Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukuqonda Amandla Alo Nendima Yakho Njengezakhamuzi

Igatsha eliphethe injini elawulayo elilawula imisebenzi yezwe yansuku zonke kahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo ubeka amandla okulawula ezinkantolo, igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolothi. Kubantu abahlala khona, ukuqonda amandla nemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe akuyona nje indlela yemfundo nje kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuhlala waziwe ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwakho, umphakathi wakho, nesizwe sisonke. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucatshazwa okubanzi kwemithetho yegatsha, abadlali abayinhloko, nezindlela ezisebenzayo izakhamuzi ezingahamba ngazo futhi zihileleke ngezenzo zezempatho.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liholwa uMongameli wase-United States, okhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine yi-Electoral College. Umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli “ukuqaphela ukuba imithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka,” okusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo futhi iqhubeke njalo. Lendima ihlanganisa cishe zonke izingxenye zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe nakumthetho wangaphandle kuya kwezezomnotho nasempilweni yomphakathi.

Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi noMongameli ophethe i-Vice, iKhabhinethi (enziwa abaholi beminyango ephethe engu-15), kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi, amakhomishane, nezindikimba ezizimele. Zombili, lezi zinhlangano ziphethe iqoqo elikhulu elithinta zonke izinzuzo zeNtlalo Yokulondeka kwezenhlalakahle nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ekunyanzelweni kokuthunyelwa kwabantu nokusabela ngenhlekelele. I-White House ne Office of Management and Dricatement (OMB) inqubo yokuhlela nokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjengeDepartment of Department, iDepartment of Department, kanye noMnyango Wezempilo neNkonzo Yomphakathi yezenhlalakahle ifeza imisebenzi yazo ekhethekile.

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wegatsha eliphethe ukwenziwa kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe. UMongameli ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu wezohwebo, izivumelwano (ezivunyelwa yiSigele), ukwamukela amanxusa, futhi umelele i-United States embulungeni yonke. UMnyango weSizwe ne-National Security usekela uMongameli ekulolongeni nasekusebenziseni isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano zezohwebo, ukuhlangana, nokusabela ezinkingeni zomhlaba wonke.

Enye umsebenzi ukuqondisa izisebenzi zikahulumeni. Izisebenzi ezivamile ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-2, igatsha eliphethe lingumqashi omkhulu wezwe. Lezi zisebenzi zomphakathi zenza umehluko kusukela kwabahlaziyi basepaki nabahloli bezokudla kuya kwabahlaziyi abahlakaniphile nabahlolayo abagunyazi abagunyaza imithetho nezinkonzo ezigunyaziwe yi-Congress. UMongameli unegunya eliphawulekayo lokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala kulezi zisebenzi ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, i-ctranda, kanye nesiqondiso sokuphatha.

Amandla Ayinhloko KaMongameli

UMongameli uphethe amandla amaningana omthetho - sisekelo nomthetho - sisekelo avumela ithonya eliphawulekayo esimisweni sesizwe. Ukuqonda lamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukulandisa kubaholi bazo.

Isiyalo Sokuba Umqondisi Ne - Meyaranda Engumongameli

Elinye lamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu ngumyalo wesikhulu. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokuqondile iziyalezo zobuphathi, uye wasetshenziswa yiwo wonke uMongameli kusukela kuGeorge Washington ukuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Umyalo wesikhulu uphethe ithonya lomthetho kodwa awudingi ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano. Nokho, kumelwe ubekwe egunyeni elikhona noma amandla omthetho kaMongameli. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalezo zesikhulu ezidlula imingcele engokomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uMongameli u-Rry Truman's desecounter of orgaise (Exet Orderce 9981) noMongameli u-Francmental Franklin D. Roosevelt’s with's wind of American (Umthetho-Eqedrective 906, kamuva egxekwayo futhi ebuye wabekwa ngokwengxenye).

Umongameli i-Presidential trandada iyafana kodwa ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindabeni zokuphatha futhi ayidingi ukukhishwa kwezincwadi kuyi-Federal Register. Zombili izinsimbi zivumela omongameli ukuba benze izinguquko ezisheshayo ngaphandle kokulinda i-Congress, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba bavame ukuphikisana. Izakhamuzi zingalandela iziyalo zokuphatha nge-FLT Register ye-website esemthethweni.

