I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-December 15, 1791, ime njengetshe lesisekelo lenkululeko yaseMelika. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ze-United States Constitution zivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi zilinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, lencwadi iye yaguqula uhlelo lwesizwe olungokomthetho, imibutho ephefumlelwe yobulungisa, futhi yahlala enkabeni yezinkulumo zezombangazwe ezinonya nezezenhlalo. Ukuqonda iMithetho yeMiyalo Yamalungelo (imvelaphi), izinhlelo zayo eziyinhloko, kanye no-agnomes cell wayo eqhubekayo ukuze iqonde ukuzama kwesizwe ngokwaso sodwa.

Umlando: Okwenza Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sidingeke

Ukwakhiwa kweBhili lamalungelo kwakungagwegwesiwe futhi kwakungenakungagwenywa. Ngemva koMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787 waveza uhlelo olusha lukahulumeni wesizwe onamandla, impikiswano enzima yokuhlukumeza yagqashuka ezindaweni ezingu-13. AmaMelika amaningi ayesaba ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo wanika igunya elinamandla kakhulu egunyeni elikude, ushiya izakhamuzi zingavikelekile ohlotsheni olufana nolwayo ukuze ziphume eBrithani.

I - casist comforest ne - Anti-Federalist

Inkulumo - mpikiswano yayisekelwe emibonweni emibili ephikisanayo. abalandeli be-FOLEDA , beholwa u-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay, baphikisa ngokuthi imvume yamalungelo yayingadingekile ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza uhulumeni amandla ahlelwa kuphela. Baxwayisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kungaba yingozi, okusho ukuthi amalungelo angasoleki. Umbangiselwano No. 84[FLT], Hamilton wabhala ukuthi "Umthetho-sisekelo ungowodwa, ngawo wonke umqondo onengqondo, futhi kuyo yonke injongo ewusizo, u-Bill of Rights."

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalandeli be-Anti-FEDAlist [, kuhlanganise noPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason, baphikelela ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, izakhamuzi zazingeke zikwazi ukuzivikela kuhulumeni ziphathwe kabi. Bakhomba esikweni laseBrithani lezicelo zelungelo ne-Greek of Rights of 1689 njengezibonelo. Abachazi be-Anti-Fedalist babethi imvume yamalungelo yayiyi-ihlola elidingekile egunyeni, ikakhulukazi ukuphelelwa kwemingcele yemithetho kanye negunya elikhulu legatsha elisha lezikhulu.

  • [ Abathandi bama-Federali:[ babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla wawubalulekile ukuze kube nobunye nobunye besizwe kanye nokuzinza kwezomnotho; babebheka iqoqo lamalungelo njenge-redundant noma ngisho nengozi.
  • [ Abaqondisi be-Anti-Federali: amandla esabekayo angasusa ubukhosi bezwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye; afuna isivikelo esicacile njengesimo sokuhlunga.

Ukuze bavikele ukuhlohlwa kwezifunda eziyinhloko njengeVirginia neNew York, abaqondisi be-Federali bathembisa ukuhlanganisa incwadi yamalungelo lapho uhulumeni omusha uhlangana. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni okungabaza, waba umklami omkhulu wezinguquko, edwetshwa ezihlongozweni zomhlangano ezihlolwayo zikahulumeni kanye neSimemezelo samalungelo. Waletha iziphakamiso eziyishumi nambili zeSivumelwano Sokuqala ngo-1789; abayishumi bavunyelwa yimibuso futhi baba yiSivumelo Samalungelo Ombuso.

