Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uyitshe eliyinhloko lentando yeningi yaseMelika, eklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni ekuqoqweni amandla angavinjelwe. Isuswe kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa ``Phakelele' i-Montesquieu''' i-Spirit of the Laws[ futhi icwengisiswe ngabalawuli be-fream be-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ayahlakazwa futhi alinganiselwe. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela umsebenzi okubalulekile okudingeka kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuvikela amalungelo aso siqu nohulumeni ukuba sibe nesibopho sokulandisa. Lokhu kuhamba ngokuhamba ngemishini yangempela, izinkonzo zezwe, nezinselele eziqhubekayo zalesimiso somthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Imvelaphi Yalesi Simiso

Abakhi bathonywa kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, lapho umbusi oyedwa ayengadlula khona intando yabantu. Bafunda amarepublic asendulo kanye nongqondongqondo baseYurophu ukuba baklame uhulumeni ozomelana nobushiqela. UJames Madison, ku Fateralist No. 51, baphikisa ngokudumile ukuthi “i-ambrogument kumelwe yenzelwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela.” Ngokunikeza igatsha ngalinye indlela yokumelana nokungenela kwabanye, uMthetho-Constitution usungula isimiso sokuzihlukanisa. Lelilungiselelo alilona elenza ukwahlukana okuqinile kodwa “inhlangano ehlukeneyo, njengoba usosayensi wezombangazwe uRichard Neustad yachaza.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nezindawo Zawo Zokubusa

Ngaphambi kokuhlola i-checks ezididanayo, kuyasiza ukubukeza imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko esabelwe igatsha ngalinye nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lendima iyisisekelo lapho zonke izinkekisi zisebenza khona.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho (Isifunda - sisekelo)

Igunyazwe iSigele neNdlu yabameleli] yanikeza amandla okwenza imithetho, intela ye-levy, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokulawula ezohwebo zesifundazwe. Isekenate[ futhi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokuhlobisa izivumelwano, kuyilapho indlu yenkokhelo [[[FLT]] iqala zonke izikwelengiso zemali futhi iphethe amandla okulawula izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Igatsha Eliphethe (Umongameli Nomongameli)

Igatsha eliphethe liholwa uMongameli, obekwe icala lokumisa imithetho edluliswa yisiKhomishane. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi kuMkhulu wamabutho ahlomile, anganikeza ukuxolelwa, futhi unegunya lokuxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngemvume yeSishaya - mthetho). Iziqondiso zokuqondisa izikhulu kanye nezimiso ezinkulu zikahulumeni zivumela uMongameli ukuba asebenzise isimiso, kodwa lezizenzo zihlala zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela nokwengamela kwenhlangano.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela (Inkantolo Ephakeme Nezinkantolo Eziphansi)

Ijaji lichaza imithetho kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme, eyamiswa yi-Athisme III, inesisho sokugcina emibuzweni engokomthetho ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela ("lokuqala ligodlelwe Marbury v. Madison (103). Izinkantolo zesifunda zizwa amacala avela ngaphansi koMthetho-mthetho, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano. Ukuzimela kwazo kuvikelwa ngezimiso zokuphila konke (ukulwela ukuziphatha okuhle) nesivikelo seholo, kodwa zithembele kwamanye amagatsha ukuze ziqinisekise izahlulelo zazo.

Indlela Igatsha Ngalinye Elibheka Ngayo Abanye

Ikhono lokuhlola nokulinganisela kusezikhundleni ezikhethekile igatsha ngalinye eliphethe ezinye. Lokhu akuzona izinto ezicatshangelwayo; zingamathuluzi aqinile aye asetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika ukuze kulondolozwe ukulingana.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • i-Fottoes:[ i-ace ingadlulisa umthetho phezu komongameli iveto ngevoti yama-3 amabili emagumbini womabili. Lokhu kuyinhlolo - hlolo eqondile ngokwenqaba kwesikhulu ukusayina isikweleti.
  • Ukukhipha nokususa: Indlu (iletha amacala) neziboshwa zeSigele, ezingasusa umongameli, isekela likamongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinkulu kanye namaphutha.”
  • Isivumelwano nemvume: ISigele siqinisekisa omabhalane bekhathekhathi, abahluleli bombuso, amanxusa, kanye nabanye abamisa izintambo eziphakeme. Ibuye ivumelane ngevoti eliphindwe ka-3.
  • [ amandla esikhwama semali:[ uhlela yonke imali kahulumeni nentela, ulinganisela ikhono likaMongameli lokusekela izinto eziza kuqala ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho.
  • Ukuqapha nophenyo: kumagumbi womabili amagumbi angabhala izincwadi zepoena nobufakazi bokuhlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe igatsha,] amandla enza aduma phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala leWatergate.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • Amandla e-VETO:[ UMongameli anganqaba noma isiphi isibeko esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Nakuba iziKhongolo zingayilawula iveto, usongo lweveto ngokuvamile luphoqelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba baxhunyanise.
  • Isimo soManyano nohlelo lokuhlela: UMongameli angamisa umthetho, acindezele umbono womphakathi, futhi aqhube izintambo ukuze athonye amaKhongolo.
  • Pocket vento: Uma iziKhomishane zithatha izinsuku eziyishumi zithumela isibhakathi kuMongameli futhi uMongameli engathathi nyathelo, isaziso siyafa singakhombanga ukuba sihoxiswe.
  • [ Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni kanye nezinkulumo zokusayina: UMongameli angaqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngendlela yokuchaza nokuphoqelela imithetho, futhi angafaka izinkulumo zokusayina ukuze achaze (noma umncintiswano) amalungiselelo akhethekile.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