Amandla Okunqumelana

UMongameli umisa izinkulungwane zezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji angokomthetho (kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), amanxusa, namanxusa ezinhlangano ezizimele. Iningi lalokhu kumiswa kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho, okunikeza i-cheke emandleni kamongameli. Amandla okumisa avumela uMongameli ukuba ahlele isiqondiso sikahulumeni iminyaka eminingi. Amashumi angamashumi eminyaka (eshumini nambili) adlulele phambili kwenkathi eyodwa, ikakhulukazi ngokumiswa kokwahlulela kukho konke. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuphenywa kwemithetho ngenxa yokuthi ithinta kanjani imithetho echazwa ngemibandela enjengelungelo lokuvota, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Umkhuzi-kakhulu-i-Chief

UMthetho-sisekelo ubiza uMongameli njengoMphathi wempi yamabutho ahlomile. Lokhu kunikeza uMongameli igunya lokuqondisa imisebenzi yezempi, ukuyala amabutho ukuba alwe, futhi enze izinqumo ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokuvikela isizwe. Nokho, iSishaya-mthetho kuphela esinamandla okumemezela impi. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwemibuso yempi yobumongameli negunya lobungqungquthela kuye kwaba umthombo wengxabano kuwo wonke umlando, ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kweSigqi Samandla Sempi sangowe-19373 sokudluliswa phezu komongameli uNixon’s. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izimpikiswano ngokungenela kwempi nokusetshenziswa kwempi.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli angawumisa umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolose, enqabela ukuba ube umthetho. IziKhomishane zingawudlulisa u-veto ngo-3% emakamelweni womabili, kodwa ukukhohlakala okunjalo akuvamile. Amandla eveto anikeza uMongameli indima ebalulekile enqubweni yezomthetho (ivumela umphathi ukuba avimbele izikweletu ezimelene nokuhleba. Abameli futhi basebenzisa usongo lweveto ukuze bathonye lokho okubekwa phambili. Iphakethe, eyenzeka lapho uMongameli engasayini isibambi isibambiso phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi lapho i-Hulumente isapho ipho, alisebenzi kakhulu kodwa lithuluzi elivamile kodwa elinamandla.

Amapardon Nezimbali

UMongameli unamandla okuthethelela izono zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kusemcimbini wokungagunyazi. Lo mbuso uvumela uMongameli ukuba athethelele ukuqiniseka komuntu futhi abuyisele amalungelo akhe omphakathi. AmaPardon angaphikiswa lapho esetshenziselwa ukuzuzisa izibopho noma njengethuluzi lezombangazwe. Amandla okuthethelela aphelele esimisweni sikahulumeni, kodwa awasebenzi ekwahluleleni kombuso. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izinqumo zobumongameli ngokuphathelene nobulungisa bobugebengu.

Amasesha Nokulinganisela: Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Eliqondiswa Ngayo

Abahleli boMthetho - sisekelo basungula ngamabomu isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Amandla egatsha eliphethe ahlolwa uKhongolose nejaji ngezindlela eziningana ezibucayi.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhomishane unamandla okuqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokuzwa, ngokuhlola, nangokuhlola. Amakomiti e-Congregational angafuna ukuba izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zifakaze ngezenzo zazo, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nezimiso. ISishaya-mthetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifake izivumelwano. ISishaya-mthetho silawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni (*akukho mali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwe-appropriation, futhi uMongameli akanakukwazi ukucheba imali ngokungagwegwegwesi ngezinjongo ezingavunyelwa yi-Congreslare. Indlu yokumisa, evumela ukuba i-paswe uMongameli ngenqubo ephakeme nengafaneleki""negesandlu yokuzisusa, ingenye enkulu kakhulu. Kuphela ababusi abathathu abaye bahluleka kakhulu: Andrew Johnn, Bill Clinton, no-Donaldensbacrangey (ice). Kodwa akukho nqubo yokuphatha kwesikhulu.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabukeza izenzo eziphethe zomthetho-mthetho. Uma umthetho noma umyalo ophethe uphula umthetho, izinkantolo zingawushaya. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Intsha Pheech Comment / Tube Co. v. Sayer (1852) elinganiselweyo uMongameli Truman ozama ukuthatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, siqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akanakwenza okungaphezu kwegunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo negunya. Muva nje, izinkantolo ziye zavala noma zalungisa izenzo eziningana zesikhulu, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kokuhamba nokuthutha. Izakhamuzi zingalandela isinqumo senkantolo esikhulu ngengosigebetho [[FLT] [FL:2]

Umbono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Nakuba kungelona isheke elingokomthetho, umbono womphakathi nemithombo yezindaba kunethonya elinamandla egatsheni eliphethe. Omongameli badinga ukusekelwa umphakathi ukuze kuphinde kukhethwe futhi kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lwabo. Ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi kungadalula ukuziphatha okubi, ukungafezeki, noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. IsiVumiso sokuqala sivikela ikhono lezindaba lokubika ngezenzo zezikhulu, futhi izakhamuzi ezihlala zinolwazi zingaba nesibopho sokubeka abaholi abavoti nesomphakathi icala.

