Isizinda Esingokomlando Semithetho Yomshado

Umshado uye wasebenza njengenhlangano eyisisekelo kulo lonke impucuko, kodwa ukuphatha kwawo impahla ngokusemthethweni kuye kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Emthethoni wasendulo wamaRoma, umqondo we- manus wabeka umfazi ngaphansi kwegunya lomthetho lomyeni wakhe, okusho noma yiyiphi impahla ayilethayo emshadweni yaba eyakhe. Lomthetho wesiNgisi, owathonya kakhulu i-United States kanye nezinye izikhundla ezivamile, owaqala ngaphansi kwemfundiso yezembobo: isici somshado sabesifazane abashadile sabekwa ngaphansi kwegunya elingokomthetho, futhi wayengenakuzizuzelakhe, ifa, noma impangosi engaphandle. Lesimiso sahlala siqinile kuze kube phakathi nekhulu leminyaka lekhulu leminyaka le-19, lapho iMibuso yeMisebenzi enikeza amakhosikazi izikhundla nezindawo ezizimele. Lokhu kwabesifazane abashadile futhi kuqaliswe ukuqalwa kwezentengo yezomnotho futhi kungoko ngokomthetho womphakathi wanamuhla, futhi kulandelananele ngokomthetho womphakathi womphakathi wanamuhla.

Izindawo Zokuhlukanisa Impahla Yomshado Zanamuhla Ezingokomthetho

Indlela izimali ezihlukaniswa ngayo ngesehlukaniso ixhomeke kakhulu ekubusweni kwempahla okungaphansi kwezwe. Ngokubanzi, lemibuso iwela ezigabani ezintathu: impahla yomphakathi, izinhlelo zokwabiwa okulinganayo, nempahla ehlukene (noma isiqu esisekelwe). Uhlelo ngalunye luhlanganisa ifilosofi ehlukile mayelana nendlela umshado okufanele uphathe ngayo iholo nokutholwa komngane ngamunye.

Izakhiwo Zomphakathi

U-U.S. u-Arizona, California, Idaho, i-Louisiana, i-Nevada, i-Texas, i-Washington, ne-Wisconsin . Kulezi zindawo, noma yisiphi isakhiwo esithengiwe sibhekwa njengomshado ngokulinganayo, noma ubani unegama lakhe noma iholo lakhe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ifa langempela elithengiwe ngemali yomshado, futhi amashende anqwabelane ngesikhathi eshadile. Iminikelo nefa elamukelwa umngane womshado oyedwa, kanye nendawo yakhe ngaphambi komshado, ngokuvamile ihlala ihlukene ngaphandle kokuba ihlelwe umphakathi. Izehlukaniso, indawo ezindaweni ezihlukeneyo, noma inkantolo, nakuba ingenza ukulungisa imbukwane, noma okunye ukulahlwa kwempahla. Iminikelo yomshado iveza ukukhokhwana kwemali, noma ukuhlanganiswa kweminde yeminikelo yeminikelo yeze-o .

Ukusakazwa Okulinganayo

Izwe lonke lase-U.S., kanye namazwe amaningi (kuhlanganise neUnited Kingdom, Canada, Australia, kanye nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu), alandela isibonelo sokusakaza ngokulinganayo. Lapha, umgomo wenkantolo uwukwahlukanisa impahla yomshado ngendlela ewu “ukungalingani. Abahluleli bacabangela uhide olubanzi lwezici: iholo lomshado, iholo lomngane ngamunye nesikhundla sakhe, ubudala babo nempilo yabo, iminikelo eyenziwa njengempahla yekhaya noma yenye indawo yomsebenzi, futhi izinga lokuphila phakathi nomshado. Impahla ehlukene kakhulu. Izindawo ezihlukene zikhona ngaphambi komshado noma ifa lefa noma iminikelo ekhona ezindaweni zomshado, ngaphandle kokuba ihlanganiswe kakhulu nenani elikhulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuba iye yaba “inani eliye langenayo.” iminikelo eqediwe kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile iveza imiphumela ehlukaniseni emishadweni elinganayo emishadweni ezindaweni ezikade kakhulu kodwa ehambisana neyamukele iminikelo engcono kakhulu.

Isihloko ngokusekelwe (Izakhiwo zemvelo)

Izindawo ezimbalwa eziphethe, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ze-Asia ne-Afrika, zisanamathele esimisweni esisekelwe esiphezulu lapho impahla ihlukaniswa khona ngokomahluleli osemthethweni. Ezimweni ezinjalo, impahla yomngane oyedwa kuphela ayihlukene, ngisho noma itholakale phakathi nomshado. Lendlela iye yagxekwa kakhulu ngokushaya indiva amaqiniso ezomnotho omshado, ikakhulukazi iminikelo engewona amademonetery yomngane womshado ongase anikeze umsebenzi wokuphatha ikhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, eminingi yalemibuso iye yahamba iqhubekela ekusakazeni okungafanelekile noma yadala ukuphambuka okungahambisani okungokomthetho ukuze ivikele abangane bomshado abancikene nabo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Eziqondisa Inqubo Yokwehlukana

Ukuqonda lokhu kungasiza abantu ukuba bahlole imiphumela yabo futhi baxoxe ngokuphumelelayo.

