Ukuphishekela ukulingana kuyinselele echazayo ngemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Imithetho-sisekelo ayiyona imibhalo ehleliwe eshintshayo ukuze ibonise izifiso zomphakathi eziphakeme kakhulu zobulungisa nokulunga. Nakuba imibhalo yakudala yomthetho-sisekelo ihlangene nezindawo ezikhona, ikhulu lama-20 namashumi amabili leminyaka iye yashintsha kakhulu ekusebenziseni umthetho-sisekelo njengendlela eyinhloko yokuvikela amaqembu ahlukene. Lesihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo zokulingana, sihlola indlela izizwe ezisebenzisa ngayo lezi sivikelo, sihlaziya indima yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, futhi sibheke izinselele ezingapheliyo ezisaqhubeka endleleni yokulingana okungokomthetho ukuze ziphile ngokulingana okungalingani okusemthethweni.

Isisekelo Sokulingana Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukulingana komthetho-sisekelo kusekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo ezisebenza njengetshe eliyisisekelo lomphakathi onobulungisa. Lezizimiso ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela umbuso ekukhetheni abantu noma amaqembu ngokungenasizathu futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izinzuzo nemithwalo yomphakathi ihlukaniswa ngokufanelekile.

  • Ukulingana Phambi koMthetho:[ Lesisimiso sisho ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isimo sakhe, ungaphansi kwemithetho efanayo futhi unelungelo lokuthola isivikelo esifanayo esingokomthetho. Inqaba umqondo wesimiso esingokomthetho esihlukile sezakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene.
  • Non-Discrimination:[ Lokhu kuyisibopho esiphambene esimweni sokugwema ukuphathwa abantu noma amaqembu ngokungafanele ezicini ezithile ezinjengohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma indlela yobulili. Imithetho-sisekelo yanamuhla eminingi ibala izisekelo eziqondile ezivikelwe.
  • Isivikelo esiqinile somthetho: esisuka eMthethweni we-Gcini-mthetho we-14 we-U.S., lesi simiso sidinga ukuba uhulumeni asebenzise imithetho ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Iye yaba yithuluzi elinamandla lemithetho ebekela imithetho inselele edala ukuhlelwa kwamaqembu athile amaphutha.
  • I-Afrective Act / Substantive Expance: Ukuqaphela ukuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho (ukwelapha wonke umuntu ngokufanayo) akwanele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokomlando, amapulani amaningi omthetho-sisekelo avumela noma afune ukuba umbuso uthathe izinyathelo eziqondile zokuthuthukisa amaqembu abekwe ngokwemingcele. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa ekufinyeleleni [[[FLT:]] ukulingana okungalinganiyo [[FLT]]] ]

Lezizimiso zivame ukuchazwa ngelens yokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziye zasungula izisekelo zokuhlaziya ukuthi umthetho ohlukanisayo ungalunga yini. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa iziqeshana zokuhlola − ukuhlolwa kwe-lifecule[ kokuhlelwa okufana nohlanga, ukuhlolelwa kobulili obungagcinwa ngokomthetho [ nokwenye isisekelo sokuhlola kweminye imigaba. Lendlela eqoqiwe inqumayo itsheka umthwalo wobufakazi kahulumeni kumelwe ihlangane ukuvikela umthetho ohlukanisayo.

Imisebenzi Yesizwe Yokuvikela Amaqembu Angemuva

Ukuhlola izithombe ezihlukahlukene zesizwe kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngokuphathelene namandla nokulinganiselwa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho ezithathwayo.

E - United States of America

Isisekelo sokulingana kwe-avareji yaseMelika iSichibiyelo seshumi nane kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., wagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Isisekelo sokuvikelwa kwemithetho yesizwe [i-Foct:0] yiso esiyisisekelo sawo wonke amalungelo ezakhamuzi anqobile.

