Table of Contents

Izinguquko ezisemkhankasweni womthetho-sisekelo zimelela omunye wemiyalo ebaluleke kakhulu ethinta ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeka imithetho emayelana nendaba yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi isahlulelo sicishe sigcine; izinqumo zayo zingashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo esetshenziswayo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma ngesinqumo esisha seNkantolo. Ukuqonda indlela lezincazelo ezishintsha ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingasabela ngayo ngokunenzuzo kuyo kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni okunenjongo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola inqubo yokuchaza umthetho, ithonya layo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, futhi izakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene zingahlala zinolwazi futhi zihileleke ngayo kulezi zenzakalo ezibucayi ezingokomthetho.

Isisekelo Sencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Lokho Okushiwo Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho iyinqubo lapho izinkantolo, iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho, nezindikimba zikahulumeni ziqonda futhi zisebenzise khona amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo ezicabeni ezithile nasezimweni ezithile. Ukuchazwa kwezehluleli kuyindlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo okuwasebenzisa ezimweni ezithile. Lenqubo ayiyona eyenzeki kodwa kunalokho iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi, imibuzo emisha engokomthetho, futhi izinkantolo zicabangela izahlulelo zangaphambili zicabangela izimo zanamuhla.

OFata Abasunguliwe bawusho ngokuhlakanipha lowombhalo ngokuwushiya uvulekele ekuhlolweni kwesikhathi esizayo ukuze uhlangabezane nezimo ezishintshayo. Lokhu kuvumelana ngenhloso kuye kwavumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlale uhambisana namakhulu amabili eminyaka, uvumelane nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, nokuqonda okushintshayo kwamalungelo nenkululeko abahleli bezakhiwo ababengenakuyilindela.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Igunya elaziwayo kakhulu leNkantolo Ephakeme ukubukeza kokwahlulela, noma ikhono leNkantolo lokumemezela isenzo somthetho noma sokuphatha ngokuphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso oyisisekelo, nakuba ungashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni ngokwawo, wamiswa embukisweni wamacala ka Marbury v. Madison futhi waba itshe eliyinhloko lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Lamandla okubukeza "kwezomthetho" anike iNkantolo umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kanye nasekulondolozeni "Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" o amalungiselelo awo amakhulu asebenza njalo ezimweni ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokubukeza kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Njengommeli wokugcina womthetho, iNkantolo ibekwa icala lokuqinisekisa abantu baseMelika ngesithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi kanjalo, isebenza njengomqaphi nomhumushi woMthetho-sisekelo. Lomthwalo wemfanelo ubeka ijaji endaweni ekhethekile yokuhlela incazelo engokoqobo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ezizukulwaneni zamaMelika.

Indlela Ehlukile Yokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Izazi ezingokomthetho namajaji basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho bechaza uMthetho - sisekelo, futhi ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezihlukahlukene kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zifinyelela iziphetho ezingafani ezindabeni ezifanayo.

UMahluleli uScalia uzibona engu-"umsunguli wezwe": umahluleli ochaza uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba nje kwakuhlosiwe. Abaqondisi bendatshaniswa baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi usungulwa, unikeza ukuqina futhi uvimbele amajaji ukuba abeke izintando zawo siqu ngaphansi kwencazelo ewumthetho.

Ngokuphambene, abasekeli be-"Constitution ephilayo" baphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele achazwe ngokwezindinganiso zezimo zamanje. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uvame ukuchaza izindinganiso ngolimi oludidayo, "inkululeko yokukhuluma," "isijeziso esingavamile" ne"isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho". Ukubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni okungasishintshwayo kweminingi yemiyalo yoMthetho-sisekelo kuvumele incazelo yazo ukuba zivumelane nesikhathi esincane noshintsho lwezesayensi yegazi.

Lamafilosofi ancintisanayo adala izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo futhi ayithonya ngokuphawulekayo indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amacala ahilela amalungelo ayisisekelo, imibuso kahulumeni, nokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondeka okuhlangene.

Indlela Ukuchaza Umthetho Okushintsha Ngayo Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Ukwakheka Okunamandla Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo kuyahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezinqumo zenkantolo, ngisho noma amagama oMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo engashintshi. Izinkantolo zisikisela izincazelo ezintsha zomthetho njengoba ziwusebenzisa ezimweni ezithile, ziveza izimiso ezingokwesiko, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, noma ukusungula imibono engokomthetho. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeka ngezinqubo eziningana, kuhlanganise nezinqumo ezintsha zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izinguquko ezisebenzini zokwahlulela, futhi zishintsha ekuqondeni izimiso zomthetho.

Ushintsho lomthetho lungakwenzeka kancane kancane ngoshintsho oluhlelayo endleleni izinkantolo ezisebenzisa ngayo izenzakalo ezikhona, noma ngokuphawulekayo ngezinqumo ezithatha imingcele eshaye izivumelwano zangaphambili. Izinqumo ezenziwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme zingaguqula indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo noma ngisho nokuzibheka njengengekho ngokwemithetho. Lezi zinqumo zinganikeza amalungelo noma ziwakhiphe, zishintshe ngokuphumelelayo isimo somphakathi.

