezigebengu" zokungahloniphi?

Lezizimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zomthetho - sisekelo mayelana negunya lomongameli zibangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo.

ISiphakamiso III: Igatsha Lokwahlulela Liyalahlwa

Izakhiwo Zenkantolo Ezimele

Article III iyisihloko esifushane kakhulu, sishiyela isimiso sokwahlulela esiningi kuKhongolomo.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukukhetha 1 - Umbuso wokwahlulela[[QUL:1]:

  • Igunya leVests eNkantolo eyodwa ephakeme neSishaya - mthetho esiphansi lisungulwa
  • Abahluleli basebenza "ukulingisa ukuziphatha okuhle" (izinto ezihamba phambili ekuphileni)
  • Ukuthengiswa kwemali akunakuncishiswa (ukufuna ukuzimela)

I-diction 2 - Jurision: Ichaza amacala uhulumeni angawazwa:

  • Amacala "angaphansi" komthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni
  • Izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe
  • Izindaba ezihilela amazwe angaphandle
  • Abaphathi nezenzakalo zasolwandle

Phawula okulahlekile: Akukho mandla acacile okubukeza kokwahlulela (ukumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho). Lokhu kwasungulwa Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Ukuqonda Imikhawulo Yokwahlulela

ISiphakamiso III sakha ikomiti ezimele egawulayo kodwa enemingcele:

  • Izinkantolo zingalalela kuphela "izinhlokwana nezimpikiswano" (ayikho imibono ephikisayo)
  • UKhongolo lulawula isimiso senkantolo esiphansi kanye negunya
  • Izinqumo zingagumbuqela izincazelo zenkantolo

Izihloko IV-VII: I-Architecture ye-Federal System

ISiphakamiso IV: Ubuhlobo Bezwe

Ngokuvamile kunganakwa kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ubuzwe:

Ukholo olugcwele nothsuphe: i-United States kumele iqaphele ezinye izenzo ezingokomthetho zemibuso (kungani imishado kanye nezincwadi zokudlulisa)

Privileges kanye nama-inmmonits: Izakhamuzi zinamalungelo ayisisekelo kuzo zonke izifunda (nakuba izincazelo zisalokhu ziphikisana)

[ Isigqila esithunjiwe u-Claus: Kudingeka ukubuya kwezigqila eziphunyukile (ziqiniswa yiSichibiyelo se-13 kodwa zibonisa ukuhlehla komthetho-mthetho)

Ukuvalwa kwe-New States: ichaza ukuthi amasimu aba kanjani amazwe (izimpikiswano zombuso we-Puerto Rico ne-D.C.)

ISiphakamiso V: Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa:

  1. 2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu (zonke ezingu - 27 zikhona) ezisebenzisa lokhu)
  2. Umhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ubizwa ngu 2/3 wezifundazwe (ezingasetshenziswanga)

Izindlela ezimbili zokuwasha:

  1. 3/4 wezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (26 zilungisa)
  2. 3/4 yemihlangano kahulumeni (ISichibiyelo sama - 21 kuphela)

Lesi sigxobo esiphakeme sokulungisa siqinisekisa ukuzinza kodwa senza ushintsho lube nzima.

ISiphakamiso VI: Ukukhohlisa Okubangelwa Ukudla

I- Umthetho-sisekelo ka Claus umisa isigaba somthetho-sisekelo:

  1. Umthetho - sisekelo
  2. Imithetho yezomthetho nezivumelwano
  3. Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni nemithetho

Lokhu kuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nelasesifundazweni — “umthetho ovamile unqoba uma usekelwe emthethweni - sisekelo. ”

Isihloko VII: Ukukhishwa kwemisebe

Kulula ukuthi imvume kahulumeni u-9 ingamisa u-Constitution. Ibalulekile emlandweni kodwa iphelelwe yisikhathi.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yakho Eyisisekelo

Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu Kuyo Yonke

[[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ sinamaqoqo amahlanu ahlukene abekwe emgqeni owodwa:

Inkolo u-Claus:

  • Ukuhlanganisa u-Claus : Uhulumeni awunakumisa inkolo engokomthetho
  • Free Specie Claus : Uhulumeni ngeke unqabele umkhuba wenkolo
  • Ukucindezeleka: Inkululeko engokwenkolo imiswa nini?