IKhabhinethi Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

IKhabhinethi inekhone likaMongameli oyisekela kanye nenhloko yeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengoMnyango wezwe, iNdawo yezimali, iJaji, iZangaphakathi, i-Agriculture, i-Orty, i-House and Human Service, i-Transport, i-Energy, iProject, iPicesss Affairs, i-Veterans Affairs ne Homeland Security. Isekelo ngalinye linemisebenzi ekhethekile futhi liphethe izinhlelo ezithinta izigidi zamaMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango we-Vetens Affaiary Affaial uqhuba isimiso esikhulu sezempilo ehlangene ne-indawo ezungezile ephethe i-Agement (EPA) i-Agement (Epa) imisa izindinganiso zokungcoliswa komthetho kahulumeni.

Izinhlangano namakhomishane okuzimele, njenge Federal Reserve, iFederal Commission (FCC), kanye ne-Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC), asebenza ngokuzimela okuthile kuMongameli ukuze abavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, uMongameli umisa abaholi bawo, ngokuvamile ngemibandela edidazayo ukuze balondoloze ukuqhubeka. Izakhamuzi zingathola ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngenhlangano ngayinye USA.gov ukhombo lwezinhlangano zezwe.

Izimiso zabaqondisi ezisebenzayo ezisemcimbini: Imiphumela engokoqobo yomhlaba

Iziqondiso zesikhulu zingaba nemiphumela esheshayo nefinyelela kude. Ngokwesibonelo, umyalo kaMongameli Joe Biden ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu wabuye wahlangana nesivumelwano saseParis, kuyilapho umthetho kaMongameli uDonald Trump wemingcele yokufuduka emisiwe yokuhamba okuvela emazweni amaningana. Wonke ama-odolo aphethe akhishwa kuyi-Federal Register futhi agunyaziswe ku-3 ye-Codence of Federal Regionation. Izakhamuzi zingasesha futhi zikhulume ngemithetho ehlongozwe .gov

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemithetho nemithetho. Umyalo ophetheyo awukwazi ukuwudlulisa umthetho odluliswe yi-Congress. Uma iziKhomishane zingavumelani nomyalo wesikhulu, kungathatha umthetho ukuwulahla.(nakuba kungumthetho ongaphansi kwe-parence cental vento). Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme seSivumelwano Sezokuvikela Ikhaya v. IRegents of University of California[[[FLT] [200] [20] yabonisa ukuthi izinkantolo ziyohlola ukuthi uMongameli uyoba ulandeli we-Profestry umthetho olandelwa izinqubo ezifanele ngaphansi kwe-Adminitive Accedive Active Act.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlala Ngayo Zinolwazi Ngegatsha Eliphethe

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandelela izenzo zokuphatha futhi ziqonde ithonya lazo kufanele zisebenzise inxanxathela yemithombo engokomthetho, amathuluzi omphakathi, kanye nesithembiso sokuthembisana.

  • Ilandela amawebhusayithi kahulumeni asemthethweni kanye nezindlela zomphakathi. Indlu emhlophe (house.gov) ikhipha iziyalo zezikhulu, i-Profethi, i-Piceming, nezimemezelo zenkambiso. Amawebhusayithi e-Agency anikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngezimiso, izinhlelo, namazwi omphakathi. Ama-akhawunti ezindaba ezingokwezenhlalakahle avela kuMongameli, ku-Complatemplier, nonobhala bezinhlangano ngokuvamile amemezela izinyathelo ezintsha ngesikhathi sangempela.
  • Imihlangano yasobala namahholo amadolobha. Amanxusa amaningi kahulumeni enza imihlangano yasobala ukuze acele ukufakwa kwemithetho ehlongozwayo. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho futhi aphethe amahholo asemadolobheni lapho ungabuza khona imibuzo ngezenzo zobuphathi. Imitapo yezincwadi yasendaweni namaqembu omphakathi ngezinye izikhathi ahlela iziqephu nochwepheshe.
  • Imithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle ehlanganisa izenzo zikahulumeni. Amaphephandaba amakhulu njengeNew York Times, iWashington Post, iWall Street Journal, ne-Associated Press anikezele iWhite House nenkambiso kahulumeni. Izimpompo zangaphandle ze-NPR, C-SPAN, ne-PBSHOur zinikeza isambatho esiphezulu ngaphandle kwe-sciumthem. Ukuhlaziya okungokomthetho, ukufunda i-SCOUSTUSblog noma i-Lawfere.
  • Particate kwizinhlelo zemfundo yomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational Constitution Center, iBill of Rights Institute, neNhlangano yaMagagamente Women Voters zinikeza izimali zamahhala ngendlela igatsha eliphethe. Amakholiji amaningi omphakathi namayunivesithi angenisa izinkulumo noma izifundo ze-inthanethi.
  • Sebenzisa amathuluzi okubona ezwe. Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Act (FOIA) ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele amarekhodi avela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. IHhovisi Lomphakathi Lokunyathelisa (GPO) linikeza ukufinyelela kwiCongregal Record, Federal Register, kanye namanye amabhukwana asemthethweni. I-GovInfo
  • Signa izixwayiso ze-imeyili ezivela ezinhlangano ozikhathalelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA inikeza izixwayiso ngezimiso ezintsha, futhi i-Federal Register ithumela iziphetho zansuku zonke zezincwadi zomongameli nezenzo zezinhlangano.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Nempumelelo