  • Ukubukeza imithetho kahulumeni: INkantolo Ephakeme ingagadla izenzo zoMkhandlu ophula umthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa United States v. Nixon (1974]), eyaphoqelela uMongameli ukuba aphendule amakhasethi eWatergate.
  • Ukubukeza kwezenzo zobuphathi: Izinkantolo zingamemezela iziyalezo zikamongameli noma imithetho yezinhlangano ezingekho emthethweni noma ngokwephula umthetho kahulumeni. Ezintsha zasemgwaqweni faka i- printus & Tube v. Sawyer (1952), iNkantolo yavimbela uMongameli uTruman ukuba abambe izinsinsi zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwezimiso: Uma umthetho ungaqondakali, izinkantolo zinquma incazelo yawo, ngokuphumelelayo ilinganisela indlela amanye amagatsha angawusebenzisa ngayo.
  • Ukuqapha izenzo zikahulumeni: izinkantolo zeFederal zigcizelela iSupremacy Claus, ukuqinisekisa imithetho kahulumeni ayingqubuzani negunya likahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlola Isimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Nemithetho Ehhovisi

Amagatsha aphethe nemithetho angathonya izinkantolo:

  • Inqubo yokumisa: uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa. Lenqubo yezombangazwe ibumba isimo semibono sejaji amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano samajaji:[ uMkhandlu ungaphazamisa futhi ususe amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Idlanzana labahluleli lisusiwe ngale ndlela.
  • Ukukhumula: UKhongolo-kanye lungalinganisela noma lususe i-guversete yeNkantolo Ephakeme phezu kwezinhlobo ezithile zamacala, njengoba ivunyelwe yi-Agarti III, Ingxenye 2.
  • Izinguquko ze-cinstigal: Uma iNkantolo ePhakeme ichaza umthetho-sisekelo ngendlela ephikisana ngayo, ingasikisela ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mfantu, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukubuyiselwa okukhulu nokubekwa kwezwe (okusetshenziselwa ukugumbuqela Chisolm v. Georgia[[ ngeNguqulo yeshumi nanye).

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Injongo eyinhloko yokuhlola nokulinganisela iwukuvikela inkululeko yabantu kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Uma elinye igatsha lithatha isinyathelo esisongela amalungelo, amanye amagatsha angangenela. Lokhu kuye kwaba yisisekelo sokunqoba okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo omphakathi nezindlela ezifanele zansuku zonke zokuvikela.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Amaphenya nezilinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi akanakuvala noma ajezise abantu ngokuthanda. Ijaji lihlola ukuqulwa kobugebengu nezenzo zokuphatha, kuyilapho uMkhandlu ungadlulisa imithetho enjenge ISivumelwano [Inkululeko] Isiqinisekiso somthetho se-194] sokuvikela [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] ukuphoqeka isivikelo esifanayo. Kama v. United States (194444)], iNkawundlu Ephakeme yeNkakhulu yasekela ngokudumela okungamele ukuvikela amalungelo [indlela] kodwa kamuva, ukukhombisa ukulinganisela kwesimiso somthetho sokuzilungisa.[FLT]

Ukukhuluma Nezindaba Ezikhululekile

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo nomshini wokunyathelisa, osebenza njengenhlolo yethukela kuwo wonke amagatsha. Imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile nesivikelo kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni futhi zifune ukulandisa. Ijaji liye lamisa imithetho ehlola ukukhuluma kwezombangazwe (umz., ] iNew York Times v. United States (1971]] [indaba yePentagon Papers]), kuyilapho i-Congress ingahlola ukufihla nokukhipha imithetho yezeluleko-mfa yezentelligence. Ngaleyo ndlela, amagatsha aqinisa ikhono lomphakathi lokuhlola amandla.

