I-Gerrymandering imelela enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ekumeleni kwentando yeningi e-United States namuhla. Lomkhuba wokusebenzisa imingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze uthande amaqembu athile ezombangazwe noma amaqembu uye wasuka ekhonweni lempikiswano ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 ukuya emsebenzini oyinkimbinkimbi ongashintsha ukulinganisela kwezwe lezombangazwe. Ukuqonda indlela ukuqondisa kusebenza ngayo, izimpande zayo ezingokomlando, nemiphumela yayo efinyelela kude kubalulekile kusona sakhamuzi ngasinye esibheka ukuma kahle nezimiso zentando yeningi.

Iyini iGerrymandering?

Ukulawula kwezombangazwe kuwukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda sezezivolo ukuze kuzuze iqembu, iqembu, noma isigaba sezenhlalo nezomnotho esisemqoka. Emgceni waso, lomkhuba uhlanganisa ukudweba imigqa yesigodi ngezindlela ezinikeza izinzuzo ezingafanele kwabanye abazobhapathizwa noma amaqembu ezombangazwe, ngokuvamile okuphumela ekubeni izifunda ezimise ngendlela engavamile ezingafani nemingcele yemvelo noma ukuhluzeka kwezindawo.

Uprofesa othile eMorgan State University ukuchaza ngokuthi kuchazwa izazi zezombangazwe ezikhetha abavoti babo esikhundleni sokukhetha abezombangazwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwezimiso zentando yeningi kuthinta isikhungo sikahulumeni ongummeleli, lapho amandla kufanele aphumele kubantu afike kuziphathimandla zabo ezikhethiwe, hhayi kwenye indlela. Lapho abezombangazwe belawula inqubo yokuzivuselela, bangakhetha ngokuphumelelayo abameleli babo kunokuba bavumele abameleli babo bakhethe ngokhetho olulungile.

Lomkhuba usonta inqubo yentando yeningi ngokudala amabalazwe ahlela kusengaphambili imiphumela ngaphambi kokuba kuvotelwe umuntu oyedwa. Izifunda zingahlotshaniswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elilodwa linqoba ngezindawo ezithokomele ezindaweni eziningi kuyilapho abavoti abaphikisayo begxilisa izikhundla ezimbalwa lapho bewina khona ngokunamandla kodwa bengenalo ithonya kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kululaza isimiso esiyisisekelo sokumelelwa futhi kungashiya izigidi zabavoti benomuzwa wokuthi amazwi abo awabalulekile enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yokusetshenziswa Kwamagciwane

Ukuvela Kwaleli gama

Igama, ekuqaleni elabhalwa ngokuthi "Gerry-mander," okokuqala lasetshenziswa ngoMarch 26, 1812, eBoston Gazette, esabela esubeni eliphikisanayo lokulungisa imibandela eMassachusetts. Ngo-1812, eMassachusetts, uMbusi Elbridge Gerry wasayina icebo lokulungisa i-rediformation elalilawula izigodi zeSishaya-Gempera zikahulumeni ukuze zithakaze i-Democratic-Republicans phezu kwamaFederation.

Lapho idwetshwa, enye yezigodi ezihlotshisiwe endaweni yaseBoston kuthiwa ifana nomdwebi wenganekwane. Ukuvela kwegama, futhi kusiza ukusakazeka nokusekela ukuthandwa kwalo, kwakuwumfanekiso wezombangazwe obonisa isilwane esingavamile esinamagilasi, amaphiko, nekhanda elifana nodrago okuthiwa lifana nesifunda esimise okwenqaba. Umfanekiso oqoshwe umdwebi u-Elikana Tisdale, waguqula ibalazwe laba yisidalwa esisabekayo esabamba imicabango yomphakathi futhi wanikeza lomkhuba.

Igama elithi "gerrymander" laqanjwa edilini lakusihlwa lase Boston elanikwa isikhulu se-Federalst ngo-March 1812, ngokwesihloko sika-1892 sesazi - mlando uJohn Ward Dean. Lapho izivakashi zakusihlwa zihlola ibalazwe elisha lesifunda, esinye saphawula ukuthi lalifana nesalamander. Cha, "Gerry-mander" yanikezwa imbongi uRichard Andrap, ngokuvamile eyayisebenzelana noTisdale. I-portmau ihlanganisa igama loMbusi uGerary" linamathe, futhi leligama liye lasetshenziswa kusukela ekuchazeni ukuhlinzwa kwemingcele e-vota.

I - Elbridge Gerry: I - Reluctent Lantake

I-Ebridge Gerry, umbusi owasayina lesi sikweletu esenze isifundazwe saseMassachusetts, wayenguBaba Osunguliwe: usayino weSimemezelo Sokuzimela, umshicileli weSimemezelo soMthetho-sisekelo, umbhishobhi, ummeli, nesekela lesihlanu lomphathi. Iminikelo yakhe kuMelika yokuzimela nokubusa yayinhlobonhlobo, kodwa igama lakhe selihambisana nomkhuba abika ukuthi wayemelene nawo.

UGerry, owayengawufuni lomkhuba, wasayina incwadi eyayisayina iMassachusetts efundelwa i-Democratic-Republican Party. Ngokwendodana yakhe nombhali wezindaba, uGerry wathola umsebenzi wokulungisa i-redi diging "engathandeki" futhi wanqikaza ukuwusayina, kodwa ngalesosikhathi wayekholelwa ukuthi ababusi bamaMassachusetts abangeyithanga imithetho ngaphandle kokuba babengavumelani nemithetho.

Ngokuhlekisayo, ingwenya ayizange isindise umsebenzi wezombangazwe kaGerry esikhathini esifushane. Kukhetho lwango-1812, kokubili iMassachusetts House nobubusi bazuzwa ngokunenzuzo abaFederalst, balahlekelwa nguGerry umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa i-senate eguquliwe yahlala iqinile ezandleni ze-Democratic-Republican. Naphezu kokulahlekelwa yi-publicastrist, uGerry wakhonza njengoMongameli we-Mongameli ngaphansi kukaJames Madison kusukela ngo-1813 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1814.

Ukuqamba Ama - Gerry

I-partisan gerymaning ayiyona into entsha. Isimo sokuqamba i-gerrymanider savela ezinsukwini zakudala zikahulumeni wase-US, njengoba nje uMthetho-sisekelo wawugunyazwa. Lomkhuba uqala ngaphambi kwegama kanye ne-Massachusetts edumile ebizwa ngegama.