  • uphawu lwezwe oluthi i-Jurisprudence: Isichibiyelo se 14 saba isisekelo se- Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo[ [1954], eyathi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi akunaziqu zobuzwe. [[FLT:]] kwakuyisisekelo se-liveng v. Virginia (1977]), eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado we-65.
  • Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964: Nakuba ungekho ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, lomthetho kahulumeni ophawulayo uyisibonakaliso esinamandla semibono engokomthetho-sisekelo. Inqabela ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, imibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yesizwe ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni.
  • Impikiswano Yamanje: IU.S. okwamanje iphikisana nemingcele yokuvuma. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme iziqu ze-Fair Adgigicts v. Harvard [2023] yaphela ngokuphumelelayo ukuvala umjaho we-college izinqubo zokwamukela, iphawula ukushintshela eqeqeshiwe, incazelo ewumbala eyimpumputhe yokulingana.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

INingizimu Afrika inikeza olunye lwezimiso eziqhubekayo kakhulu zomthetho- sisekelo. I-post- apartheid i-Constitution ka 1996 yaklanyelwa ngokucacile ukuphulukisa uqhekeko lwesikhathi esidlule futhi imise umphakathi osekelwe ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi, ekusebenzelaneni kwabantu, nasemalungelweni abantu ayisisekelo.

  • Ingxenye ye-Enity Claus (Isigaba 9): Ingxenye engu-9 idlulela ngalé kokulingana okungokomthetho. Iyaqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi "ukulingana kuhlanganisa ukujabulela ngokugcwele nokulingana kwawo wonke amalungelo nenkululeko"" Ivimbela ukucwaswa kohlu olubanzi lwezizathu, kuhlanganise nohlanga, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isimo somshado, imvelaphi yohlanga noma yezenhlalo, ibala, inkathi yobulili, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, inkolelo, isiko, ulimi, nokuzalwa.
  • Ukulingana okungalinganiyo: INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika iye yachaza isiqephu 9 ukufuna ukulingana okungaqondakaliyo [. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athathe izinyathelo eziqondile zokusingatha imingcele engokomphakathi eyadalwa ubandlululo. Ukukhuthaza kokulingana nokuvimbela ubandlululo Act (PEPUDA) kunikeza uhlelo lwemithetho yokunikeza inzuzo kulomthetho wemithetho.

I - United Kingdom

I-UK, engenawo umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo owodwa obhaliwe, incike kakhulu ekubuseni kwephalamende. Nokho, Amalungelo abantu [ ihlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights in UK, inikeza itshe eliqinile lokuvikela amalungelo.

  • UMthetho wokulinganisa wa 2010: Lomthetho ohlukanisayo wahlanganisa izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye zomthetho olwa nobandlululo zaba uhlelo olulodwa, olubanzi. Uvikela abantu ekukhetheni okusekelwe ezicini eziyisishiyagalolunye [[[QLT:2] ezivikelayo[[FLT:]: iminyaka yobudala, ukukhubazeka, ukumisa, ukuhlangana komshado nokwenyunyana, ukukhulelwa nokukhulelwa, uhlanga, inkolo, noma inkolelo, ubulili, kanye nokusabela kobulili.
  • Isigaba se-Public Pace Yobungane: Ingxenye 149 yoMthetho we-Ealty Isho isibopho ezimisweni zomphakathi ukuba ube nesidingo sokuqeda ubandlululo, ukulingana kwamathuba, nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Lo msebenzi osebenzayo uyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlanganisa ukulingana kwenqubo yomphakathi.

eNdiya

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-Indiya, owamukelwa ngo-1950, ungenye yemininingwane eminingi kakhulu emhlabeni. Waklanywa ukuba wakhe isizwe esinobunye emphakathini onamaqiniso ajulile.

  • I Articles 14, 15, no 16: ISiphakamiso 14 siqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho nesivikelo esifanayo semithetho. ISiphakamiso 15 sinqabela ukucwaswa ngezizathu zenkolo, uhlanga, izigaba, ubulili, noma indawo yokuzalelwa. ISiphakamiso 16 siqinisekisa ukulingana kwethuba emsebenzini womphakathi.
  • I-Reserves (Isenzo esiqinisekisiwe): Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uvumela uhulumeni ukuba wenze amalungiselelo akhethekile entuthuko yamaqembu aswele ngokomlando, ikakhulukazi ama-Castes ahlelelwe ukumiswa (okuqala "ongathintwa"""), iSendrived Livementations, kunye nenye i-Endreadbess. Lesimiso semidathako yemfundo nemisebenzi kahulumeni singenye yezinhlelo zezenzo ezinwebe kakhulu emhlabeni.
  • Gender and Sexual Defect: INkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya iye yaba amandla aqhubekayo. Navtej Singh Johar v.Unity of India [2018], inkantolo esusa ubudlelwano obufanayo obungokwezentengiselwano, iqinisekisa amalungelo eLGBTQ+ umphakathi ngaphansi kwesilinganiso nenkululeko.