Izinqumiso Eziyinhloko Encwadini Yamalungelo Abantu: Ukubukeka Okunemininingwane

Lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zihlanganisa uhide lwesivikelo, kusukela kubantu ngabanye kuya emingceleni yegunya likahulumeni. Ngezansi kuhlolwa incazelo ebanzi ngayinye, kuhlanganise nokubaluleka komlando kanye nokusetshenziswa kwanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo amahlanu: inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Kuvame ukubhekwa njengokulungisa okubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kuvikela inqubo yentando yeningi ngokwayo. Ukumiswa kuka-Claus no-Free Express Claus kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke umise inkolo yobuzwe noma unqabele izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise ukholo lwazo. Inkulumo nezisho ezici zichazwe kabanzi, ivikele yonke into ekungavumelani nezombangazwe. Imicimbi enjenge [[FLT: 0] Imicimbi enjenge [New York Times]. . [1964]) iqinise ukuvikelwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi ukugxekwa kwezikhulu, kuyilapho [FLP] CF]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esilawulwa kahle iMilitia, njengoba sidingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe." Emashumini eminyaka, incazelo yayo yaphikiswa. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sabekwa i-Drique of Columbia v. Heller[[FLT] [200:1] [200] [ilungelo] [2008] lokuvikela ilungelo lomuntu ukuba abe nezikhali zokuzilwa ngaphakathi kwekhaya, ezizimele zenkonzo ye-athonsitine. [i-FLT] [i GanFDonald]. iDolotte] [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [2010]) iqinisekisa lokhu kulelo lokudla izikhali ngobubanzi bezikhali. Namuhla, ukunqanyulwa kweminxeba, ukunqanda, ukuviselwa kweze-onqanda, nokuviselwa kwezentenxanxanxa.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

ISichibiyelo sesithathu sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele abaninimakhaya ukuba bahlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kwakuwukusabela okuqondile emikhubeni yaseBrithani abathathi bamakoloni abayithola ingenamdlandla. Sisalokhu siyinguquko egqugquzelwa kancane enkantolo, kodwa sibonisa isimiso esibanzi sokuzifihla nokuvikela ekuphathweni kwezempi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela "ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka" futhi sidinga imvume yokukhishwa kuphela ngesizathu okungenzeka, isekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi ithathwe abantu. Lokhu kusemqoka kwemibazwa yanamuhla eyimfihlo. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzise imvume yokuhlola i-gunday, i-GPS, kanye nemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe. Carpeent v. United States [2088], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando okungenazito-makhaleni, ukuvuma ukuthi ukubheka imikhondo kuphakamisa izindaba ezintsha.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlanganisa izigwebo eziningi ezibalulekile: ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvikelwa kwelungelo elimelene nokuzibeka engozini ephindwe kabili, ukuqinisekiswa kwenqubo efanele, nokwenqatshelwa kokuthatha impahla ngasese ngaphandle kokukhokha. Amazwi adumile "Iyancenda isihlanu" iziqu ezivela kumbhalo ozihlukanisayo. Inqubo efanelekile yokukhipha iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo itolikiwe ukuvikela uludwe lwamalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokufihla imfihlo emacaleni anjenga Roe v. Wade [12]] [7])) .[5]

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okungagudlisi

ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ukuthi lamacala anjani, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi ukuba bafakaze, nelungelo leseluleko esingokomthetho. Icala lengqoko yesifunda Gideon v. Wainright [1963] lamisa ukuthi amaqembu kumelwe anikeze ummeli kubamangali abangenakukwazi ukunikeza umuntu onecala, okungakhokhi ukufinyelela kobulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwezigwegwe Ezimweni Zomphakathi

Lokhu kulungisa kulondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacala omphakathi kahulumeni lapho imali ephikisanayo idlula amaRandi angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili, futhi kuvimbela izinkantolo ekugumbuqeleni lokho okutholwa abahluleli abahluleli ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile. Kubonisa inkolelo yabasunguli yokuthi amajaji asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla okwahlulela nohulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesibhozo senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Ukubekwa kwaso ngonya nangendlela engavamile kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukubekela isijeziso sokufa, izimo zokuvalelwa, nemisho engenakuqhathaniswa neze nobugebengu. Furman v. Georgia [1997], iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu [ephakeme] [yeSigwegwegwe]], ngokuphumelela isijeziso sentambo yegazi ezweni lonke, nakuba kamuva ibuye ibukeze imithetho yabo yokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezintsha. Intengiselwano eshini yemishivwe, njengoba iqinisiwe ku- TMB.[FLT] v Unicatinal], [2011]], eyayisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ukukhishwa kwesigwebo sezwe nohulumeni bendawo.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi: "Umthetho-mthetho, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengophika noma uhlupha abanye abantu. Lena kwakuyimpendulo kaMadison empikiswaneni kaFederal ukuthi ukudweba amalungelo kwakungasho ukuthi amalungelo angenakuba khona. Nakuba kungasetshenziswa kakhulu njengesisekelo esiyinhloko sokubusa, kusekela umqondo wokuthi amaMelika anamalungelo angaphezu kwalawo ashiwo ngokucacile, njengalungelo lokwethulwa, lowo iNkantolo Ephakeme eyawaqaphela Grisloldb v. Connecticut[FK:1] (1965).