Omunye wemiboniso emikhulu yokuqala yokulawula e-United States yenzeka ngo-1788 esifundazweni esisha saseVirginia, lapho owayengumbusi uPatrick Henry azama khona ukusebenzisa ukuvuleka kwecala ukuze aphazamise iphikisi lakhe uJames Madison. Lomzamo wangaphambili wokulawula kwezombangazwe emingceleni yesifunda ubonisa ukuthi isilingo sokumisa amabalazwe akhethweyo ukuze athole inzuzo yabashokolezeli siye saba khona kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo mbuso. Ngenhlanhla ngomlando waseMelika, umzamo kaHenry uMadison wahluleka, futhi uMadison waqhubekela waba nguMongameli wesine we-United States.

Indlela I - Gerrymandering Esebenza Ngayo: Amasu Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukubona ukuthi amandla azo okuvota alula noma asetshenziswa kanjani.

Ukujikijela: Imishini Yokuphikiswa Ehlukanisayo

Ukuhlukanisa amaqembu abavoti abangavunyelwa phakathi kwezifunda eziningi. Ekuvuleni, ukuhlukanisa kubhekisela emkhubeni wokudweba izigodi ezihlukanisa umphakathi noma ukuhlukanisa umphakathi ezifundeni eziningi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ithonya lomphakathi noma lobunye ubandlululo lingancishiswa, kuvimbele iqembu ukuba lingakhiqizi isithiyo sokuvota kunoma isiphi isifunda esisodwa esanele ukukhetha abathandi beqembu.

Ake ucabange idolobha elinabo bonke abavoti abasekela iQembu A. Ukuba lelo dolobha beligcinwe liqinile esifundeni esisodwa, labo abavoti cishe bebengakhetha ummeleli weQembu A. Nokho, uma iqembu elilawula ukunciphisana lifuna ukunciphisa ithonya leQembu A, banga "crack" lomuzi ngokulihlukanisa phakathi kwezifunda eziningana. Ingxenye ngayinye yedolobha ihlanganiswa nezindawo ezizungezile zeQembu B, liqinisekisa ukuthi lelo Qembu lika-Avoti liba yiqembu elincane kuzo zonke izifunda abazibeke kuzo.

Lendlela ihlukanisa umphakathi ube yizifunda-ziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awunaso ithonya eliphawulekayo ngomlandeli. Emlandweni omubi wesizwe wokuvala ibala, ukuqhekeka kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu base-Afrikan-American babengenakukhetha abezombangazwe base-Afrika-American. Nakuba iVoting Rights Act enqatshelwa ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga, lendlela iyaqhubeka isetshenziselwa izinjongo zobuhlanga.

Isibonelo sangempela sibonakalisa amandla okuhlukanisa. iTexas Republicans, elawula kokubili isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni nehhovisi lombusi, yagunyaza iRepublican communion redpication ekuqedweni ekuqaleni kwalonyaka. Indaba eyenzekayo: i-austin ekhululekile, ipulani elihlukanisa libe yizifunda eziyisithupha eziphumela ngaphandle ukuze lihlanganise indawo eqhelelene nezindawo zasemaphandleni. Ngokuvumela iDemocratic Aus’s Austin's Democratic Convection ezifundeni eziyisithupha, icebo lokulungisa i-redciotifici liqinisekisa ukuthi i-Didemocravius ayinakuwina noma isiphi isifunda salezozihlalo.

Ukupakisha: Ukuqeda Imishini Yokuphikiswa

Ukuqongelela kwenzeka lapho abasekeli abaningi beqembu labasulu benqwabelana phakathi kwenani elincane lezifunda, bewina kakhulu. Ukupakisha ama-cram amaningi ohlobo olulodwa lomvoti esifundeni esisodwa ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha ummeleli oyedwa kuphela, kunokuba bavumele ukuba bathonye imiphumela yokuvota ezifundeni eziningi.

Nakuba ukusakaza ukuphikiswa kunciphe, ukupakisha kwenza okuphambene ngokugxilisa izigodi ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Iqembu elilawula ukuvunywa kwezindawo livuma lezi zifunda ezigcweleyo kuphikisa, libavumela ukuba banqobe ngemikhawulo emikhulu yamashumi ayisikhombisa%, 80%, noma ngisho nangu-90%. Nokho, lelicebo lichitha amavoti okuphikiswa. Lemivoti eyengeziwe engaphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo edingekayo ukuze bawine ngenjongo, futhi abaphikisi abambalwa abanayo ukuba bancintisane ezifundeni ezizungezile.

Ukunambitheka kwenzeka lapho abaxhasi bebalazwe begxilisa izihlalo zomunye wabasekeli beqembu elilodwa noma ezimbalwa. Lokhu kwakha izigodi zemithetho ngamalungu amaningi kakhulu eqembu elilodwa, kunciphisa amathuba alowomkhandlu okunqoba kwezinye izifunda. Umphumela uwukuthi umbuthano ogcwele uthola izihlalo ezimbalwa ngemiphetho egobile yezindawo zezwe kuyilapho ulahlekelwa izihlalo eziningi ngemikhawulo emincane, kunikezwa iqembu elalidwebe amabalazwe inzuzo enkulu ezihlalweni ezizuzwe ingqikithi nakuba kungenzeka lilahlekelwe yivoti ethandwayo.

Inhlanganisela yokupakisha nokuqhekeka idala ukushaya kwentambo okunamandla okuphindwe kabili. Lenqubo ifezwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziphelelisanayo: ukupakisha nokuqhekeka. Ngokupakisha abavoti abathile abaphikisayo ezifundeni ezimbalwa futhi baqhekeze ezinye ezifundeni eziningi, abadwebi bamabalazwe banganciphisa ikhono lokuphikiswa lokuwina izihlalo kuyilapho beveza ukumelelwa kweqembu labo.

Ukuthumba: Abazingelayo

Ukuthumba kunyakazisa ikheli lasekhaya le-componbant selinye isifunda. Ukukhetha kungaba nzima kakhulu uma i-'sclone' ingasahlali esifundeni noma ebusweni esifundeni esisha esinesisekelo esisha. Lendlela ihlasela ngokukhethekile izigebengu ezihlala abamisi-mthetho ngokukhipha imingcele yesifunda ukuze zihlukanise nesisekelo sabo sezombangazwe.