Indima Ebalulekile Yomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Womhlaba Wonke

Isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo wasekhaya sikhuthazwa kakhulu umthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu. Izivumelwano nemihlangano yamazwe kwakha izibopho ezibophekile ezifundazweni futhi kunikeza indinganiso yendawo yonke imithetho yesizwe engalinganiswa kuyo.

  • ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948): Njengencwadi yesisekelo somthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke, iUDHR imisa amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo bonke abantu abanelungelo lokulingana phambi komthetho futhi ivikeleke ngaphandle kokucwaswa.
  • Key International Parvements: Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawopolitiko (ICCPR) neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke esiphathelene nezomnotho, iSocial and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) ziguqula izimiso zeUDHR zibe izivumelwano ezibophezelwe ngokomthetho. Bafuna izibopho zesifunda ukuba ziqinisekise amalungelo alinganayo amadoda nabesifazane futhi zinqande ukucwasa.
  • [[IMIHLANGANO] Imihlangano ekhethekile: [[FT:2] [[FT:3] Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sokususwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo (ICERD).
  • ISivumelwano Sokuqedwa Kwazo Zonke Izinhlobo Zobandlululo Kubesifazane (CEDAW).
  • I - Convention on the Rights of Peoples Gulfer (CRPD).
  • amaBhodi ase-Treaty noMthetho othambile: Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ziqondiswa amakomiti anolwazi (umk., iKomiti yeCEDAW). Ukutusa kwabo okuvamile kunikeza isiqondiso esinegunya ngendlela izibopho zabo okufanele zifeze ngayo. Amabhukwana anjenge- Yigyakarta Principles[[ ekusetshenzisweni kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke mayelana nenkambiso yobulili nezimpawu zobulili aveza futhi ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo komthetho.

    • Umthetho wezwe lonke ubaluleke kakhulu emaqenjini ahluliwe angase angabi nagunya kwezombangazwe ezizweni zawo. Unikeza imvume yangaphandle yokulawula imingcele nemithetho elandelwa izinkantolo zasekhaya ezingayisebenzisa lapho kuchazwa imithetho-mthetho yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ivame ukubhekisela kumthetho wezwe lonke lapho ichaza iBill of Rights.

    Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Negebe Eliphakathi Komthetho Namaqiniso

    Naphezu kokwakheka komthetho - sisekelo oqinile nowezizwe zonke, ukufinyelela ukulingana kwangempela kusalokhu kuwumshikashika.

    Ukucwasana Okungokwemvelo Nokungahlangani

    Ubandlululo aluwona ngaso sonke isikhathi umphumela wobubi bomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuvamile lufakwa kuzo kanye izimiso zemfundo zomphakathi − ezimakethe zezindlu, izikhungo zokunakekela impilo, nesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Isazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw] ubandlululo [ luqokomisa indlela abantu abanezigaba eziningi zezemfundo (umz., owesifazane omnyama, umuntu owehlukile webala) angakwazi ngayo ukucwaswa ngokuhluka futhi ahluke kakhulu kunezingxenye zakhe. Amapulani angokomthetho avamile, avame ukuphatha izici ezifana nezinhlanga nezingazobulili, ngokuvamile ahluleka ngayo ukuthatha lokhu kucwasana.

    Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

    Ukulingana okungokomthetho kuyize ngaphandle kwemithombo yokuyisebenzisa. Ngisho noma ukunqoba okungokomthetho kunqotshwe, ukumisa ukwahlulela kungaba esinye isithiyo. Lesithiyo sezomnotho sithuthukisa umjikelezo wezemfundo ephambili, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokubekwa kwecala. Ukuthatha icala lenkantolo lokucwasa kuyabiza futhi kuxazulule isikhathi. Ngisho noma ukunqoba okungokomthetho kunqotshwe, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi isahlulelo singaba yisithiyo.