Indima Yokukhohlisa Kwamaqaba Nezinkanyiso

Imfundiso yokugqolozela ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zenze amathemba angokoqobo ngesimiso somthetho, amalungelo, nemisebenzi yazo. Lezi zithakazelo zibalulekile ezakhamuzini ezihlala emphakathini. Zivumela ukuba zihlele imisebenzi yazo yansuku zonke ngokuqonda imithetho yomphakathi namathemba. Lokhu kuholela ekuzilawuleni nasekuzilawuleni kwababuswayo. Kuholela futhi esimisweni esiqinile nesilindelekile somthetho.

Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iyasigumbuqela isinqumo sayo sangaphambili lapho inquma ukuthi izinqumo zangaphambili zazinqunywe ngokungalungile noma azisasebenzisi izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, uma kuthathwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo kufanele zithathe imithetho yangaphambili lapho zinquma ukuthi kunezizathu eziqinile zokwenza kanjalo. Lezikhathi zokuchazwa kabusha komthetho-sisekelo zingaba nemiphumela emikhulu emalungeni nasemithwaloni yemfanelo yezakhamuzi.

Izici Ezithonya Umthetho - sisekelo

Izici eziningana zinezela ekushintsheni kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nokushintsha kwezimo zomphakathi kungathonya indlela izinkantolo eziwaqonda ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ikhono leNkantolo lokuvumelanisa incazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo nenguquko yezenhlalo - nokugcina uMthetho-sisekelo ukhona kanye noshintsho olulinganiselwe ngezindlela eziyinhloko. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amane edlule, ukumiswa kwamalungu eNkantolo, cishe konke ngaphambili kuye kwasebenza njengejaji, indima edinga izinga elithile lokunganciphikiswa kwezombangazwe nakushintsha kwezenhlalo. Umphumela uye waba, uRoss uthi, iqembu labahluleli abahlukene nempucuko yezombangazwe yesizwe ngisho nangaphambi kokuba bathathe izihlalo zabo eNkanto eNkantolweni. Ngaso sinye isikhathi, inani lobulungisa elikhona noma yisiphi isilinganiso sezehlakalo noma kunoma isiphi isiphi isikhulu sezombangazwe sikahulumeni - grobishone.

Izinguquko ekwakhekeni kweNkantolo ngokumiswa okusha zingaholela futhi ekushintsheni ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Amajaji amasha aletha amafilosofi nemibono ehlukene engayithonya indlela iNkantolo ephendula ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, intuthuko yomhlaba wonke, kanye nokuvela kwezindaba zomphakathi eziqhubekayo eziveza izimo ezintsha okumelwe izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisetshenziswe kuzo.

Ithonya Lokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Ngamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Imiphumela Eqondile Elungelweni Lomuntu Ngamunye Nasekukhululekeni

Ibekwa icala lokuqinisekisa ukulunga okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kanye nokusekela amalungelo aqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zenkantolo zihlela indlela amalungelo ethu achazwa ngayo ezikhathini zezizukulwane, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho namakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Izinguquko ezichaza umthetho-sisekelo zingandisa noma zivumelanise izinga lamalungelo ayisisekelo, zithinta yonke into kusukela enkululekweni yenkulumo nasekusebenziseni inqubo yenkolo eyimfihlo emalungeloni nakuvikelwa ekucalucalucalulweni.

Okwesithathu, ivikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko ngokumisa imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Ekugcineni, ibeka imingcele efanele kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezithandwayo azikwazi ukudlulisa imithetho elimazayo futhi noma zisebenzise kabi amaqembu amancane angathandwa. Lo msebenzi wokuvikela ubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe isimiso lapho amalungelo abantu ngabanye elondolozwa khona ngisho nalapho engase angathandwa yiningi.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zezincazelo Eziguqulayo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinguquko ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo ziye zaguqula umphakathi ngokuphawulekayo. UBrown Board of Education (1954), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yabheka khona ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle komthetho wemithetho, kuwumfanekiso omuhle wendlela incazelo yomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho eholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zezenhlalo. Lesi sinqumo saguqula amashumi eminyaka esigaba samalungelo abantu, ebonisa indlela ukuchaza kabusha komthetho wezomthetho okungabangela ngayo ushintsho lwezenhlalo.

Esinqumweni esihlanganyelwe kuGideon noWainwright, iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesithupha seSiphendulo siyilungelo eliyisisekelo, futhi isiHlulo se 14 sihlanganisa lelolungelo kubamangalelwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nalabo abamangalelwa ngecala lecala. Lencazelo yaqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwe bayothola iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, ngokuyisisekelo ishintshe isimiso somthetho sokwahlulela nokuvikela amalungelo abantu abangavikelekile.

Muva nje, izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo ziye zathinta amalungelo okuzala, ukulingana komshado, amalungelo ezibhamu nezinye izici eziningi zomthetho.

Imiphumela Eyingozi Ekuvinjelweni Kwemithetho Nasekuthethweni

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zimisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezimisa ukwakhiwa kwesimiso nokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso sedolobha, isifundazwe, nombuso. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emacaleni amakhulu, aphawulwe. Kusukela ekunqumeni okuphawula amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi kuya ekubhuntshiseni kabusha izinqumo zemithetho ekhona, i-SCOTUS ingasusa imithetho ekhona, ichaze kabusha imithetho ekhona, futhi ivule izinkundla ezintsha zenqubo yomthetho. Zingabangela ukuphikisana nohlelwa, ukusungulwa kwezenzo ezintsha zomthetho, noma ukuvala igunya lomthetho we-Congresssion.

Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza kabusha amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, izishaya-mthetho kuzo zonke amazinga kumelwe zilungise imithetho yazo ukuze ivumelane nokuqonda okusha. Lokhu kungadinga ukuthatha izinqubo ezinkulu zomthetho, izinguquko zokuqondisa, nezinguquko zezimiso ezithinta izigidi zezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda lemiphumela elawulayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde imiphumela efinyelela kude yokuchaza umthetho.

Izisusa Ezishukumisayo Zokuhlala Uzazi Ngoshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ngemva Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme Nezindaba Ezingokomthetho

Izakhamuzi zingathola ukwaziswa mayelana nokuchazwa komthetho-mkhandlu ngezindlela eziningi. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme (https://wwww.upremecourt.gov) ikhipha yonke imibono, izinkulumo eziphiwe ngomlomo, kanye nokwaziswa, okunikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile emithonjeni eyisisekelo. Ukufunda imibono yangempela yasenkantolo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuyinselele, kunikeza ukuqonda okunembile kakhulu ngendlela iNkantolo echaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho.

Izinhlangano zezindaba eziqanjiwe zinikeza ukuhlaziywa nokufushaniswa kwezinqumo ezinkulu zeNkantolo Ephakeme, okwenza ukucabanga okuyinkimbinkimbi kutholakale kakhulu ezibukelini ezivamile. Izindaba ezingokomthetho ezinjengeSCOTUSblog, iAmerican Bar Association Journal, nezincwadi zesikole zinikeza ukuhlaziya kochwepheshe ezinhlanganweni zomthetho. Le mithombo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zingaqondi kuphela lokho iNkantolo enqumayo kodwa futhi ziqonde nokucabanga okusho okushoyo okungase kuhloselwe yimiphumela yazo.

Izazi ezingokomthetho nochwepheshe bomthetho - sisekelo ezikhungweni zezokuxhumana banganikeza imibono ehlukahlukene efike ngesikhathi ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Nokufunda Okungokomthetho

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza imithombo yemfundo ukuze zisize izakhamuzi ziqonde umthetho - sisekelo. iNational Constitution Center inikeza imibukiso ehambisana nezindaba, izinhlelo zemfundo, nemithombo yezobuchwepheshe ehlola incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo. INhlangano yaseMelika yeLuvile Liberies Union (ACLU) nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezifanayo zisakaza iziqondiso ezichaza indlela izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo ezithinta ngayo amalungelo athile nenkululeko.

Izikole ezingekho emthethweni zivame ukunikeza izifundo ze-inthanethi zezomthetho-mthetho ngezindawo zesikhulumi ezinjenge-Courra, edX, ne Khan Academy. Lezi zikole zinikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okufunda ahlelwe kahle anesithakazelo ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda okujule kakhulu kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezindlela zokuchaza.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza izikhungo zamahhala nezingqungquthela ezichaza indlela izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo zamuva ezithinta ngayo izindaba zomthetho zansuku zonke. Lamathuba emfundo awusizo asiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde imiphumela yangempela yezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezingaqondakali.

Ukuhlanganyela Nezingxoxo Zomphakathi Nezomphakathi

Ukuhlanganyela ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, emahholo amadolobha, nasezingxoxweni zomphakathi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kunikeza amathuba okuzwa imibono ehlukahlukene nokuqonda okujulile. Imiphakathi eminingi ihlanganisa izenzakalo zoSuku Lomthetho-mthetho, izivumelwano ezingokomthetho, nezinhlelo zezivumelwano zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingafunda khona futhi zixoxe ngomthetho-mthetho nochwepheshe kanye namalungu omphakathi ezikanye nawo.

Lezi zenzakalo zinikeza ukuqonda ezimpikiswaneni zamanje eziphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo futhi zinikeza amathuba okubuza imibuzo futhi zihlanganyele ngokuqondile nochwepheshe. Izikole zomthetho zaseyunivesithi zivame ukwamukela amalungu omphakathi ukuba abe khona ezifundweni ezithile zomthetho - sisekelo nasezihlokweni ezithile.

Amaqoqo ezincwadi kanye namaqembu okufunda agxile emthethweni womthetho - sisekelo nasemlandweni waseMelika kunganikeza amathuba ahlelwe kahle ezakhamuzi ukuba zitadishe ndawonye incazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephansi Nezasesifundazweni

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ayiyona kuphela indlela yethu yokuvikela nokwandisa inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zinegunya lokwahlulela eliphakeme kakhulu esifundazweni ngasinye futhi zenza izinqumo zokugcina emithethweni esekelwe kuhulumeni ebhekene nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. I-ACLU i-ACLU isungula iNkantolo Ephakeme yamalungelo okulwa nokukhuliswa ngezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni. Abameli bazo banikezelwe ukusebenzisa izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuze bathinte ushintsho ezingeni likahulumeni, ithonya kahle, imibuso yezwe noma imithetho yesizwe.

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe ngaphandle kwalezo eziseMthethweni kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza lamalungiselelo ngokuzimele. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele izinqumo zenkantolo eziphakeme, ezingathinta kakhulu amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ezifundazweni zazo. Izenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile zomthetho-sisekelo ziqala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele izinga lombuso.

Izinkantolo zesifunda zezezikhalo zesifunda nazo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa ingembalwa yamacala. Ukuqonda indlela izifunda ezihlukahlukene ezichaza ngayo imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho ezingaveza izinqubo ezivelayo nezingavela impikiswano yeNkantolo Ephakeme esikhathini esizayo. Izinkonzo zezindaba ezingokomthetho zivame ukuhlukanisa ngokulandelana kwezindawo ezihlukene, --impikiswano lapho izinkantolo ezihlukene ezidlulisa izikhalo zifinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-gestle.