Umshado Nomhlaba Ohlukene

Ukuzimisela okubaluleke kakhulu kunoma isiphi isehlukaniso ukuthi inzuzo iwumshado noma yahlukene. Impahla ehlukene ayikho okuhlukene. Impahla yomshado iyakwazi ukuhlukaniswa (ngokulinganayo noma ngokulinganayo). Izinhlobo ezivamile zempahla ehlukene zihlanganisa:

  • Izimpahla zomngane womshado oyedwa ngaphambi komshado, uma zingahlobene nezimfanelo zomshado.
  • Izipho noma ifa lalenziwa umngane womshado oyedwa kuphela, ngisho noma lamukelwa phakathi nomshado.
  • Imiklomelo yokulimala komuntu siqu (ngaphandle kweholo elilahlekile elaliyoba iholo lomshado).
  • Impahla yakhishwa ngokuqondile isivumelwano esingokomthetho sangaphambi kwenkathi noma ngemva kokuzalwa.

Ukuphoqa nge-athonsi, ngokwesibonelo, ukufaka imali yefa ebhange elihlangeneyo, kungenza impahla ehlukene ibe impahla yomshado. Ukuze kulondolozwe lo mdlalo ohlukile, izigaba kumelwe zilondoloze ukuhlukana okuqinile ngokwezimali.

Ukusekelwa Kweminikelo Engeyokwezimali

Umthetho wesehlukaniso wanamuhla uqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukanisa ama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi, ukuzalana kwezingane, nokusekela umsebenzi wobungane kungumnikelo obalulekile. Ezifundeni ezilinganayo, umngane womshado ohlala ekhaya ukuze akhulise abantwana kuyilapho omunye ethuthukile emsebenzini unelungelo lokukhokha imbuyiselo ngalowo mhlatshelo. Lokhu kuvame ukuboniswa ekuhlukaniseni kwama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi, ukukhokhelwa kwengxenye enkulu yekhaya lomshado, noma ukusekela okungalinganiyo. Isimiso “izindleko zomkhakhakhayo” siyamukeleka kakhulu: uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi wakhe siqu, umenzi wekhaya wenza omunye umngane womshado athole imali eyengeziwe, futhi imali ewumphumela wemisebenzi yokuphumula neholo engcono iyingxenye yomphumela yemizamo yakhe.

Izidingo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nekhono Lokuthola Impahla

Uma kucatshangelwa izimali zomuntu ngamunye oshade naye, umngane womshado osekhulile, onempilo ebuthaka, noma ongakwazi imisebenzi elinganiselwe angathola ingxenye enkulu yempahla noma ukusekela okuqhubekayo komshado.

Ukuthutha Izikweleti

Njengoba nje izikweletu zomshado zihlukene, kanjalo nezikweletu zomshado zenzakala ngezindleko zasekhaya, izikweletu zemoto ekhaya lomshado, imali ebolekiwe yemoto esetshenziselwa ukuthutha komkhaya, ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngendlela efanayo nempahla. Izikweletu ezihlukene (umk., imali yabafundi ethathwa ngaphambi komshado, noma izikweletu ezithathwe omunye umngane womshado ngenxa yebhizinisi lomuntu siqu) ngokuvamile zihlala nalowomuntu, nakuba izifunda eziningi manje ziphatha imali ebolekwayo yabafundi njengeyodwa ngisho noma zisiza umshado, ngoba imfundo ingeyomuntu ngamunye.

Imiphumela Yentela

Ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu yentela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudlulisela imali yomhlalaphansi kumngane oyedwa ngokusebenzisa i-Macroumont Poral Relations Order ivumela ozothola umshado ukuba abeke intela kuze kube yilapho ehoxisiwe. Ukuthengisa ikhaya lomshado kungabangela ukukhokha intela, nakuba ukuhlukanisa kungasebenza uma isamba semali siphakathi kwe-pareji ethile yesikhathi. U-Almosimonius, ngaphansi komthetho wentela wamanje wase-U.S. (u-1920 wezehlukaniso ngemva kuka-December 31, 2018), akasafaneleki kumkhokhisi noma umholo womamukeli weholo ongakhokhi noma ongakhokhiyo uma iholo lomashiwe yinguquko eshintshiwe amashumi eminyaka ethile. Ukuqonda lemithetho yentela kugxeka lapho kuxoxwa ngokulungisa inhlawulo.