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amalungelo Kahulumeni NobuFederalism

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe esiya ezifundazweni noma kubantu noma kunoma yimiphi imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni. Siyi-rock of American unistism, silinganisela isilinganiso segunya likahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yayicela ukuba ishaye imithetho kahulumeni edlula amandla ahlukene, njengaku- Pretz v. United States (1997), eyanciphisa imfuneko kahulumeni egunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho wezwe ehlola isizinda sabathengi bezibhamu.

Umphumela Wesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu E - American Society

I - Bill of Rights ayiyona into eyisidala engavamile; ibilokhu inamandla amakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, ithonya izinhlangano zezenhlalo, umthetho owenziwe ngobuciko, nencazelo yokwahlulela eqondisayo. Kuye kwasetshenziswa izimiso zayo ekubekeni inselele yokucindezelwa nasekunwebeni isiyingi senkululeko.

Ithonya Ezinhlanganweni Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Kusukela ekunqanyulweni kwenkululeko kuya kulokhu, abashisekeli baye bancika eSivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu ukuze bafune ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Iziqinisekiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokukhuluma nokuhlangana zanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubhikisha okungenabudlova phakathi neSivumelwano samaLungu samaLungu. Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. basebenzisa ilungelo lokunxusa ukucindezela uhulumeni ukuba uqede ukuhlukaniswa. Umzabalazo wabesifazane, ophethe iSimemezelo seSiphendulo seSikhumulo sekhulu, esisekelwe ezimisweni ezibanzi zenkululeko nesilinganiso esifakwe eBill of Rights. Muva nje, iLBGTQ izikhulu zeSigqi zisebenzise izigwebo sokuqala neshumi namashumi amane ezivikela ukulingana komshado nokuvikelwa kwezelelwa kwezentengiselwano yezelele. I-19565 neziphetho zezentellind ziye zacashunwe ezimpini zenkululeko yentsho noma zentshondla yempilo.

Ukuchaza Ukwahlulela Namacala Asemacaleni Asezweni

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni uhambo lweSikhathi Samalungelo. Nakuba iMarbury v. Madison [183] wasungula ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kwakusekhulwini lama-20 lapho iNkantolo iqala khona "ukuhlanganisa" okuningi kweMikhandlu Yamalungelo Amalungelo Amalungelo Awodwa kunezizwe phakathi kweNkathi YeSiphendulo Sezinqumo Yeshumi Eline Aneintshiya. Lenqubo, eyaziwa njengenhlanganiselaniso, iqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni kumelwe futhi bahloniphe inkululeko eyisisekelo. Izehlulele izihlulo zecala eziyinhloko zihlanganise [[FLT:]] v[FLD] v[FLT3] ngaphansi kwe-Evospective.[5]

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Nakuba ngokwezobuchwepheshe kuyicala elivikelayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, lakhela ezimisweni zenkululeko yomuntu siqu nesithunzi iBhill of Rights evikelayo.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): INkantolo yachaza isimemezelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuzinqumela ngokwaso ukuba sifune ukuba kubhekwe ukuthi kuqashelwe amalungelo azo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume, ukwenza izixwayiso ezidumile zeMiranda.
  • [[NTL:0] Roe v. Wade (1973): ibekwe elungeni lobuso, iNkantolo eyayiku "penumbras" yeMiphetho yokuQala, Yesine, Eyesihlanu, neye-Ninth.
  • I-Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Isivikelo esikhucululiwe sokuKhubazeka kokuqala ezindlekweni zezezombangazwe ezizimele, ezibangela ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo mayelana nemali kwezombangazwe.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Esikhathi Esizayo: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Ekhulu Lama - 21

Izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, izinkolelo ezishintshashintshayo zezenhlalo nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha nezimpikiswano ezihlobene nazo zonke izinguquko.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwayivivinya imingcele yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Imibuzo ephathelene nenkulumo yenzondo, ukwaziswa okunganembile, kanye nendima yezinkampani ezizimele ekuhleleni izinto ezingekho emthethweni ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula. Nakuba uhulumeni engakwazi ukucubungula inkulumo (ukuthobela ukudlulisa okuncane njengokukhuthaza noma ukuhlanjalazwa), amapulatifomu awaboshelwanga yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufuneni ukulandisa esiteji, umthetho omusha, ngisho nokulungisa umthetho. Inkantolo Ephakeme manje icabangela ukuthi iziphi izindaba ezingaphoqelela izinhlangano zezokuxhumana ukuba ziqhube inkulumo ethile.