Isenzo Sesigebengu Nesigebengu

I-habeas corpus .ilungelo lokubekela ijele elingekho emthethweni, okuyikho ukuhlola okuyisisekelo emandleni okulawula. UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukunqanyulwa kuphela ezimpini zokuhlubuka noma zokuhlasela. Phakathi neMpi yomphakathi, ukuxoshwa kukaLincoln kwabekwa inselele kamuva futhi kwabekwa inkantolo. Izibonelo zanamuhla ezifana Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) zaqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi Kumelwe zibe nezitha ezingene ezinkantolo, zibonise ukuthi kumelwe zingene ezinhlolweni zokwahlulela eziphethe ngemva kwe-9/11.11.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Ezisebenzayo

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando ziqokomisa indlela amasheke namass asebenza ngayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyahluleka — (ngaphansi kokucindezeleka). Lezi zibonelo zibonisa isimiso esisebenza ngendlela ehloselwe futhi sembula ukuhluleka kwaso.

Amanzi Asolwandle Namandla Okuphenya

Ihlazo le-Watergate (1972-1974) liyindaba yencwadi yokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini. Igatsha eliphetheyo (ngobuso be-Richard Nixon) ligodlela ukufihla ikhefu elisendlunkulu ye-Democratic Committee. Igatsha le-Recouncition laphendula ngokuzwa kweSigele Sam Ervin, kuyilapho i-jacariary yacindezela ukukhutshwa kwamakhasethi eWhite House [FLD] United States v. Nixon. Libhekene cishe ne-atempointmentmentmentment, Nixon. Lokhu kubonisa amandla ahlangeneyo e-ugatempereary ne-oservation.

Iseel Seizere Case (1952)

Phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uMongameli uHarry Truman wayala ukuba kuphathwe izigayo zensimbi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugadla ayesaba ukuthi kungalimaza ukukhiqizwa kwempi. Izinkampani zensimbi zimangalela ukuqulwa, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi intsha i-Stown Comment Comment / Tube v. Sawyer[[FLL:1] ukuthi uTruman wayeliqedile igunya lakhe lomthetho wezomthetho. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi ngisho nangezikhathi zempi, amandla omongameli alinganiselwe ngendima yomthetho ekhethekile kaKhomisha. Lecala livame ukukhonjwa njengesenzweni likahulumeni owesikhulu.

Ukuzithoba Njengekhambi Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqapha kungomunye wemishini ye-Cresturess enamandla kakhulu. UMongameli u-Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), noDonald Trump (u-Twice, 2019 no-2021) bonke babeyekwa yindlu. ISigeqe sasingahliswa isikhathi ngasinye, kodwa inqubo ngokwayo ingavimbela ukuziphatha, ukuphoqelelwa, nokuthonya umbono womphakathi. Ukuhlongoza nakho kuyasebenza futhi kumajaji nasezikhulwini zekhabethe u-Alcee Hastings (* Umahluleli we-aderal Alcee Hastings) wasuswa ngo- 1989 (89) ixoshwa ukuthi akukho muntu ongaphezu komthetho.

Iphepha Eliboshiwe Nemingcele Engaphambili

Ngo- 1971, i-New York Times neWashington Post yakhipha iPentagon Papers, ukuhlola okuhlukaniswayo kokwenza isinqumo e-U.S. i-Vietnam. I-Nixon ifuna umyalo wokunqanda ukukhishwa, ifuna ukulondeka kwesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme, kuNew York Times Co. v. United States, yabusa 6-03 ukuthi uhulumeni wayengawuhlanganizi umthwalo onzima wokuvimbela ngaphambi kokuba ukhishwe, ivumela ukukhishwa kwezincwadi. Lendaba ibonisa ukuvalwa kwecala lokulawula i-partment nokuvikela inkululeko ngaphansi kweSigqi sokuqala.