Izivumelwano Zangaphambi Nezangemva Kokuzalwa

Inqubo evame kakhulu yokulawula ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla isivumelwano sangaphambi komshado (esisayinwe ngaphambi komshado) noma isivumelwano sangemva komshado. Lezivumelwano zivumela imibhangqwana ukuba ihlele ukubusa kwayo impahla, isekele imithetho emisiwe yokubusa kwayo. Ithandwa kakhulu kubantu abanengcebo enkulu yangaphambi komshado, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nalabo abashada kamuva nezingane zasebuhlotsheni bangaphambili.

Ukuze isivumelwano sangaphambi kokumiswa sisebenze, kumelwe sihlangabezane nezimfuneko eziningana: (1) kumelwe ukuba sibhalwe phansi; (2) bobabili kumelwe bawaveze ngokugcwele amakhono abo; (3) bobabili kumelwe basayine ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kwempoqo; futhi (4) lamagama akumelwe angalawuleki. Izinkantolo futhi zizohlola ukuthi iqembu ngalinye linethuba yini lokuhlola iseluleko somthetho esizimele. Izivumelwano ze- Postnupt zingaphansi kwezindinganiso ezifanayo, nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzisa ukucubungula okukhulu ngenxa yokuthi umshado usuyahamba kahle kakade.

Okunye ukuthambekela okuvelayo ukusebenzisa “izinketho” ezichaza okwenzekayo ezimweni ezihlukene( ngokwesibonelo, umshado omfushane nowesikhathi eside. Okunye ukufakwa kwezigaba zokushona kwelanga, lapho isivumelwano siphela khona ngemva kwenani elithile leminyaka, okwenza umbhangqwana ungakwazi ukunquma imithetho. Njenge- Cornell Legional Information Institute [ iphawula, ama-prenupy awekho ngenani elithile leminyaka; aba yithuluzi elivamile emibhangqwaneni eminingi efuna ukukhazimula nesivikelo.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngendawo Yomshado

Imishado yemingcele kanye nemikhaya yomhlaba wonke ibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ngenxa yokuthi amazwe ahlukene ahlukanisa impahla ngokwehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhangqwana oshadile esifundeni sempahla somphakathi (njenge California) ungathatha kamuva uthathele esimweni sokusakaza ngokulinganayo (njengeNew York). Imuphi umthetho osebenzayo? Ngokuvamile, indawo lapho umbhangqwana uhlala khona ngesikhathi sesehlukaniso ulawula isigaba, kodwa izinkantolo zingabheka emalini yomshado (lapho wawuphila khona kakhulu emshadweni) ukuze uthole isiqondiso. Imibhangqwana enempahla emazweni amaningi, ukugcinwa kwesehlukaniso kunganzima, ikakhulukazi uma inkantolo yezwe elilodwa inikeza umphumela ohlukile.

I-Hague Convention on the Law Active to Matrimonial Preace Regimes (1978) yazama ukuhlanganisa lemithetho, kodwa inani elilinganiselwe kuphela lezizwe eliye layigunyaza. Empeleni, imibhangqwana yamazwe ngamazwe kufanele ifune iseluleko kubameli abafunda ngemithetho yomkhaya enqamule i-661. Eminye imibhangqwana ikhipha “ukukhetha” izimemezelo ezivumelwaneni zayo zangaphambi kokuzalwa, ivuma ukuthi noma isiphi isehlukaniso siyophathwa ngomthetho othile wempahla ethanda ukuba iwenze.

Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, ukubusa okungahleliwe kuwuhlobo lomphakathi obekelwe inzuzo ehlukile phakathi nomshado kodwa okwazi ukulingana ngesehlukaniso. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi komthetho waseJalimane, “impahla ye-Sugwintemeinschaft” (umphakathi wenzuzo) idinga ukubala inzuzo yenetha yomngane womshado ngamunye ekuqaleni komshado nasesihlukanisweni somshado; ukwanda phakathi nomshado kuyahluka ngokulinganayo. Lesimiso somphakathi salowo mphathi nempahla kuhlala kuhlukene kuze kube sekugcineni. Ukuqonda lamanani abalulekile emishadwebeni kuyasiza i-exampriase zizwe ngezizwe.

Izinguquko Zamuva Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Umthetho womkhaya uyaqhubeka uguqulwa. Izifunda eziningana ziye zalungisa izimiso zazo ukuze zichaze i-metary famical + projectives, i-computer transmission, i-messages, amabhizinisi e-inthanethi, nempahla yezesayensi. Izinkantolo manje ezivamile ezilandelana namarekhodi ezibalo eziyimfihlo ukuze zilandele izinto ezifihliwe. Enye imbangela eqalayo ukulinganiselwa kwamaphepha-mvume ochwepheshe kanye namadegree. Kwezinye izimiso, ilayisensi yomngane womshado noma iziqu zomthetho (nesikhundla esiphambili esizinikezayo) zingathathwa njengempahla yomshado, ihambisana nenkokhelo yemali yomngane osekelayo. Kwabanye, akuyona impahla ngeyodwa, kodwa isici sengxenye esisetshenziselwa ukuthethelela isabelo esikhulu senye impahla noma inzuzo enkulu.