Izazi zezombangazwe eziningi zinezindawo zezombangazwe; izindawo ezivela kwezombangazwe lapho zinabasekeli, abasizi bezombangazwe, abanikeli namagama okuqashelwa. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ikheli lasekhaya labo liphelela esifundeni esihlukile kunesezisekelo zabo? Ukuthumba leli cebo ngokudweba imigqa emisha yesifunda ebeka ikhaya lesifunda esinabantu ababodwa esifundeni esisodwa kuyilapho abasekeli babo abayinhloko bephelela kwesinye isifunda ngokuphelele.

Ukuthumba kususa umvoti wezombangazwe ongowodwa owenzelwa kwesinye isifunda, kubashiya bekhungethwe esifundeni esisha bengasekelwa kakhulu. Abathunjwa kumelwe bakhethe phakathi kokuthutha ukuze bahlale esikhungweni sabo, bahambe esifundeni abangasijwayele lapho bengaqashelwanga noma bengasekelwa, noma baphumele kwezombangazwe ngokuphelele. Lendlela iphumelela kakhulu ekuqedeni abaphikisi bezombangazwe ngaphandle kokwehluleka ukubanqoba enkonzweni yokhetho.

Ukuphoqelela: Ukuphoqelela Ababedinga Ukubambisana

I-hijacking ibeka abezombangazwe ababodwa ababhikishayo abamelela izigodi ezihlukene ngaphambili esifundeni esisodwa ukuze bamelane. Lendlela ivame ukusetshenziswa lapho uhulumeni ulahlekelwa izihlalo zomphakathi ngemva kokubalwa futhi kumelwe uhlanganise izifunda, noma lapho iqembu elilawula ukuvikelwa kwezindawo lifuna ukuqeda abantu abathile abazimeleyo eqenjini eliphikisayo.

Ngokuphoqelela abaxhasi ababili ukuba bancintisane nesihlalo esisodwa, ukuthumba isiqinisekiso sokuthi okungenani oyedwa oyisishayamthetho onolwazi uzolahlekelwa isikhundla sakhe. Lokhu kungalimaza kakhulu uma bobabili abaduni bevela eqenjini elifanayo, njengoba kuphoqelela ukuba kuhlukaniswe ukukhetha okuyinhloko okungahlukanisa abasekeli beqembu kanye nemithombo yomkhankaso ongasetshenziswa ngokumelene neqembu eliphikisayo.

Iqembu elilawula ukuthumba lingasebenzisa ukuthumba ngokusemthethweni ukuze liqede abaphikisi balo abaphumelelayo noma lijezise amalungu eqembu labo angathembekanga ngokwanele. Lokhu kudala umphumela owesabekayo lapho abashaya imithetho bengase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba bathathe umugqa weqembu noma bazifake engozini yokubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwezihlalo zabo.

Inkathi Yanamuhla Yokulwa Namagciwane

Ubuchwepheshe Nokudweba Imapu

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe obuphambili nokwanda kobandlululo kulo lonke izwe kuye kwenza ukuba kube lula ngokwengeziwe, lapho abadwebi bamabalazwe bekwazi ukudonsela abavoti ebhukwini ledolobha. I-gerrymander yanamuhla ayifani nokudwetshwa kwezindawo ezishayelwe ngokwezikhawu zenkathi yangaphambili.

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokubhala izibalo iye yenza ukuba i-programme iphumelele kakhulu kunangaphambili. "Yayivame ukudweba izigodi ngesandla isebenzisa umthetho wamaslide," iKousser ithi. "Manje ungakhipha amapulani esifunda angu-10 000 kuyi-computer" i-software yokudweba ebhalwe phansi i-profayili engahlaziya imininingwane eminingi ephathelene nezindlela zokuvota, inani labantu, ukubhalisa, ngisho nokuziphatha kwabathengi ukubikezela ngokunemba okuphawulekayo ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene avota kanjani.

Imininingwane emikhulu futhi yenza kwaba lula kakhulu kwezombangazwe ukuba bahlose abavoti abafuna ukuba babe nabo esifundeni, cishe esingeni elisemzimbeni. Lokhu kulunga kuvumela abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba badwebe izigodi ezibonakala zinengqondo kodwa eziklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze zenze imiphumela enqunyiwe. I-gerrymanderer ehlakaniphile ingadala izigodi eziphukile nezigcwele ezibukeka zicocekile futhi zisesilinganisweni kodwa nakuba kunjalo zithanda iqembu elilodwa.

Umphumela uwukuthi ukuqamba kwanamuhla kungaba ngcono kakhulu futhi kungabi sobala kakhulu kunezifunda ezinesimo sesamarander ngo-1812. Izifunda zingalandela imingcele ebonakala inengqondo kuyilapho zisaklanyelwe ukukhuphula inzuzo yabameleli. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqamba i-germergermer kwenzeke nini futhi kunzima kakhulu ukubekela inselele amabalazwe asetshenziswa enkantolo.

INkantolo Ephakeme Ne - Partisan Gerrymander

Kumahlulelo ka-2018 iRucho ne-Common Past, iNkantolo yanquma eqediwe ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinalo igunya lokukhuluma nokusho i-gerrymanindering efuna ukunqanda i-Ronrymaning. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo sasishintsha kakhulu isimo sokulungisa i-redigation eMelika ngokususa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ekuqondiseni i-gerrymaning.

Iningi laphetha ngokuthi nakuba ukuhlukanisa okuhlukanisayo kuhambisana nezimiso zentando yeningi . . .. abaxhasi baveza imibuzo yezombangazwe engenakufinyelelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Isinqumo savala ngokuphumelelayo izikhalo zezigebengu eziphethe ama-gerrymaninder ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kanye futhi, sishiyela ikhambi lalendaba lingaziwa.

Umjikelezo wokulungisa imingcele ngemva kokuba kubhaliwe kwabangu-2020 waba ngowokuqala kusukela ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2019 ukuthi amabalazwe abekwe ngempoqo awanakubekelwa inselele enkantolo kahulumeni. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, amaMelika aye abona amanqamu ekhuphuka kakhulu emazingeni angenakuqhathaniswa ezindaweni eziningi — futhi amazinga amabi kakhulu angase afike. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwenkantolo ye-othoric gergerderning manje asemacaleni kahulumeni, imithetho yesizwe, noma inqubo yezombangazwe ngokwayo.