Ukulawulwa Kwezibhamu Nesichibiyelo Sesibili

Ukudubulana kwempi nokudlondlobala kobudlova bezibhamu kunezimpikiswano eziqinile ngeSichibiyelo Sesibili. Inkantolo Ephakeme i- iHeller ne] McDonald[[ ishaya umthetho owenziwe nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi zisekele imithetho eminingi, njengezinqumo zesizinda nemingcele ezindaweni ezidumekile. [FLT:] Kumthetho owe-New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bru[FLD:] [FLD] [25] [202], iNkantolo ye-New York ephethe izigwebo, ithatha umthetho wempi engokomlando wokuhlola. [Flay'iright transtigggned transtives travoms travor, iphinde ikhiphe lwezi ngokomthetho zeze.

Amalungelo Okufihla Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yokwenyuka

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuphehlwa okungacabangeki siye sanwetshwa ngemishini yokuhlola. Ukufinyelela kukahulumeni ekwaziweni kocingo, ama-imeyili, kanye nezikhungo zezokuxhumana kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene namathemba anengqondo okungasese. Isinqumo se-Carterent [ saphawula isinyathelo esibalulekile, kodwa uMkhandlu nezinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwa nezindaba ezifana neqoqo lemininingwane eminingi yokwaziswa kocingo, ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso, nokuhlola komngcele okungenamibandela. I-USANTYSCOMT Act ka-2015 ikhuluma ngezinguquko ezithile, kodwa abameleli bezindaba zomuntu siqu baphikisa ukuthi kudingeka kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucushwa.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili Noshintsho Lwezobulungisa Besigebengu

Ikhathazekile ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, izigwebo ezidlulele, nezimo ezinzima ziye zabangela ukuba iSichibiyelo Sesi - 8 siqale. INkantolo Ephakeme ibeke imingcele yokuphila ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwesigwebo sezingane futhi ivimbele izigwebo zokufa ngenxa yobugebengu obuthile. Kodwa izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngomthetho-mfa wokuvalelwa komuntu yedwa, izinkokhelo nemali ebamba abamangalelwa abampofu, nesigwebo sokufa ngokwaso. Amanye amazwe aye aqeda isijeziso sentambo, kuyilapho amanye eqhubeka nokubulala naphezu kwempikiswano yomphakathi.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Embulunga Yonke

Nakuba iBill of Rights ihlukile eMelika, ithonya layo linwebeka emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningi aye amukela isivikelo esifanayo emithethweni yawo siqu, ngokuvamile ethatha ngokuqondile kumfanekiso waseMelika. ISimemezelo seZizwe Ezihlangene soMalungelo Abantu (1948) siveza futhi izimiso eziningi ezibekwe ezinqandiwe ezingeni lokuqala eziyishumi, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ingqungquthela, nesivikelo ekuboshweni okungenamthetho. I-Lill of Rights isebenza njengebhendex yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ukuchaza kwayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo kuhluka kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho.

Isiphetho: Isisekelo Esiphilayo Senkululeko

IBhili yamalungelo lingaphezu kakhulu kwencwadi engokomlando evalelwe egumbini lokugcina izinqolobane. Isimiso esiphilayo esiqhubeka sihlela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi zaseMelika. Izimpikiswano ezizungeze ukudalwa kwayo [1] ngaphezu kokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu, phezu kwezingozi zokuphatha ngonya kanye nesidingo sesivikelo esicacile. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha, kusukela ekuphilweni esingokokwenziwa ukuya entuthukweni ye-biotechnology, izimiso ezifakwe kuyi-Bill of Rights ziyoqondisa impendulo yesizwe. Intelekelelo nokuqonda lezi zinguqulo aziyona nje imfundo yezemfundo; kubalulekile ukugcina inkululeko echaza iUnited States. Ukuhlola umbhalo ogcwele nomlando, [FLD] [F] [5] [5] [5]