Amaklasi, Hhayi Imikhankaso: I - Independent Judiciary

Ijaji ngokwalo kumelwe lihlole ukuzimela kwalo. Imizamo ye-FDR yoku “pack” iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1937 yahlangatshezwana nesehlulelo esiqinile, futhi leli cebo lehluleka. Ngokufanayo, imizamo yezombangazwe yokucindezela izinkantolo − njengaye “ iphakethi-limposiso" ehlongozwayo ngo 2021 [impikiswano yomphakathi ngendima efanele yokuhlola kokwahlulela.] Isimiso sisebenza kangcono uma izinkantolo zihlala ngaphezu kokuqondisa kweqembu lezehlulele.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokugxeka

Nakuba ukwakheka kwamasheke nama - stical kulokhu kuqinile, izici eziningana zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuphumelela kwawo ekhulwini lama - 20.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

Abaholi abavela kuwo womabili amagatsha baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zokuqondisa, umongameli we-tranda, kanye nokushaya umthetho wokudlulisa iziKhongolo. Ukusetshenziswa ‘ kokusayina izinkulumo” ekuncintisaneni izingxenye zemithetho, kanye nezenzo zempi ezingahlanganiyo (umz., ukungenela kweLibya ngo-2011), ukufiphaza imigqa phakathi kwamagatsha. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlehlela emuva ngezikhathi ezithile [1] njengaku i-gaterbrount project yoMthetho (2010) kodwa inxathela kakhulu ukuqinisa igunya layo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nohulumeni ohlukene.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zibekwa icala lokweqa umthetho kunokuchaza umthetho. Imithetho ye-Landmark enjenge- Roe v. Wade (1973) kanye no-[FLT]Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) ibonisa iziphetho zokwahlulela eziyinhloko zemithetho, kodwa abacushi baphikisa izinqumo ezinjalo ezimfushane zenkulumo yentando yeningi. Ngokuphambene, ukuvinjelwa kokwahlulela kungavumela ukuqhubekela uma inkantolo ithatha amagatsha ezombangazwe. Isilinganiso sokulinganisa sihlala sikhona.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu kungakhubaza ukuhlolwa kwemithetho. I-Gridlock ivimbela i-Grank Congress ekumiseni imithetho, ekuqinisekiseni amajaji, noma ekuqondiseni ngempumelelo. Lokhu kungaguqula amandla kumphathi omkhulu nasemajaji ngokwephutha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhluleka ukuguqula imithetho yokufuduka kuye kwaholela amongameli ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokukhetha, kanti “ukukhetha kwe-cyuclear” kweNkathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme (ukususa umzanyana we-debuster we-countars) kwenza i-ecenseness.

Ithemba Lemithombo Yezindaba Nomphakathi

I-cheke elinempilo libuye livele ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi naseminivezweni ekhululekile, kodwa ukuncipha kokuthembela emithonjeni yezindaba nakuhulumeni kululaza lenqubo yethukela. I-Mistinformation ingaqeda ukulandisa. Ngaphandle kokucindezela komphakathi, amasheke angokomthetho angase angasetshenziswa. Ngakho - ke ukukhuthaza ukufundiswa kwesizwe kubalulekile ekusekeleni isimiso.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingaqinisa Ngayo Iziphetho Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso sixhomeke kubantu abathembisene ukushada, futhi abantu ngabanye bangathatha izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ukuze bavikele izakhiwo zomthetho - sisekelo.

  • Ukwazisa kunoma yiluphi ukhetho — kusukela emabhodini ezikole zendawo kuya emijahweni kamongameli. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zinecala kakhulu uma zesaba ukulahlekelwa isikhundla.
  • Hlanganisa njalo nabameleli bakho ngemithetho kanye nokwengamela izinto eziza kuqala. Ukucindezela okuhlangene kungaphoqelela ukuthatha isinyathelo sobuhlanga.
  • Izehlulelo ezizimele ngokuvikela izinqumo zenkantolo ngisho nalapho ningavumelani nemiphumelo. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuyi-evision ekuhloleni ukucindezela kweningi.
  • [[[QUT:0] nokubona bha[ ngemithetho kahulumeni evulekile nangokufunda imithombo eyinhloko njengemithetho yenkantolo, ukuqulwa kwecala, kanye U.S.Constitution ngokwayo].
  • fundisa futhi ufunde umlando womphakathi — xoxani ngamaPhepha aphezulu, amacala aphawula izenzakalo, nendlela igatsha ngalinye eliye lasebenza ngayo ngokomlando. Ulwazi lunika amandla.

Isiphetho

Amasesha nama-ace ayiwona amasu angabonakali; ayisimiso esisebenzayo esiye savikela amalungelo aseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ukuvimbela ukuphaphanyiswa kwezikhulu e-Steel Seiture ecaleni le-Steel Seiture ukuze kusekelwe inkululeko yokunyathelisa ePentagon Papers, igatsha ngalinye linga---(futhi) futhi lisebenza kwezinye. Kodwa lesi simiso sinamandla kuphela njengabantu abawasekelayo. Ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ukuqapha, kanye nokuzinikela ezimisweni zomthetho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elinamandla kakhulu futhi amalungelo esakhamuzi ngasinye ahlala elondekile. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi okuhlolwa nokulinganisela okuqalayo okuzigcinela izizukulwane ezizayo.