Nakuba i-gerrymanindering ehlukanisayo ingenakubekelwa inselele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, i-gergermanindering yobuhlanga ihlala ingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela kukahulumeni. I-parisan gerrymanindering ayinakubekelwa inselele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kodwa i-gerrymaning yobuhlanga ingaba ne-. Lomehluko wakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho lapho ibalazwe elifanayo lesifunda lingase livikeleke inselele njenge-gerrymermerning kodwa lingase libekelwe inselele uma lingaboniswa ukuba licalule ngokusekelwe ehlazweni.

Imijikelezo Yamuva Evuselela Izigayo

Ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo - 2020, amaRepublica alawula inqubo yokulungisa imingcele ezifundeni eziningi kunamaDemocrates, futhi asebenzisa lenzuzo ngonya. Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo okwalandela ukubalwa kwabantu kuka - 2020 kwabonisa indlela enamandla ngayo ukulawula inqubo yokwenza amabalazwe ekunqumeni imiphumela yokukhetha.

Ibalazwe lamanje le-cornodional yaseNyakatho Carolina liyindaba eqophelweni. Nakuba imigqa yezifunda ingabonakala ilungile, ihlela abavoti ngokunemba okukhulu kangangokuba amaRepublica aqinisekiswe ngokuphumelela kwemijaho engu-10 ye-operation engu-14 kazwelonke futhi angawina ingaba ngu-11 — umphumela owehlanekezelwe wempi yeminyaka yonke u-Democrates njalo ukuya emahhovisi ezwe. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela i-gerrymander engakha ngayo ukuxoxisana okuphawulekayo phakathi kwemiklasi yokuvota kanye nokumelelwa kwe-Ropera.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuyona yonke izifunda ezibukwayo eziyinqaba. Izifunda ezingabukwanga zingakhiwe ngenxa nje yokuthi zilandela isici sendawo esinjengemifula noma idolobha noma ngenxa yokuthi zigcina imiphakathi enezidingo ezifanayo noma ezibalulekile ezihambisanayo. Isimo sesifunda sodwa asifakazi ukuthi i-gerryandering; isihluthulelo siwukuthi imingcele ihloselwe ukulawula imiphumela elawulayo noma ukukhonza imigomo esemthethweni yokulawula i-redi efici.

Umphumela Wokwengamela Intando Yeningi

Uhulumeni Ongaphansi Kommeleli

Izinhlelo kufanele ziveze imiphumela ebonisa lokho okukhethwa ngabavoti. Kodwa uma amabalazwe ekhohliswa, abezombangazwe nabavoti abanamandla esikhundleni sokukhetha abavoti. Lokhu kuguqulwa okuyisisekelo kwezimiso zentando yeningi kuthinta isikhungo sikahulumeni omelele futhi kungashiya izakhamuzi zizizwa zingenamandla futhi zidukile.

Ukuqamba kungadala izimo lapho umkhandlu uwina izihlalo eziningi zemithetho naphezu kokwamukela amavoti ambalwa ahlangene. Lokhu kuhlangana phakathi kokusekela okuthandwayo namandla ezombangazwe kululaza ukugunyazwa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi kungaholela ezimisweni ezingabonisi intando yezakhamuzi eziningi. Uma abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi ukhetho lunqunyiwe kusengaphambili futhi amavoti abo angenandaba, kuqeda ukholo ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

Ukukhomba ngokweqile kungabangela imiphumela yokhetho nokumelelwa. Ukuhlanekezelwa kungashaqisa, ezinye izizwe zibone amanxusa ahlangene angafani neze nezindawo ezithandwa abantu ngokwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwakha uhlobo lwentela ngaphandle kokumelelwa, lapho izakhamuzi zibuswa khona izikhulu ezingameleli ngempela izithakazelo zazo noma izindinganiso.

Ukunciphisa Umncintiswano

Omunye wemiphumela ephawuleka kakhulu yokuncishiswa kokhetho lokuncintisana. Ukupakisha nokuhlukanisa kudala "amavoti ancishisiwe" futhi kunciphise inani lezifunda ezincintisanayo; ngo-2025 kubika, abahlaziyi bathola ingxenyana encane kakhulu yezifunda ezincintisana ngempela, ezifaka kokubili izikhundla eziningi ezisezingeni eliyingozi ezisele.

Lapho izigodi zidonswa ukuze ziphephele eqenjini elilodwa noma elinye, ukhetho lwangempela luba yisici esiyinhloko kunokuba lube ukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kushintsha amandla kubavoti abathatha inxaxheba eprimering, ngokuvamile okuholela ekufakweni kwemijovo eyingozi kakhulu edluliseleni ekhangisayo kunabathathi-mdlandla abangase bamelele isifunda sonke. Umphumela uba ukuhlaziywa futhi unciphe ukuzimisela ukuhlehla.

Izifunda ezilondekile zinciphisa ukulandisa. Uma abameleli bazi ukuthi baqinisekisiwe ngokuzikhethela okungaqinisekisiwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benzani, abanaso isisusa sokusabela ezinkathazweni ezihlangeneyo noma sokusebenza ngaphesheya kwemigqa ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga. Lokhu kungaholela ekubekeni imithetho futhi kugxile ekuthumeleni imiyalezo ngokulandelana kunokushaya imithetho.

Ukuhlasela Imiphakathi Emincane

Ukujoyina amandla ezombangazwe emiphakathini emincane ngokuvamile kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuhlukanisa abashokobezi. Ukuqhubeka kwezindawo zokuvota ezihlala abantu kanye nezindlela zokuvota ezihlukene ngokohlanga, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseningizimu, kusho ukuthi ukuhlukanisa noma ukupakisha imibala kungaba ithuluzi eliphumelelayo uma lingenathemba lokwenza inzuzo yeqembu ekulawuleni ukudwetshwa kwebalazwe.

Ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga nokugwedla kweqembu kudala izimo ezikhathaza kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi izindlela zokuvota zivame ukuvumelana nohlanga, ukuvota okuhlukanisayo kungaba nomphumela wokunciphisa amandla okuvota amancane ngisho noma leyo njongo ingachazwanga. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha ngokuphathelene nokuthi imingcele kufanele ihlotshaniswe kuphi phakathi kwenzuzo evunyelwe nekhethelo lobuhlanga.