Umongameli ongumsekeli unezindima ezimbili eziyinhloko: uqondisa iSigele (ukwephula amavoti okubhaxanda) kanye nokulandela uMongameli uma ihhovisi lingasasebenzi. ISichibiyelo se 25 seSigunyaziso, sagunyazwa ngo-1967, sasungulwa izinqubo zokulandelana komongameli nokukhubazeka kwesikhashana. Umongameli ongumKhosi uvame ukusebenza njengommeli nongummeleli kaMongameli ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo ethile. Isekela lamuva likamongameli liye lathatha i-portfolios, njenge-Kamara Harris ligxila elungelweni lokuvota nasethubeni lokufuduka.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nemingcele Yegunya Eliphethe

Phakathi nezinhlekelele − iiwar, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, izinhlekelele zemvelo − abaholi bavame ukubiza amandla amakhulu aphuthumayo. I-National Emerdiations Act (1976) ivumela uMongameli ukuba amemezele isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, avule izikhulu ezikhethekile zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Trump wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sokwehlisa ukwakhiwa kodonga, futhi uMongameli Biden wamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zomqeda umqedazwelo we-CHOVAD noshintsho lwesimo sezulu. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungaqeda isimo esiphuthumayo ngokudlulisa isinqumo esihlangene, futhi izinkantolo zingalinganisela izinga lemibuso ephuthumayo. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi izimemezelo eziphuthuma zingahlala zisebenza iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokuba iSishayandaba noma izinkantolo zingene.

Umthetho Wangaphandle, Izinkantolo, Nezivumelwano Zokuqondisa

UMongameli uxoxa nezinye izizwe, kodwa izibopho ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele kumelwe zivunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba isivumelwano siboshwe. Ukuze bagweme lesi sithiyo, omongameli bavame ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingekho sivumelwano sezizwe zonke ezifuna ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. Lezi zivumelwano zibopha ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe kodwa zingaphendulwa amongameli abalandelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zezikhulu kuye kwakhula kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulingana phakathi kwegunya likamongameli ne-costaunion. Izakhamuzi zingathola imibhalo yezivumelwano nge-webhusayithi yomnyango wezwe.

Ukuzikhohlisa: Ikhambi Elikhulu

Ukuvota kuyinqubo ethatha izinyathelo ezimbili: iNdlu yabameleli yamavoti ezihlokweni zokungagunyazi (njengecala), futhi uma ikhona, iSigele siqunga icala. Inqumbi engamashumi amathathu kuyadingeka ukuba iboshelwe iziboshwa futhi isuse uMongameli. Indlu ishiye amongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump kabili), kodwa akukho namunye osusiwe. Inqubo yokuvota ingosi yezombangazwe, hhayi ubugebengu, futhi isebenza njengesekeli sokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi komongameli wegunya. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi ukungathathi umthetho akudingi ubugebengu; “ubugebengu obukhulu nezenzo ezingafaneleki” zihlanganise negunya elingathi sína.

Isiphetho: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Igatsha eliphethe liyinhlangano enamandla neyinkimbinkimbi ehlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo, amandla, nemingcele yalo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elisebenza ngaphandle kobungameli, kodwa kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ukusebenzisa amathuluzi akhona [1], ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuthatha izimemezelo, nokulandela imithombo ethembekile. I-okhemisi yezokuhlola i-athonsi inguqu. I-sakhamuzi esinolwazi luyi-ehlolo olunamandla kakhulu kubo bonke.

Zinike isikhathi sokuhlola imithombo ehlangene nalesi sihloko. Ithibekthi yegumbi lokunyathelisa leWhite House, ikhokhele amaphephandaba ezinhlangano, futhi ubeke eceleni imizuzu embalwa isonto ngalinye ukuze ubukeze iziyalezo zezikhulu kanye nezinguquko zokubusa. Izindaba zakho zokuthembisana.