Izindlela Eziphumelelayo Izakhamuzi Ezingasabela Ngazo Izinguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlanganyela Nesinqumo Sokwahlulela Ngobuqotho

Ukuqamba kuyindlela ebalulekile esingahlanganyela ngayo embusweni wethu wentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi zithonya incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokungaqondile ngokhetho, njengoba abahluleli bezwe nabameli be-jenali beqinisekisa. Ukuqonda imibono yabazohlolwa ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo nefilosofi yokwahlulela kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezizothinta umthetho-sisekelo amashumi eminyaka.

Ezingeni likahulumeni, abahluleli abaningi babhekene nokhetho noma amavoti agcinwayo, benikeza izakhamuzi impatho eqondile ekukhetheni kokwahlulela. Ukucwaninga amarekhodi okwahlulela, amafilosofi, nezinqumo kwenza abavoti basekele abahluleli abazindlela zokuchaza ezihambisana nezindinganiso zabo. Izinhlangano zomthetho ngokuvamile zinikeza ukuhlola okungekhona kwesigaba sokukhetha ukuze basize abavoti.

Ama-senator enza indima ebucayi ekuqinisekiseni amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Izakhamuzi zingathintana namanxusa azo ukuze ziveze imibono yabo mayelana nomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nendlela abachaza ngayo umthetho-mthetho. Imikhankaso yokulawula ehlangene nokugunyaza imvume yokwahlulela ingathonya amavoti abavoti futhi ilolonge ukwakheka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Imithetho NeziNguquko Zomthetho

Nokho, uma iNkantolo ichaza umthetho, kungathathwa isinyathelo esisha sokushaya umthetho. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani nezincazelo zomthetho-mthetho, zingasekela ukusabela kwemithetho. ISishaya-mthetho singamisa imithetho emisha esebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho kuyilapho sisingatha izikhalo eziphakanyisiwe ngezinqumo zenkantolo. Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli, zihlanganyele ekuqulweni kwemithetho, futhi zisekele izinhlangano ezisekela amakhambi athile omthetho.

Ezimweni ezingavamile lapho ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kubonakala kungafaneleki ngokwezinga eliyinhloko ngezindinganiso zomphakathi, izakhamuzi zingasekela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho. Nakuba inqubo yokulungisa inzima ngamabomu, idinga iziphakamiso ezinkulu eziseSishaya-mthetho nakuhulumeni, kuseyinqubo engcono kakhulu yokulawula iNkantolo Ephakeme. Izincazelo ezingokomlando, kuhlanganise nalabo abadlulisela amalungelo okuvota nokuqeda ubugqila, zibonisa indlela izakhamuzi ezingayisebenzisa ngayo lenqubo ukuze ziguqule incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukhetho lungaletha ushintsho lwentando yeningi ngokubeka izindaba ezinjalo enqubeni yokushaya umthetho, "kodwa akuyona umsebenzi woMthetho-sisekelo ukwenza lokho." guqula izakhamuzi ezikanye nawe ukuba kungumqondo omuhle futhi uzibeke. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinqubo zentando yeningi ekuphenduleni imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngemithetho kunokuba kuncike kuphela ekuchazeni kokwahlulela.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano eziningi zichaza izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, zifuna ukuthonya indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zingayisekela lemizamo ngeminikelo, ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela nangokuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yokuphatha izigebengu. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, iNhlangano yeJaji, iBrennan Center for Justice, kanye nezinye eziningi zizama ukuguqula incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuzihlela.

Lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile zidinga abamelene nemithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni ezikholelwa ukuthi ziyawaphula amalungelo omthetho. Izakhamuzi ezithinteka ngokuqondile ezimisweni ezingase zidilivane nemithetho zingasebenza namaqembu angokomthetho ukuze zilethe amacala angase aholele ezincazelweni ezibalulekile zomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuzichaza okunjalo kudinga isibindi nezibopho ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa kungaveza izinqumo ezithinta izigidi zabantu.

Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezisekela ukuphatha izinhlangano zihlanganyela nasemfundweni yomphakathi, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zisekela izincazelo ezithile.

Izimpande Ezintekenteke Eziklama Futhi Zithuthelwe Umphakathi

Ingxoxo yekilasi iveza ukuthi i-'Abantu,' ayisho iNkantolo, njengethonya elishukumisayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho-mthetho wethu. Futhi, njengoba kucatshangelwa lapha, `Abantu' bahlanganisa thina sonke, hhayi ngabameleli bethu abakhethiwe kuphela kodwa futhi ngabanye, njengabantu ngabanye, njengezakhamuzi. Lombono ugcizelela ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiveli ezinqumweni zokwahlulela kuphela kodwa futhi nasendleleni izakhamuzi eziqonda ngayo, zixoxa futhi zenze ngokuvumelana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Imiboniso yomphakathi, imikhankaso yezicelo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingathonya ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuguqula inkulumo yeningi nangokubonisa ukusekela okusakazekile kokuqondwa kwamalungelo athile omthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano ezingokomlando zamalungelo omphakathi, ukugadla kwabesifazane, kanye nokulingana komshado konke kwathonya indlela izinkantolo ezagcina ngayo zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Ngenxa yokuthi amandla ezikhulu zezombangazwe axhomeke ekusekeleni kwabo komphakathi, izenzo zezakhamuzi zibalulekile ngokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo komthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi; ikakhulukazi, kunendaba ukuthi izakhamuzi zizimisele futhi ziyakwazi ukuvota ngokumelene nezigebengu noma zihileleke ezenzweni ezinkulu zokubhikisha kwezenhlalo lapho uhulumeni ephula amalungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho. Isenzo esihleliwe singadala ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okuthonya indlela izimiso zomthetho sisekelo eziqondwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Endleleni Yokuphendula Nokuhlolwa Kweningi

Lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa imithetho esekelwe ezincazelweni zomthetho - sisekelo, ngokuvamile zifuna ukuzwa umphakathi ngezikhathi zokukhulumela nangezikhalo. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kulezi zinqubo, zichaze indlela izimiso ezihlongozwayo eziyobathinta ngayo futhi zinikeze imibono ngemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho.

Izindikimba ezisemthethweni zivame ukuqula amacala ezindlekweni ezisabelayo ezincazelweni zomthetho-mthetho. Izakhamuzi zingafaka ubufakazi kulokhu kuthethwa, zinikeze izinkulumo ezibhaliwe, futhi zihlangane nabashaya umthetho ukuze baxoxe ngezinkathazo zomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuthembisana ngokuqondile kusiza abahleli bomthetho ukuba baqonde imiphumela yangempela yencazelo yomthetho-mthetho kanye nokusabela okufanelekile kwemithetho.

Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zamisa amakhomishane omthetho - sisekelo noma isakhamuzi esihlola izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo futhi situse. Ukuhlanganyela kule mikhakha kunikeza amathuba okuthonya ngokuqondile indlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ezinguqulweni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo Yezindaba Nokukhulumisana Komphakathi

Izakhamuzi zingathonya ukuqondwa komphakathi komthetho - sisekelo ngezincwadi eziya kubahleli, izigqebhezana, izingosi zezokuxhumana, nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana komphakathi. Ukuchaza izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo ngendlela efinyelelekayo kusiza ukuba kwakhe umbono womphakathi onolwazi ongathonya abaholi bezombangazwe, kanye nokucabanga kokwahlulela ngokungaqondile.

Izintatheli nezindawo zokusakaza zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuchazeni intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo emphakathini. Izakhamuzi zingasekela ukudayiswa kwezindaba ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihlanganisa izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, zixoxela abanye ukwaziswa okunembile futhi zikhulume ngokungeyikho ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukukwazi ukuhlaziya imithombo nokuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, okubalulekile ekubekeni izivumelwano eziphumelelayo ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Ukwenza noma ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni eziwumthetho, imikhondo ye-YouTube, nezinye imithombo yezobuchwepheshe ezigxile ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo kungafinyelela izilaleli ezihlukahlukene futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi nencazelo ebanzi yomthetho-sisekelo. La mapulatifomu avumela ukuphenya ngokuqondisisa izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi angenza umthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo ufinyeleleke ngokwengeziwe kubantu abangase bangahlanganyeli emithonjeni engokwesiko engokomthetho.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ebuthweni Lomthetho - sisekelo Obubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Njengenqubo Yentando Yeningi

Umthetho womthetho - sisekelo ubuye ube isifundazwe sezakhamuzi namanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Yinkambo emayelana nobuhlobo phakathi koMthetho-sisekelo obuqondwa njengencwadi abahluleli abanolwazi olukhethekile lokuchaza, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uqondwa njengempahla nesiphetho esivamile sawo wonke amaMelika, nendlela lezizinhlobo ezimbili zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlobana ngayo nesinye. Lobo buhlobo buhlangene kakhulu nokuhlobana phakathi kokubuthwa kwezombangazwe nokuchazwa kwengcaciso yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kusho ukuthi izivumelwano zezakhamuzi zingathonya ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho ngisho noma izakhamuzi zingahluleli ngokuqondile izindaba.

Hamilton wayebhale ukuthi ngomkhuba wokubukeza kokwahlulela iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi intando yabo bonke abantu, njengoba iboniswe eMthethweni wabo woMthetho-sisekelo, yayiyoba mikhulu kakhulu ngentando yendlu yomthetho, ezimiso zayo zingaveza kuphela intando yesikhashana yabantu. Futhi uMadison wayebhale ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kumelwe kushiyelwe esahlulelweni esinqunyiwe sabahluleli abazimele, kunokuba kusekubhikisheni nasengxabanweni yezombangazwe. Uma yonke impikiswano yomthetho ngokomthetho inqunywe ngokuphikisana kwezombangazwe, uMadison, uMthetho-Mpal-sisekelo wawuzoncishwa kube yimpi yamaqembu aphikisanayo, inkanuko yezombangazwe nomoya ombanayo.

Lobu bunzima phakathi kokuzimela kokwahlulela nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi buseyindaba eyinhloko yomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihloniphe ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuyilapho futhi zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ezicini zentando yeningi ezithonya incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukwakha Umthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, izakhamuzi zinengxenye ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo ngokuthuthukisa nangokugcina isiko lomthetho - sisekelo, elihambisana nokuqonda izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezibopho eziqondisa ukuziphatha ngisho noma kungekho mthetho ogunyaziwe.