I-Voing Rights Act ka-1965 yaklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo evota abambalwa nokuvimbela ukukhohliswa kwezinhlanga. Imizamo yokulawula izinhlanga ngemigqa yobuhlanga, namuhla, ingekho ngokomthetho. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kobandlululo nobuhlanga buhlala buphikisana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngezifunda ezinabantu abambalwa nokuthi kanjani ukuqinisekisa ngokulunga kwemiphakathi yebala.

Ukwanda Kokwanda Kwemibono Yezombangazwe

Kungase futhi kwakhe imizwa yokucasuka phakathi kwemiphakathi namaqembu ezombangazwe angaphazamisa ukwahlulela kwawo futhi aphazamise ukubambisana okudingekayo ukuze kuzuze i-United States. UGerrymandering unezela enkingeni enkulu yokuhlanganisa izombangazwe ngokudala izigodi ezilondekile lapho abazobhapathizwa kudingeka badlulisele khona ezisekelweni zeqembu labo kuphela kunokuba bakhe imifelandawo ebanzi.

Lapho izigodi zidonswa ukuba zibe nedemocratic noma iRepublican ekhungathekisayo, isimo esishukumisayo kwezombangazwe sishintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Kunokuba zifune isisekelo esifanayo futhi zihleke, izishayamthetho ezivela ezifundeni ezilondekile zingazizwa zicindezelwa ukuba zikhiphe izikhundla ezinkulu ukuze zigweme izinselele eziyinhloko emaphikweni eqembu labo. Lokhu kufaka isandla esinamandla ekukhungathekeni nasekuphazamisekeni okuthi amaMelika amaningi athole ukukhungathekisa ngezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Ukuntuleka kokhetho oluvamile lokuncintisana futhi kusho ukuthi abavoti abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi akunandaba ukuthi bathatha iqhaza. Uma umphumela unqunyiwe, umvoti angahlupheka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abalinganiselayo abangahlanganyela kodwa abanomuzwa wokuthi amavoti abo awasoze enza umehluko. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo wokuzibuyisela ngokwawo lapho ukujika okuphansi ezindaweni ezilondekile kuqhubekela phambili ukulawula kwe-crevers.

Ukuthola Nokulinganisa I - gerymander

Ukuhlola Okungokwezibalo Nezindlela Zokuxhumana

Abacwaningi nabasekeli baye basungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezibalo zokubona nokulinganisela. La mathuluzi asiza ekuboneni uma amabalazwe esigodi esetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukulwa, ngisho noma ukuxhashazwa kungacacile ngokubheka isimo sesifunda kuphela.

Igebe lokuphumelela liyisilinganiso esimane esingabalwa esingabonisa imiphumela yokuvota ngokukhomba. Isilinganiso samavoti aphoswayo eqenjini ngalinye: isilinganiso samavoti aphonswa ekulahlekeni kwezifunda (izithumbu ngenxa yokuqhekeka) kanye namavoti amaningi afakwa ekuwineni kwezigodi (izizumbulu ezizofakwa). Umehluko kulokhu kuvota okulahlwayo uhlukaniswa ngokuvota okuphelele, futhi isilinganiso esiwumphumela yigebe eliphumelelayo.

Igebe lokuphumelela linikeza inani elilodwa elingabonisa ukuthi omunye umuntu uye wazuza ngokulandelana. Igebe elikhulu lokuphumelela lisikisela ukuthi omunye udlala kakhulu amavoti, ayisici sokuziqhayisa. Nokho, izinkantolo bezinqikaza ukwamukela noma yimuphi u-millimet eyodwa njengovivinyo oluqinisekile lokungalinganisi.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-anethithi ne-media cishe ngeke uvele ngengozi, futhi ngakho - ke kungaba uphawu lomehluko ohlukanisayo. Umehluko osho ukuthi i-media-media uhlola ukuthi ivoti evamile ihlukile kakhulu yini ekuhlanganyeleni kwevoti yomsakazo, engaveza ukupakisha noma ukuqhekeka kwabavoti.

Ezinye izindlela zezibalo zihlanganisa izibalo ezimbili ezilandelanayo ze t-seast kanye ne-Monte Carlo ukulingisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iqembu lesisulu linendlela enamandla yokuwina (ezifundeni zalo eziminyene) kanye neqembu elizifakayo ngokuvamile linendlela encane kodwa ephephile. I-t-seasesting ingahlola lemiphumela ehlukile, futhi ingahlola amathuba okuthi uhlenga okunjalo kungenzeka ngenhlanhla. Uma umphumela ubungeke wenzeke ngenhlanhla kuphela, lokho kungabonisa ukuthi isimo siphethwe yi-gerryder.

Ukuhlaziya Okubonakalayo Nesimo Sesigodi

Nakuba ukuhlola izibalo kunikeza ukuhlaziya okuqinile, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlikihla kuyabonakala emehlweni enyama. Izigodi ezibunjwe ngendlela enjengenyoka phakathi kwemiphakathi, zihlanganisa izindawo ezikude ngamaphasishi amancane, noma zikhiphe izakhiwo ezithile kungaba izimpawu zokusebenzisa kabi. Nokho, isimo sodwa asisona isibonakaliso esinokwethenjelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba ukucabangela okusemthethweni kokuvuselela kungaveza ngezinye izikhathi izifunda ezibukwa ngokungavamile.

Ezinye zezibonelo ezithandeka kakhulu zokuqamba igerymander ziye zaveza izigodi ezineziteketiso ezikhumbulekayo ezisekelwe ekumeni kwazo. Lezi zihlanganisa "IGoofy Kicking Donald Duck" yesifunda neseOhio's "Lake Erie Monsster" ngokusobala izifunda ezihlotshiswe kakhulu zikwenza kucace ukuthi okunye okuhlukile kunemingcele engokwemvelo yomphakathi noma izici zendawo kuqhube inqubo yokwenza amabalazwe.

Nokho, ukuvota kwanamuhla sekuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Abadwebi bamabalazwe baye bafunda ukuthi ukuma okungavamile kukhangayo kuletha ukunaka nezinselele zomthetho, ngakho manje bavame ukwakha izigodi ezibonakala zivamile kuyilapho zisafinyelela imigomo efanayo ngokukhetha ngokucophelela. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlaziya amehlo kungathembeki kakhulu kunalokho, kwandisa ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo.