Amalungelo omshado afanayo, manje aqashelwa ezweni lonke kusukela e-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), aye athinta futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla. Ngaphambi kwe-Obergefell, imibhangqwana eminingi efanayo ne-saxsex yaphoqeleka ukuba ithembele ezivumelwaneni ukuze ivikele impahla yayo. Namuhla, ijabulela isivikelo esiphelele nezibopho ezifana nemithetho ehlukene yama-soxsex, nakuba eminye imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yenguquko isekhona emibhangqwaneni eyayishade ngaphansi kwemithetho yangaphambili noma eyathola ukutholwa kwesibili.

Ubudlova basekhaya nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kuye kwavelela ezimpikiswaneni zokuhlukanisa impahla. Izifundazwe eziningi manje zivumela umahluleli ukuba athole isabelo esikhulu sempahla esisubeni sokuxhashazwa esisulwini sohlukunyelwa njengohlobo “lwesifebe.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UMgaqo-mthetho we-Unicive uhlongoze i-FUFUL Pstace and Molive Resct Act ukuba ilinganisele ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano kuwo wonke amazwe, nakuba ukutholwa kwengane kuye kwathatha kancane.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Izithakazelo Zakho

Nazi izinyathelo eziningana abantu abangazenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bashadile, sebeshadile kakade, noma bacabangela isehlukaniso:

  1. [ Gcina ama-akhawunti ahlukene ngokwezimali[ ngenxa yangaphambi komshado nempahla ezuzwe njengefa, futhi ugweme ukuhambisana nezimali zomshado. Umkhondo wephepha ocacile ungalondoloza izici ezihlukile zalempahla.
  2. Iminikelo ye-iphayiphu engafaki inani [ emshadweni [ngokwesibonelo], gcina umbhalo wemisebenzi eshicilelweyo, iminyaka engu-66, noma umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqala wokukhulisa abantwana. Lobu bufakazi bungaba balulekile esimweni sokusakaza ngokulinganayo.
  3. Cela isivumelwano sangaphambi komnyaka noma sangemva konyaka uma unezinto ezibalulekile, ibhizinisi, noma izingane emshadweni wangaphambili. Izindleko zokudweba nokubukeza isivumelwano esinjalo zingaphansi kakhulu kwezindleko zemali kamuva.
  4. Vuselela amabhukwana okuhlela indawo[ ngemva kwesenzakalo esikhulu sokuphila (umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuzalwa kwengane(*) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi leyontando, ukwethenjelwa, kanye nezinombolo zemali efihlwayo zihambelana nezinhloso zakho.
  5. Funa iseluleko sochwepheshe kummeli womthetho womkhaya onolwazi osebenza egunyeni lakho. Imithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi ngisho nokungafani okuncane phakathi kwezimo kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu ngokwezimali.

Kulabo abase besekwenzweni isehlukaniso, kubaluleke ukuthola uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izimpahla nezikweletu. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje kuphela izinto ezisobala njengezindlu namabhange, kodwa futhi namasuntswana omhlalaphansi, amasheya, izinxephezelo ezibekelwe isikhathi esiphezulu, i-apply, izikhwama zemali, kanye nokulandisa kwamanani okunenani lemali. i-encyclopedia engokomthetho ye-[[ inikeza ukucacingisiswa okuwusizo kwalokho okufanelekelayo njengempahla yomshado eyaziwa kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokuhlukanisa izakhiwo zomshado asilingani. Sibonisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ethintana namanani mayelana nezindima zobufanasini, ukubambisana, nokulunga. Noma uhlala esimweni sempahla yomphakathi noma umbuso wokwabelana okulinganayo, isihluthulelo sokuvikela amalungelo akho sisekuqondeni imithetho esebenza esimweni esithile sakho futhi, lapho kungenzeka, ukuhlela kusengaphambili. Nakuba le nqubo ingaba ukukhokha ngokomzwelo, ulwazi lomthetho lunamandla okuxhumana nabantu bephuma esimweni sempahla futhi bagweme amaphutha abizayo. Kunoma ubani ocabangela umshado noma isehlukaniso, ukubheka ummeli womkhaya ofanelekayo akuyona nje inzuzo. Njengoba i-Bar Bar's Languages Languages Language [FFFOLD [F:] [F1] igcizelela ukuhlukaniswa komthetho womkhaya [FF1], ukugcinwa kwezehlakalo olusemthethweni futhi ukunciphisa ukwahlukana kwezehlakalo olusemthethweni.