Ukufundisa izingane izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokuqonda umthetho - sisekelo futhi kulungiselela izakhamuzi zesikhathi esizayo ukuba zihlanganyele ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo.

Ilingisa izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke(-) ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, ukuthatha iqhaza ezinqubeni zentando yeningi(impoqo yomthetho-mthetho). Uma izakhamuzi zisebenza ngokungaguquki ngokwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ziqinisa izisekelo zezenhlalo ezisekela ukubusa komthetho-mthetho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehambisana Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Kumelwe futhi ube nokuziphatha okuhle, futhi uqonde futhi usekele uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kuhilela ukuqaphela ukuthi amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo. Izakhamuzi ziyazuza ezivikelweni zomthetho-sisekelo kodwa futhi zinezibopho zokusekela ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo nokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye.

Lemithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukuhlala wazisiwe ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, ukuhlanganyela ezicini zentando yeningi, ukuhlonipha izinqumo zokwahlulela ngisho nalapho zingavumelani nazo, nokusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokusekela ushintsho olungokomthetho - sisekelo.

Nokho, ziningi ezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela ekubuseni ngentando yethu yeningi. Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingasebenza ezinkantolo, zihlanganyele ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, zihlanganyele ekubhikisheni ngokuthula, zisekele imfundo engokomthetho - sisekelo, futhi zibe nengxenye enkulumweni yasobala ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuchaza Impikiswano Engokomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda Imibono Engafani

Incazelo yomthetho ivame ukuhilela imibuzo ephikiswa kakhulu lapho abantu abanengqondo bengavumelani. Izakhamuzi kufanele zilwele ukuqonda imibono eminingi ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo, ngisho noma zizinikele ngokuqinile ezikhundleni ezithile. Lokhu kusiza ekuxoxisaneni okunenzuzo futhi kusiza ekutholeni izindawo ezingase zivumelane.

Ukufunda imibono ephikisanayo ezicabeni zeNkantolo Ephakeme kunikeza ukuqonda kwezinye izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo. Ukungavumelani kuvame ukuveza ukukhathazeka ngezinqumo eziningi futhi kuveza imibono ephikisanayo ngezincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda le miqondo ehlukile kucebisa ukufunda nokubhala umthetho futhi kulungiselela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokucabangela ngezimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlanganyela ngenhlonipho nabantu abanemibono ehlukile yomthetho - sisekelo kwakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo futhi kulondoloza ithuba lokuxoxa ngokunenzuzo phakathi kokungezwani. Ukuchaza uMthetho akufanele kube okuhlukanisayo noma okungokohlanga; izakhamuzi kufanele zifune ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezingaphansi kwezikhundla ezihlukile kunokumane nje zilahle imibono ephikisanayo.

Ukusabela Ezinqumweni Ongavumelani Nazo

Lapho izinkantolo zinikeza izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo izakhamuzi ezizithola zikhathazekile, kunezimpendulo eziningana ezakhayo. Okokuqala, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqiniseke ukuthi ziyasiqonda ngokugcwele isinqumo ngokufunda umbono noma izifushaniso ezinokwethenjelwa kunokuthembela kuphela ezihlokweni eziphambili noma ekusabeleni kwezezindaba. Ukusabela okuningi kokuqala ezinqumweni zenkantolo kusekelwe ekungaqondini kahle kwalokho izinkantolo ezazikuphethe ngempela.

Ngemva kokuqonda isinqumo, izakhamuzi zingahlola ukuthi izimpendulo zemithetho zingazisingatha yini izinkathazo zazo uma zihlonipha incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zishaya imithetho ethile kuyilapho zishiya amathuba okuthola ezinye izindlela ezizodlula ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Ukusebenza nezishaya umthetho kwezinye izindlela zomthetho - sisekelo kungaba nenzuzo kakhulu kunezinqumo zenkantolo eziphikisanayo.

Izakhamuzi zingasekela futhi imizamo yokuhlukanisa noma ukulinganisela izenzakalo ezidala izinkinga ngelinye ikhambi lesikhathi esizayo. Ukuchazwa koMthetho - sisekelo kushintsha ngezenzakalo ezilandelayo ezisebenza, ezihlukanisayo, noma eziwujuqu. Ukusekela izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezisebenza ekulolongeni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kungathonya indlela izimiso zomthetho eziqala ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imikhawulo Yegunya Lokwahlulela

Nakuba zihlonipha igunya lokwahlulela, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde futhi imingcele yalo. Izinkantolo azinakuphoqelela izinqumo zazo ngaphandle kokubambisana nezikhulu eziphethe nokwamukelwa umphakathi.

Nokho, lokhu kuqaphela akumelwe kukhuthaze ukumelana nokungabi namthetho ezinqumweni zenkantolo. Kunalokho, kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa izinqubo ezifanele("izenzo zokwethaba, ukuhlaziywa, ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho, kanye nokunxenxa kwentando yeningi) ukunikeza izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezibonakala zinenkinga. Ukulondoloza inhlonipho ngezinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nakuba zingavumelani nemiphumela ethile kulondoloza ukubusa komthetho.