Amakhambi Nezinguquko

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Enye yezindlela ezithembisa kakhulu zokulwa nokunqanda ukufakwa kwegerymanider, ukususwa kwenqubo yokulungisa igeji ezandleni zabamisi-mthetho abalwayo nokuyibeka ngemishini ezimele. UGerrymander osetshenziswa njengevelele kwezombangazwe zaseCanada, kodwa akasavelele, ngemva kokumiswa kwezikhomishane ezizimele eziphethe imingcele yesifunda sesifunda. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCanada kubonisa ukuthi amakhomishani azimele anganciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ukulawulwa kwemingcele yesifunda.

Izifunda eziningana zase-U.S. ziye zamisa izikhomishane ezizimele noma ezizimele zokudweba amabalazwe esifunda. Lezi zikhomishane zivame ukuhlanganisa amalungu amaqembu amakhulu, kanye namalungu azimele, futhi zisebenzisa imithetho eklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ubulungisa nokuvimbela ukulawulwa kweqembu. Ezinye izimemezelo zikhuthaza ukutusa isishaya-mthetho, kuyilapho ezinye zinegunya eligcwele lokwamukela amabalazwe okugcina.

Ukusebenza kwekhomishane yokulungisa isimo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekwakheni nasekubekeni kwayo imithetho. Imishini ezimele ngempela enezimfuneko ezicacile zokuhlukanisa nokubona ithambekele ekukhiqizeni amabalazwe alinganiselwe kakhulu kunamaqembu alawulwa abanikeli bezombangazwe noma antula izindinganiso ezicacile. Izifunda zicabangela ukuhlelwa okusekelwe ekuhleleni kwezisebenzi ezisebenzayo, kufanele zifunde izindlela eziphumelelayo futhi zihlanganise nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinakukwazi ukusingatha iziphakamiso ezihlukanisayo, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuye kwaba indlela eyinhloko engokomthetho yamabalazwe acushiwe acushiwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zinelungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo eliwenqabela ngokuqondile ukunqanda noma ukumisa izindinganiso zokumisa imingcele esemthethweni engenziwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni ezisezifundazweni eziningi ziye zalahla amabalazwe ngokuthi ukuphulwa kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke aqinisekisa ukhetho olukhululekile nolungakho. Lezi zinselele zomthetho ezisezingeni eliphezulu zikahulumeni ziye zaba baluleke kakhulu endaweni yangemva kwe-Rucho, njengoba zimelela enye yeziphetho zokwahlulela ezimbalwa ezisele ekuhlolweni kwe-gerrymaning edlulayo.

Izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezingenamalungiselelo aqinile okumelana nomthetho-mthetho zingasebenza ukulungisa imithetho-mthetho yazo ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula noma ngesenzo somthetho. Izifunda-zwe eziningi ziye zaphumelela ekudluliseleni izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezizinzile zokumisa izikhomishane zokulungisa izifunda noma zisungule izindinganiso eziphoqelelweyo zokuhlela imingcele ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngenkani yezakhamuzi.

Izindlela Zomthetho Nezibalo

Abanye abashisekeli benguquko baye basikisela ukusebenzisa i-algorithm yezibalo ukuze badwebe imingcele yesifunda ngezindlela ezinciphisa ubandlululo. ICenter for Range Voting ihlobise indlela yokudweba izigodi nge-algorithm elula. I-algorithm isebenzisa isimo sikahulumeni kuphela, isibalo se-N sezifundazwe esifunwayo, nokwanda kwabantu njengemifakela. I-algorithm (yenziwe lula) yi: Qala ngohlaka lomngcele wezwe.

Ukusebenzisa imithetho-mthetho kusizakala ngokuba sobala futhi kutholakale. Noma ubani angaqinisekisa ukuthi i-algorith isetshenziswe kahle, futhi izinto ezifanayo ziyoveza imiphumela efanayo njalo. Lokhu kuqeda ithuba lokusebenzisa ama-gallery ngokufihlekile futhi kungandisa ukuqiniseka komphakathi emabalazweni aqondeneyo esifunda.

Nokho, izindlela zomthetho-mthetho nje kuphela zinokulinganiselwa. Njengoba ukungenela komuntu kusavunyelwe, ukuhlohlwa komthwalo nokuqhekeka kungaqhubeka, ngokwezinga eliphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yokuhlela ingabangela ukucabangela okubalulekile njengokugcina imiphakathi yesithakazelo ndawonye noma ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko ze-Voting Rights Acts zobumende obumbalwa.

Izindlela ezithembisa kakhulu zingase zihlanganise izindlela zobu - algorith nezokwengamela komuntu, zisebenzisa ama - computer ukuze zikhiqize amabalazwe amaningi angenzeka ahlangabezana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokulunga, bese kukhethwa abameleli abazimele phakathi kwalawo malungiselelo asekelwe ekucabangeleni okwengeziwe njengokulondolozwa komphakathi kanye nokumelelwa kwabambalwa.

Ukubonisa Imbonakalo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani odweba amabalazwe esigodi, ukuba sobala enqubweni yokulungisa isimo kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekutholeni i-gerrymanider. Uma ukuvala kwenzeka ngemuva kweminyango evalekile ngaphandle kokufakwa noma ukuphatha komphakathi, amathuba okusebenzisa kabi ayanda. Izinqubo ezivulekile ezivumela ukukhulumela komphakathi, zinikeza ukutholakala kokwaziswa namathuluzi asetshenziswayo ekwenzeni amabalazwe, futhi zidinga izincazelo ezicacile zezinqumo zombuso zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukulunga.

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla benza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuba zithathe igalelo eliqondile ekuhlobiseni i-Online. Amathuluzi avumela noma ubani ukuba adwebe amabalazwe esifunda sakhe futhi abone ukuthi izinhlelo ezihlukile zingathinta kanjani imiphumela ekhethiwe. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwe-democracy yokwenza amabalazwe kungasiza umphakathi ukuba ufundise ngokulungisa ibalazwe futhi unikeze ezinye izindlela zokudweba amabalazwe adwetshwe abashi bomthetho.