[[Umthetho:0] Inkululeko yokukhuluma [[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Akuyona into ephelele − ngaphandle kwezinsongo zangempela, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuvuselelwa
  • Ihlanganisa inkulumo engokomfanekiso (ukushisa ngemibala) nenkulumo yenkampani (Cizens United)
  • Awusebenzi kumapulatifomu azimele (imithombo yezokuxhumana yomphakathi ingahlola)

Free Press:

  • Kwakungekho ukuzibamba ngaphambi kokuba (incwadi evimbelayo)
  • Awekho amalungelo akhethekile ezindaba (izindabuko zingadukiswa)
  • Ihlanganisa imithombo yezindaba nabaxhumanisi be - Internet

[[UMTH:0] Isilinganiso kanye nesicelo [[Umthetho:1]:

  • Ilungelo lokuphikisa ngokuthula
  • Uhulumeni ungalawula isikhathi, indawo, indlela
  • Akufanele udlale noma uvale izimoto

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

“Isimiso esimisiweyo esingokomthetho, esifanele ukulondeka eMbusweni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha nokuphatha izikhali, asiyikuphambaniswa.”

[[Umthetho:0] Izimpikiswano ezithathelwanayo[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Umuntu ngamunye onelungelo lokulwa namabutho ahlangene
  • Yiziphi izimiso ezithi "icebo"?
  • D.C. v. Heller (2008) iqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu kodwa ivumela imithetho

Ukuqonda zombili lezi zincazelo kuyasiza ekusebenziseni izimpikiswano zezibhamu.

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yesigebengu Ineziphetho (48)

Lezinguquko ziveza isivikelo esibalulekile emicimbini yobugebengu:

[[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli seNguquko yesine[: Isivikelo ekuphenyeni ngokungacabangeki

  • Izicelo ezisekelwe enkingeni okungenzeka zidingeka
  • Izimoto eziningi ezihlukile (ezivunyelwe, ezibukelwa kalula)
  • Isikhathi sokuba wedwa kwamanani asifinyeleli

[[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli se-F5th [: izivikelo eziningi

  • Abahluleli abakhulu emacalani amakhulu
  • Ngeke kube khona ingozi ephindwe kabili
  • Akukho ukungavumelani ngokwakho
  • Imfuneko yenqubo
  • Ithatha isigqebhezana (ukukhokhelwa kwempahla ethathwe)

[[Umthetho:0] Isichibiyeli se-XSTIT: amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala

  • Iqulo lomphakathi elisheshayo
  • Abahluleli Abangakhethi
  • Ofakazi abaphikisayo
  • Usizo lweseluleko

Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu: ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli bomphakathi

Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Akukho isijeziso esinesihluku/esingenanya

  • Impikiswano yesijeziso sokufa igxile lapha
  • Imfuneko yokuthola okuthile

Izinqumo Zesi - 9 Nezeshumi

Ngokuvamile kunganakwa kodwa kubalulekile ngokwefilosofi:

Isichibiyeli seNinth [: Amalungelo akhona ngaphezu kwalawo asohlwini

  • Isisekelo samalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu
  • Izahluko zomthetho-sisekelo aziphelele

Isichibiyeli seTenth : Amandla awaphathiswanga amazwe/abantu

  • Ukusekela Uhulumeni
  • Ukungaguquguquki kobunzima bokukhula kukahulumeni

Iziphendu ze-Reformation (izinqumo) (13-15): Ukusungulwa kwesibili kweMelika

ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ubugqila Obuphoqelelayo

“Akuyikuba khona ubugqila, noma ubugqila obungeyibo, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu, obahlulelwe yibo,

Amankinombho :

  • Ushintsho oluvimbela izenzo zangasese (hhayi nje uhulumeni kuphela)
  • Ukungasebenza ejele kusaphikiswana
  • Isisekelo somthetho wenkululeko yomphakathi

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Ukuguqula Umthetho WaseMelika

Ubudlelwane bezwe nohulumeni obushintshiwe ngokuyisisekelo:

.Citinship Claus : isakhamuzi esifanele kubo bonke abazalwe e-U.S.

  • Phezu kwe red Scott
  • Isisekelo senkulumo - mpikiswano yokufuduka samanje

Inqubo ka Claus : Applies Bill of Rights of therevers

  • "Imfundiso yokuhloba" yasungulwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka
  • Inqubo efanele yokusetshenziswa ivikela amalungelo angashiwongo ngegama

Ukuvikelwa kwe-Equal Claus : Uhulumeni kumele uphathe abantu ngokulinganayo

  • Isisekelo se [[QULT:0] Brown v. ibhodi kanye nokususa uhlanganiso
  • Isisekelo sobulili obufanayo ne LGBTQ+ amalungelo

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Ukukhetha ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, kodwa izaba zavumela uJim Crow ukuba abeke imithetho kwaze kwaba yilapho ekhipha uMthetho Welungelo ka - 1965.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nezinqumo Zanamuhla

Izichibiyelo Eziqhubekayo (16 - 19)

[[FLT: 0] : Intela yokukhokha (idlulele eNkantolo Ephakeme) [[FT:2]]: ukhetho oluqondile lwe-senator (lukhuliswe ngentando yeningi) [[FLT]]18T: i-Picetion (ukubuyiselwa kuphela)[FLT:th[FLT]: abesifazane'ssuli (okanye aphindene)

Iziphendu Zesayensi Yanamuhla

[[FLT: 0] : izinsuku ezishintshiwe zokunikezelwa 2d : imingcele yesikhathi sikaMongameli R[: D.C.vétal vhotis [[[FLT:]]25]th [: i-Mongameli ye-denday [[FLT:]: iholo lobukhokha-mbuso (ithathe iminyaka engu-203 ukuvota")!

Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Okusakaza

th: Intela yokuvota evinjelwe 26th: ukuvota okuyiminyaka engu-18 edlule (impendulo yeMpi ye-Vietnam)

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Ukucabanga Komthetho - sisekelo Ezimpikiswaneni Zanamuhla

Ukuhlaziya Umthetho - sisekelo Onyakeni Wesithathu

Lapho uhlola ukuthi kukhona yini okungokomthetho:

Isinyathelo 1: Yazi uMthombo wamandla

  • Iliphi ilungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo eligunyaza lesisenzo?
  • Ingabe libalwa, lisikiselwa, noma linamandla angokwemvelo?
  • Ingabe ingaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni noma likahulumeni?

Isinyathelo 2: Hlola ukulinganiselwa[

  • Ingabe iphula umthetho ocacile?
  • Ingabe uphuca amalungelo abantu ngabanye?
  • Ingabe kuphazamisa ukuhlukana kwemibuso?

Isinyathelo 3: Sebenzisa isiqalo

  • Izinkantolo ziye zazichaza kanjani izindaba ezifanayo?
  • Yizinga elingakanani lokuhlola elisebenzayo?
  • Ingabe zikhona izehlakalo eziphikisanayo?

Izimpikiswano Zomthetho - sisekelo Wesikhathi Esidlule

Sebenzisa ukuhlolwa komthetho - sisekelo ezindabeni zamanje:

[[I-DIGITA:0] Imfihlo [:

  • ISichibiyelo Sesine esibhalelwe ukuphenya ngokomzimba
  • Isebenza kanjani engosini yeposi, endaweni yocingo, ezimethamini?
  • Linganisela ukulondeka nokungabi namuntu oyimfihlo

[[Umthetho:0] Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Kunini lapho ukubulala kuba umthetho?
  • Abefundisi bangaqhubeka kangakanani bethi “ukubulawa ngokwethembeka ”?
  • Yini ebangela amandla okuphuthuma?

[[Umthetho:0] Amalungelo ombuso [[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Ingabe izinhlangano ‘ zingama - parte" ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane?
  • Ingabe banenkululeko engokwenkolo, amalungelo okukhuluma?
  • I-CITIZEN [ kanye uhlohlohlo lweLobby

[[Umthetho:0] I-Federal vs. Umbuso [[[QUL:1]:

  • Izingxabano ezingokomthetho zokuquliswa kwamacala ezihlubuki
  • Ukuphoqelelwa Kwabantu Abathuthwayo
  • Ukusabela kobufandazwe

Ukungaqondi Okuvamile Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Lokho Umthetho Ongakusho

Abaningi abakholelwa ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo empeleni azikho kulombhalo:

" Ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso": Ibinzana elivela kuhlamvu luka Jefferson, hhayi kumthetho-sisekelo

" ukubukeza kwe-judicial": Amandla okumemezela imithetho engakhonziwe awacacile

" ilungelo lokufeza": ilungelo lamamongameli lokugodla ulwazi aliphathwa

" ekugcineni indawo yangasese": Akushiwonga ngokucacile (kuthathwe ezingenisweni eziningi)

" Kuze kube necala eliqinisekisiwe": Isimiso asiwona umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo

Lokho Okushiwo Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

[[Umthetho:0] Inkululeko yokukhuluma [ ayisho ukuthi:

  • Ukukhululeka emiphumeleni
  • Kusuka phezulu kuya ku-plut
  • Isivikelo ekucubungulweni kwamacala ngasese

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayisho ukuthi:

  • Ukukhululeka kuyo yonke imithetho
  • Ilungelo lokuvunyelwa uhulumeni
  • Ukukhululeka ekuchayekeni enkolweni yabanye

ngakwesokudla ukuphatha izindonga[ akusho:

  • Ukufinyelela kwesikhali okungenamkhawulo
  • Azikho izimfuneko zokubhalisa
  • Ukuphatha izibhamu noma kuphi

Inqubo ye-Due project ayisho ukuthi:

  • Izinqubo eziphelele
  • Ummeli okhululekile kuzo zonke izimo
  • Ukudlulisa okungapheli

Imithombo Yokufunda Ngokujule Kakhulu Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Imithombo eyinhloko

Iphepha lomphakathi: Hamilton, Madison, kanye nezincwadi zikaJay ezichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo

  • Uhlelo Lwezikhungo Ezikhethekile 10 (Izisusa), 51 (ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso), 78 (ukubukeza okungokwesiko)

[[Umthetho:0] Anti-Federalist Papers: izimpikiswano zokuphikiswa ezaholela kuBill of Rights

AmaNothi eMadison's : Umlando obanzi kuphela wezinkulumo - mpikiswano zeSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo

Ukuveza izimpikiswano: Izingxoxo zomhlangano woMbuso zembula ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni

Imithombo Yanamuhla

[[UMTL:0] Osesandleni sosizo[[UMQONDISO:1]:

[[Incwadi:0] Izincwadi zamazinga ahlukene[[Umthetho:1]:

  • U-Friendoner: "Umthetho-sisekelo: Isiqalo esifushane kakhulu" ngu-David Bodenhamer
  • Ukungenela: "Umthetho-sisekelo we-Amelika: A Biography" ka-Akhil Reed Amar
  • Okungaphezulu: "Umthetho weCustigal" izincwadi zezincwadi zokuhlaziya okujulile okungokomthetho

[[UMTH:0] Imposts[[Umthetho:1]:

  • "Thina bantu" (Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wezwe)
  • "Amicus" (I-Slate)
  • "I-Consitugation" (I-Fishton Post)

Ukuhlanganyela Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhambela inkantolo: qaphela izimpikiswano zomlomo ukuze ubone incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo esenzweni

Funda Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme: Qala ngamacala aphawulayo, gxila ekucabangeni hhayi nje imiphumela

[[QULT:0] Amaqembu angenayo [: Ama-am communbar asendaweni ngokuvamile angenisa izingxoxo zomthetho-sisekelo

Thatha izifundo zomthetho we Online: Amayunivesithi amaningi anikeza izifundo zomthetho-mthetho wesihle

Isiphetho: Ukuba Izakhamuzi Zakho Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo akuyona i-iphaphame yokubamba ngekhanda izihloko nezinguquko,"ibhekisele ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda nokwenza umthetho-sisekelo okwazisa ubuzwe bakho. Ibhukwana elibonakala lidala futhi lingafinyeleki liphendula imibuzo engaphelelwa isikhathi: Imaphi amandla kahulumeni okufanele abe nawo? Imaphi amalungelo ayisisekelo? Silinganisela kanjani ukubusa okuningi nesivikelo sengcosana? Lemibuzo ibalulekile namuhla njengango-1789.

Ukufunda uMthetho-sisekelo kwembula kokubili ubuhlakani bawo namaphutha awo. Incwadi efanayo ethi "Thina bantu" yakhipha abantu abaningi. Isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela singenza ubugqila busebenze. Izinguquko zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukulingana okuvumela ukuhlukana. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana akukwenzi kunciphe uMthetho-sisekelo − iyisusela njengencwadi yomuntu, ekwaziyo ukukhula nentuthuko.

Ukufunda okusemthethweni kukunika amandla okuthi:

  • Ukuzisholo kwezombangazwe ngonya
  • Lazi kahle amalungelo akho nemingcele yawo
  • Yiba nengqondo ezimpikiswaneni zentando yeningi
  • Qaphela lapho izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zisongelwa
  • Yazisa kokubili ukuqina nokushintsha kokubusa

Umthetho-sisekelo awuwona owabameli nabahluleli kodwa ungowazo zonke izakhamuzi. Izindaba zakho. Ukuqonda kwakho kulawula idemokrasi. Lencwadi iphila ngezakhamuzi eziyifundayo, eziphikisana ngayo, futhi ezifuna ukuba ihlonishwe.

Qalisa ngokufunda umbhalo ongokoqobo .Ingatshazwa ukuthi ufundani. Cabangela izincazelo eziningi. Sebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezinkingeni zanamuhla. Okubaluleke kakhulu, khumbula ukuthi idemokrati yomthetho-sisekelo idinga ukushiseka, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. UMthetho-sisekelo uqala ngo "Thina bantu" ngoba ekugcineni, incazelo namandla awo axhomeke ezikhunjeni nasezintweni eziboshelwe kuzo kodwa ezakhamuzini ezinjengawe.

Abasunguli basinika uhlelo. Isizukulwane ngasinye sinquma ukuthi sakhani phakathi kwaso. Imfundo yakho yomthetho-sisekelo ayikona nje ukucetshiswa komuntu siqu ("ukulungiselelwa komsebenzi oqhubekayo wentando yeningi."inkathi yenhlekelele nempikiswano engokomthetho-sisekelo, ukuqonda le ncwajana yesisekelo akukaze kube yisidingo kakhulu. Umthetho-sisekelo ulindele ukuchazwa kwakho. Idemocracy ilindele ukuba uhlanganyele.

Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe

Everyday Civics Icon