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele futhi ukuthi akuyona yonke imikhankaso ehlanganisa imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho. Izindaba eziningi zingaxoxwa ngezombangazwe ezivamile ngaphandle kokufuna ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo. Ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo nezimiso kusiza ukugxilisa ukuvumelana komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezindabeni eziyisisekelo ngempela kuyilapho kushiyela umnyango wokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi kwezinye izindaba.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuba Izakhamuzi Ezinomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusungula Icebo Lomuntu Siqu

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo kufanele zithuthukise amasu asekelwe ezithakazelweni zazo, emakhonweni, nasesikhathini esikhona. Abanye abantu bangagxila emfundweni nasekuqondeni, kuyilapho abanye begcizelela ukuqapha nokuthatha isinyathelo. Zombili izindlela zinengxenye ekuthuthukiseni idemokrasi engcono.

Qala ngokubona izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo ezithinta wena noma umphakathi wakho ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuhlobana komuntu siqu kunikeza isisusa sokuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo futhi kukusiza ukuba uthuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathalela ubulungisa bobugebengu, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukulingana, noma eminye imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo, ukugxila ezimpikiswaneni ezithile kuvumela ukuqonda okujulile nokuphumelela kakhulu.

Zibekele imigomo enengqondo yokuthembisana. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukufunda umbono weNkantolo Ephakeme ngenyanga, ukuba khona kwezindawo zomphakathi ezidingida izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, ukuxhumana nabameleli ngokukhipha iziqu zomthetho, noma ukuzinikela ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho.

Ukwakha Amanethi Nezitolo

Ukuthembisana ngomthetho - sisekelo kuphumelela kakhulu futhi kuyasekelwa uma kwenziwa njengeqembu. Hlanganisa noma amaqembu agxila ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo, kungaba ngezinhlangano ezikhona, amaqembu omphakathi, noma ngemifelandawonye yezakhamuzi ezithakazelayo.

Ezinye izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo zihlanganisa abantu nemibono ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe, futhi lemifelandawonye ingaphumelela ngokukhethekile ekuthonyeni isimiso nombono womphakathi.

Ukwakha ukuqondisa okukhulu kwezakhamuzi ezifundile ngokomthetho ngokomthetho kuqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihlobene nokuqonda nokubaluleka komphakathi.

Ukulondoloza Isibopho Sesikhathi Eside

Ukuchaza umthetho kushintsha amashumi eminyaka, hhayi izinsuku. Ukuthembisa kwesakhamuzi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukunakwa okuqhubekayo kunokusabela okuqinile ezinqumweni eziphezulu. Khulisa imikhuba nezimiso ezikwenza uhlale wazisiwe futhi uzenze ngesikhathi, njengokubhalisela amapheshana angokomthetho, ukulandela iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho, noma ukuhlola njalo amakhalenda enkantolo aveza izimpikiswano ezinkulu.

Qaphela ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo luvame ukwenzeka ngokungalingani. Ukunqoba okuncane nokushintsha kancane kancane ekuchazeni kungahlanganisa izinguquko ezinkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukulondoloza isithembiso phakathi nezikhathi lapho intuthuko ibonakala ithatha ijubane noma izithiyo zivela kudinga isineke nombono wesikhathi eside.

Uma izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo zivumelana nezindinganiso zakho, ziqaphele futhi uzazi lezo miphumela kuyilapho uhlala uqaphile ngokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi nezinselele ezingase zivele. Uma izincazelo zidumaza, zihlaziya lokho okwenzekile, zihlole izifundo ozifundile futhi zilungise amasu azo.

Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Ufunda Nokuhlanganyela

Ama - Webster Abalulekile Nemithombo Yengcebo Yase - Internet

Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza ukutholakala kwemibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nokwaziswa ngecala. I-SCOUSBROG inikeza ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yeNkantolo Ephakeme. INational Constitution Center inikeza imithombo yemfundo, imibukiso ehambisana nezinhlelo zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. I-Oyez Project inikeza imithombo yemitapo eminingi ehlanganisa ukuqoshwa kwemizwa kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo kanye nokufushayezwa kwamacala.

Izinhlelo zomthetho njengo-Justia no-Google Isazi zinikeza ithuba mahhala lokuthola imibono yenkantolo kuzo zonke izigaba. Le mithombo ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifunde imithombo eyinhloko futhi zithuthukise ukuqonda kwazo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Amawebhusayithi amaningi omthetho anikeza ithuba mahhala lokuthola imfundo yezemfundo ngezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano ye - American Constitution, i - Federalist Society, iBrennan Center yezobulungisa, ne - Cato Institute zinikeza imithombo ebonisa imibono engafani ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Izincwadi Nezincwadi

Izincwadi eziningi ezitholakalayo zichaza incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ezibukelini ezivamile. Izikhulu zezikhulu zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinikeza ukuqonda ngendlela abahluleli ngabanye abaphendula ngayo imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izincwadi zezindaba eziwuphawu lwembula indlela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo okuye kwaqala ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Omagazini bomthetho kanye nomthetho banyathelisa izihloko zezazi ezichaza umthetho-sisekelo, eziningi ezitholakalayo nge - Internet.

Ukufunda amapeper aneziqu kanye nezinye izincwadi ezisungulweyo kunikeza umongo ongokomlando wokuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Le mithombo eyinhloko yembula izinhloso zabakhi bomthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano ezihlobene nokuthathwa koMthetho-sisekelo, yazisa izingxoxo zamanje ngokubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo.

Izinhlangano Namaqembu Ezisebenzi Zobufundisi

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza ezingxoxweni zomthetho-mthetho ngemibono ehlukene. Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi njenge-ACLU, i-Electronic Frontinent Foundation, neSikhungo sokuHlaziya Impumelelo yokuqala zigxile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. Izinhlangano zomthetho wezenzuzo zomphakathi njengeNhlangano yeJaji ne-Pacific Legal Foundation zihlola imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo futhi ziveza amakhambi enqubo.

Izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezomthetho nezinhlangano ezingochwepheshe basemthethweni ngokuvamile zinezingxenye ezigxile emthethweni ongokomthetho ezivuma ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zemfundo yomphakathi. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezomphakathi zivame ukuxoxa ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo ezithinta imiphakathi yazo. Ukuthola izinhlangano ezivumelana nezifiso zakho nezindinganiso kunikeza amathuba okuthembisana ngokunenjongo.

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza amathuba okuzithandela, ukuhlangana, noma izinhlelo zobudlelwane zezakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo esijulile ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Ukuba isakhamuzi Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda nokusabela ekushintsheni kwezinguquko ezisemthethweni womthetho-sisekelo kuyilungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuba yizakhamuzi eRepublic yentando yeningi. Ukuchazwa kwendlela eqinile yomthetho-mthetho kuvumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ushintshe futhi uzivumelanise nezimfuneko nezinkinga zomphakathi wanamuhla ngisho noma ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo ngokwalo lungashintshi. Izinkantolo zinezela ekukhuleni nasekuziphendukeni koMthetho-mthetho ngezahlulelo zazo, zithonya indawo engokomthetho ngezindlela ezijulile nezihlala isikhathi eside ezingenisweni zomthetho ngamunye, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kanye nokusebenza kwayo yonke indawo yesimiso sesizwe esingokomthetho.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi, zisekele ngokukholisa ngokwengeziwe izindinganiso zazo, futhi zibe nengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokubusa ngomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba izinkantolo zinegunya elikhethekile lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo, incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ekugcineni ivela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezinqumo zokwahlulela, izenzo zomthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso, nokuqondwa nokwamukelwa komphakathi.

Amasu achazwe kulesi sihloko .) Ukuhlala kolwazi ngemithombo ethembekile, ukwenza imisebenzi yomphakathi, ukusekela izinhlangano zokubusa ngentando yeningi, ukuthatha igalelo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, nokwakha izakhamuzi ezilawulwa umthetho-sisekelo (izakhamuzi ezinamandla omthetho-sisekelo) ukuthonya indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziqondwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo. Asikho isakhamuzi esisodwa esingalawula incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa sihlangene, sihlela ukuhleleka komthetho-mthetho ngezindlela ezijulile.

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho izoqhubeka isebenza njengoba izinguquko zomphakathi, izindaba ezintsha zivela, futhi izinkantolo zibuye zihlole ukuqonda kwangaphambili. Izakhamuzi ezihlakulela imikhuba yesikhundla somthetho-sisekelo nazo ngokwazo ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo kulezi zenzakalo eziqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ukuvota, imfundo, ukusekela, noma inkulumo yasobala, zonke izakhamuzi zinganezela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho kufeza izindinganiso zobulungisa, inkululeko, kanye nokulingana okusebenzisa isimiso sobushiqela saseMelika.

Ngokuqonda indlela incazelo yomthetho sisekelo esebenza futhi ihileleke ngayo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-mthetho, izakhamuzi zifeza indima yazo njengabagcini bomthetho-sisekelo abayinhloko. Lokhu kuthembisa kudinga umzamo, isineke, nokuzinikela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo evikela amalungelo, imingcele, futhi ithuthukise okuhle okuvamile kubo bonke abantu.

Isihluthulelo Sokuhlanganyela Esakhamuzini

  • Uhlala unolwazi olungapheli [ ngezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme nentuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo ngemithombo yezindaba ethembekile, amawebhusayithi angokomthetho, kanye nemithombo yemfundo
  • Ngaphansi kwemibono eminingi [ ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokufunda imibono, ukungavumelani, nokuhlaziya okuvela ngalé kwemibono
  • [ Isigaba ezinhlelweni zentando yeningi[ kuhlanganise nokuvota, ukuxhumana nabameleli, nokuhlanganyela ekuhloleni komphakathi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo
  • Izinhlangano zezesivumelwano ezisebenza ukubumba incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo nge-patroligia kanye nemfundo yomphakathi
  • Ukusungula ezingxoxweni zomphakathi [ ngezimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo nge-memons, izinhlelo zokufundisa, nezinhlangano zomphakathi
  • isifundazwe sezinkantolo zesifunda kanye nezinkantolo zendawo kanye nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo kwenzeka emazingeni amaningi
  • Phelisa umthetho-sisekelo wokufunda ngamakhosi, izincwadi, neminye imithombo yemfundo echaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezindlela zokuchaza
  • yakha imifelandawonye nabanye abanesithakazelo ezimcimbini zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi isekele ukuthembisana isikhathi eside
  • hlela izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho ungavumelani nezincazelo ezithile, usebenzisa iziteshi ezifanele ukuze ushintshe
  • Bheka indima yakho [ njengesakhamuzi somthetho-sisekelo esinamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi

Ngokulandela lezizimiso nangokugcina isibopho esiqinile sokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo uyaqhubeka usabela ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi kuyilapho uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nokugcina umthetho oyisisekelo. Ikusasa lokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo alixhomekile kubahluleli nabameli kuphela kodwa lixhomeke ekwakheni uhulumeni owenziwe ngolwazi, obophezele izakhamuzi eziboshweni zentando yeningi.