Izikhathi zokuzwa nokwenaba komphakathi zinikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokubona izinkinga ngamabalazwe ahlongozwayo, njengemiphakathi eye yahlukana noma izigodi ezibonakala zikhanga inzuzo yabashokobezi. Uma kudingeka iziphathimandla ezilawulayo ziphendule iziphetho zomphakathi futhi zithethelele izinqumo zazo, kudala ukulandisa okungadumaza izinhlobo ezitusekayo ze-gerrymaning.

Imithetho Yesifunda

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zayeka ukuthatha imingcele yamaphoyisa, uKhongolo lunegunya elingokomthetho lokulawula ukhetho lwengqungquthela. Umthetho wesifundazwe lonke ungamisa izindinganiso zokuhlanganisa ingqungquthela, udinga ukuba amazwe asebenzise izikhomishane ezizimele, noma asungule ezinye izindlela zokuvimbela ukulawulwa kwemingcele yesifunda.

Izihlongozo ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa isimo zikahulumeni ziye zasungulwa eSivumelwaneni, nakuba zingekho ezibekwe emthethweni. Lezi zihlongozo zihlanganisa izimfuneko ze-odanti yokuzimela, izinketho zokuhlela izifunda, namalungiselelo okubona ngapha nangapha. Inselele ikwakhela ukusekela okwanele kwezombangazwe ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ezinganciphisa ikhono lanoma yiliphi iqembu elilawula uMkhandlu ukuze lizuze ekusebenziseni i-gerryander.

Umthetho kahulumeni ubhekene nezithiyo zezombangazwe nezezomthetho. Ngokwezombangazwe, amalungu oMkhandlu azuza ekusekeleni izinguquko ezingasongela izihlalo zawo. Ngokomthetho, kunemibuzo ngokuphathelene nobungako begunya leSishaya-mthetho lokulawula ukuguqulwa kwemithetho ye-ocester, ngokuphambene nokuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlangene. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, umthetho kahulumeni uyaqhubeka uyindlela yokukhuluma nomphathi wesizwe.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Ezingakwenza

Hlala Unolwazi Futhi Uzihlanganise Nabanye

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekulweni nomthetho wokulawula ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo nokuqaphela ukuthi kwenzeka nini. Izakhamuzi kufanele zizifundise ngenqubo yokulungisa isimo esimweni sazo, kuhlanganise nowani odweba amabalazwe, iziphi izimfuneko okumelwe zilandele, futhi uma ukuvuselelwa okulandelayo kuzoba khona. Ukuqonda isikhathi kubalulekile, njengoba ukuvuleka kwesikhathi kwenzeka kanye ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, kwakha amafasitela amancane ethuba lenguquko.

Qaphela amabalazwe esigodi ahlongozwayo futhi uhlaziye ukuthi abonakala edonswa ngokufanelekile noma esetshenziswa ngokungcono. Bheka izimpawu zokuhlukanisa nokupakisha, njengemiphakathi eye yahlukaniswa phakathi kwezifunda eziningi noma izifunda ezihlanganisa izindawo ezihlukene ngaphandle kokuhlobana okunengqondo. Ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kanye nokuhlaziya kochwepheshe kungasiza ekuboneni i-gerrymander engacacile ngokuhlola kokubona kuphela.

Landela izindaba ezihlaziyayo nentuthuko yezwe lakho nesizwe. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center yeJaji kanye ne-CMMM ... Imbangela ye-[ inikeza imithombo kanye nokushintshwa kwezindaba ezivuselelayo. Ukuqonda umongo we-"FLT] kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele izindlela futhi zisekele ngokuphumelelayo inguquko.

Hlanganyela Enqubweni Yokulungisa

Uma kuvela ukuqulwa kwebalazwe, amazwe amaningi aveza ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingakhuluma khona ngamabalazwe ahlongozwayo. Ukuba khona kulamazwi futhi unikeze ubufakazi ngendlela izifunda ezihlongozwayo ezingathinta ngayo umphakathi wakho kungathonya amabalazwe okugcina. Ngisho noma amazwi akho angawushintshi umphumela, ukucindezela komphakathi wonke kungawenza umehluko.

Faka amahedi abhalweyo uma ungenakukwazi ukuya ezindlebeni. Iziphathimandla eziningi ezilungisayo zithatha ubufakazi obubhaliwe futhi kudingeka zicabangele ukufakwa komphakathi. Yisho ngokuqondile ngezinkinga ozibona ngamabalazwe ahlongozwayo, njengemiphakathi eye yahlukaniswa noma izifunda ezibonakala zihehelelwa inzuzo yabashokobezi kunokuba zifeze imigomo esemthethweni yokubuyisela izigwegwe.

Eminye imibuso ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithumele amabalazwe azo ahlongozwayo. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okulungisa amabalazwe kuyi-website ukuze wenze amanye amabalazwe kungabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukukhetha okulungile futhi kucindezele abenzi bamabalazwe abasemthethweni ukuba bathethelele ukukhetha kwabo. Ngisho noma amabalazwe adwetshwayo ezakhamuzi angasetshenziswa, angasebenza njengezimpawu zebhentshi zokuhlola iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni.

Imizamo Yokusekela Izinguquko

Hlanganisa noma usekele izinhlangano ezisebenzela ukulwa nokukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kobulungisa. Lamaqembu ahlanganyela ekubekeni inselele ukuze abeke amabalazwe aneziphakamiso, amelele umthetho wokulungisa, afundise umphakathi ngokuqamba i-gerrymaninder, futhi amemezele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele enqubweni yokulungisa. Amalungu akho, iminikelo, noma isikhathi sokuzithandela singasiza ukuba lemizamo iphumelele.

Izakhelo zokusekela ama-collet kanye nomthetho wokumisa amakhomishane okuzimela noma ukusungula izindinganiso eziphoqelelweyo zobuhle besifunda. Ezizweni ezinezinqubo zomphakathi, abameleli benguquko bangadlula izishaya - mthetho ezimelanayo ngokuthatha iziphakamiso ngokuqondile kubavoti. Lemikhankaso idinga izisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuqoqa izigqebhene, ukuvota, nokuvota.

Xhumana nabamisi-mthetho bombuso wakho futhi ubatshele ukuthi usekela inguquko engokwezimo. Nakuba izishayamthetho ezizuzayo ekushintsheni isimiso, ukucindezela komphakathi kungaba nomehluko, ikakhulukazi uma abaxhasi bekwenza kucace ukuthi ukuhlaziya okusesilinganisweni kuyimpikiswano ebaluleke kakhulu eyothonya amavoti abo.