    Ukuphambana Nemigoqo Yokuzikhohlisa

    Izinkathi zentuthuko enkulu engokwenhlalo nangokomthetho zivame ukulandelwa ukuphikisana. Izinkantolo zingathatha kancane ukuchaza imithetho-mthetho ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ukumiswa kokwahlulela kungaba nokuphikisana kwezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwina impi engokomthetho akuyiwisi ngaso sonke isikhathi impi yombono womphakathi. Ushintsho lwezenhlalo ludinga okungaphezu nje kwenhlelo yenkantolo; ludinga ukushintsha kwezimo zengqondo, okuwumsebenzi wezesiko, imfundo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi.

    Ngalé Kwalezi Zinkantolo: Ukuphambana, Imfundo, Nezinhlangano Zezenhlalo

    Umzabalazo wokulingana awunakuncika kuphela ekwahluleleni. Umphakathi onamandla ubalulekile ekuguquleni izithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibe yintuthuko esobala ekuphileni kwabantu.

    • Inhlangano ye-NaACP Eccligic Litig: Izinhlangano ezinjenge- i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), iNaACP Expagnon and Educational Fund, kanye ne-Exastical Rights Commission e-UK isebenzisa i-diction engokomthetho eqhubekisela phambili amalungelo amaqembu agwegwegwe. Bakhetha ngokucophelela izindaba ezingamisa izimiso ezibanzi.
    • Ukubonana kwe-Public Wirevision and Education: Amaqembu aqaphile aqhuba imikhankaso yomphakathi ukuze alwe nehlazo futhi afundise abantu ngamalungelo abo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezimelene nokukhuluma ngenzondo, imikhankaso yokubona, kanye nokunyakazisa amalungelo. Imfundo ezikoleni mayelana nokwehlukahlukahlukana nokufakwa komphakathi olinganayo.
    • [[FLT:] Grasroots Organing: ushintsho oluhlala njalo lwezenhlalo luvame ukususwa emhlabathini phezulu. i-global amalungelo abantu ezwe lonke [[ iqaphela amandla ezinhlangano zomphakathi. Inhlangano yamaLungelo e-US, ukulwa nokulwa ne-aparastid eNingizimu Afrika, kanye nezinhlangano zanamuhla ezifana [[FLT:]# iMeo ne-Black Lives Conficity ibonakalisa amandla okuguqula inqubo. Lenhlangano i-progamestion, ukufuna ukulandisa, ukulandisa, nokuphonsa umthetho nenkambiso.

    Isiphetho: Umshikashika Oqhubekayo Wenhlangano Elungile

    Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho wamaqembu ancishisiwe singamathuluzi anamandla ekuphishekeleni ubulungisa. Kusukela kwi-Uncimel Protection Claus e-Impucule ye-14 kuya kumalungiselelo okuguqula i-alcity ye-UK's Eality Act, izimiso zomthetho zinikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sezwe elilinganayo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke unikeza ikhampasi yezimiso zokuziphatha nendawo yonke kanye nesethi yesibopho esiqinisa le mizamo yesizwe.

    Nokho, umthetho awuyona ikhambi. Ukulwela ukulingana kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, eshukumisayo. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo aziwona nje amazwi angenanjongo kodwa zihunyushelwa ekubeni ngokoqobo. Lokhu kusho ukubhekana nobandlululo olungokwesimiso, ukususa izithiyo zezomnotho, ukuhlanganisa ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bokuhlangana kwezindawo, nokumelana nokugobeka. Kufuna umsebenzi ocebelwe izakhamuzi, abafundisi, abasekeli, nabakhi bomthetho. Ngokuhlanganisa amandla omthetho wemithetho kanye namandla ezenhlalo nemfundo, singaqhubeka sisondeza emphakathini lapho ukulingana kungeyona nje into elungile, kodwa ilungelo labo bonke.