Hlakulela Zonke Izici Ozikhethayo

Enye yemigomo yokulawula iwukudumaza abavoti ngokwenza bazizwe amavoti abo engabalulekile. Ukusabela okungcono kakhulu ukuvota, noma kunjalo, noma kunoma yiluphi ukhetho. Nakuba ukuvota kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabathandi bakho ukuba banqobe, akukwenzi kube nzima. Ukuvuleka komqambiswa kunganqoba ngisho nezimo ezinkulu zokwakha.

Naka ngokukhethekile ukhetho lukahulumeni lwezishaya-mthetho, njengoba izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zilawula inqubo yokulungisa isimo. Iqembu elilawula isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni phakathi nonyaka wokulungisa imingcele livame ukulawula inqubo yokwenza amabalazwe, lenze lokhu kukhetha kube okubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi i-redi sigamente esilandelayo sizoba nemfanelo noma i-gerrymander.

Ungayeki ukuthatha izigodi ezibonakala zivunyelelwa ngokuphephile elinye iqembu. Izimo zezombangazwe zingashintsha, futhi izifunda ezingaphepheka zingaba umncintiswano uma kukhona ushintsho oluphawulekayo emzwelweni wovoti noma wokuvota. Ivoti yakho inengxenye ekwakheni amandla oshintsho, ngisho noma ingasheshi ngokushesha ibhidliza isifunda.

Ikusasa Lokuvuselelwa Kwezindawo

Ukulwa nokulwa nomthetho kuyaqhubeka kushintsha njengoba intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, ukushintshwa kwezindawo zomthetho, nokuqashelwa komphakathi kukhula. Umjikelezo wokwenza i-rediform womphakathi ka-2030 uzoba ubalulekile, njengoba kuyoba umjikelezo wesibili kusukela ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme iRucho sisusa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ekuqondiseni i-gerrymaning. Amabalazwe adwe ngemva kokuba kuhlalwe abantu abangu-2030 abumba eMelika eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.

Imizamo yezinguquko iyanda emazweni amaningi, njengoba izakhamuzi ziqaphela ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi ukubuswa ngentando yeningi kuwusongo lwesimiso sokubusa esidlula ezombangazwe. Nakuba omunye umuntu engase azuze ngokulawula emjikelezweni othile noma emjikelezweni wokukhetha, lomkhuba ekugcineni ululaza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi nokwethenjwa umphakathi kuhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elisebenzisa ukudweba amabalazwe.

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inciphisa zombili izindlela empikiswaneni yokuzihlola. Nakuba i-software yokudweba izibalo eyinkimbinkimbi yenza kube lula kakhulu uku-gerrymander ngokunemba, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo benza kube lula futhi ukubona nokudala amanye amabalazwe abonisa izindlela ezingcono zokukhetha. Ukubonakala kukhanya okukhulu nokutholakala kokwaziswa okunika amandla ezakhamuzi namaqembu e-ogag ukuhlola ukuvuleka kwemibala ngezindlela ezazingekho ezikhathini zangaphambili.

Ukucwaninga okwandayo ngemiphumela ye-gerrymanning kunikeza abameleli benguquko izikhali. Ukuhlola okubhala indlela i-gerrymander efaka ngayo isandla ekuhlukaniseni, inciphisa umncintiswano wokukhetha, futhi ihlanekezela ukuma kwemifanekiso kuyasiza ekuthuthukiseni isimo. Njengoba amaMelika amaningi eqonda izigxobo, ukucindezela kokuguqula kungenzeka kwande.

Ekugcineni, ikusasa lokuvuselelwa liyonqunywa yizakhamuzi ezifuna amabalazwe alungile futhi zigcine izikhulu zazo ezikhethiwe zinesibopho sokulandisa. I-Gerrymander iphikelela ngoba izuzisa labo abasebusweni, kodwa inganqotshwa lapho abantu abanele beyiqaphela njengenkinga futhi besebenzelana ukuze bathole izixazulu. Amathuluzi nolwazi lokulwa ne-gerrymaning kukhona; okudingekayo yintando yezombangazwe ukuyisebenzisa.

Isiphetho

I-Gerrymander imelela enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu zentando yeningi yaseMelika ekhulwini lama-21. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwayo ngo-1812 Massachusetts kuya ekusebenziseni kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi kwanamuhla, umkhuba wokudweba imingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi uye wavela futhi waqina. Ukuqonda indlela ukubopha kusebenza ngayo ngamasu anjengecrack, ukupakisha, ukuthumba, nokuthumba, nokuthumba.

Imiphumela yokuvota idlulela ngalé kwemiphumela yokukhetha. Inciphisa ukuncintisana ngokhetho, ikhuphule ukwanda kwezindawo ezihlukene, ilulaza uhulumeni omelela i-athone, futhi ingalulaza amandla okuvota emiphakathini emincane. Uma abezombangazwe bekhetha abavoti babo esikhundleni sokukhetha abezombangazwe babo, isithembiso esiyisisekelo sedemokrasi siyaphulwa.

Amakhambi akhona, kusukela ekukhonzweni okuzimele kokuzimela, ezindleleni zomthetho-mthetho oqinile kuya ezingeni zomthetho-mthetho wezwe. Inselele ifuna ukwakha izombangazwe ukugcwalisa lezinguquko ngokumelene nokumelana nalabo abazuza esimisweni samanje. Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile yokudlala ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyela ezinqubeni zokuvuselela, zisekela imizamo yenguquko, futhi zivote kunoma iluphi ukhetho.

Ukulwa nokulwa nokulwa nokulwa nokulwa ekugcineni kuyimpi yokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ulwe, ulwe, futhi ulwe nabantu.

Njengoba sisondela emijikelezweni yesikhathi esizayo elungisayo, izifundo zomlando namathuluzi okuhlola kwanamuhla zinikeza kokubili izixwayiso nethemba. I-Gerrymander ayinakugwenywa, futhi inganqotshwa ngokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi, ukulungisa izakhiwo, kanye nokuzibopha ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Isifunda esifuze i-samander esifuze igama laso singaba sesinesikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, kodwa ukulwela ukumelelwa okulungile kusenenzuzo futhi kuphuthuma njengakuqala.