Indlela Uhulumeni Asebenzisa Ngayo Izinqumo Ukuze Amalungelo Akho Avikeleke

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungenye yezincwadi ezihlala njalo emlandweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, umisa uhlelo lokubusa olulinganisela amandla phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu. Emnyombweni walokhu kulinganisela kunezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi iBill of Rights, esebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi sokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho ilinganisela igunya likahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela lezizinguquko ezisebenza ngayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho kudingekile kusona isakhamuzi ngasinye esibheka inkululeko nobulungisa emphakathini waseMelika.

Isisekelo: Ukuqonda Izichibiyelo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo zakha iBill of Rights, eyabhalwa nguJames Madison njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Lezinguquko zazingeyona ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala owabuthwa ngo-1787, kodwa kunalokho zavela empikiswaneni enkulu ngokuphathelene nesikhundla esifanele segunya likahulumeni.

I-Bill of Rights yenezelwa kuMthetho-sisekelo ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wawungenamingcele egunyeni likahulumeni, nabaqondisi be-Anti-Federali befuna amandla okuhlala nombuso nohulumeni bendawo futhi besekela imvume yamalungelo okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lomongo ongokomlando wembula ukuthi lezinguquko zazalwa ngokukhathalela okuyisisekelo: indlela yokwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla ngaphandle kokubangela ubushiqela obabangela iNguquko yaseMelika.

I-Bill of Rights isebenza njengemithetho yokuqala ye-Melika elawula umbuso kahulumeni − ibusa uhulumeni ngisho noma unezinhloso ezinhle, ngisho noma umphakathi wesaba, ngisho noma iningi lingathandi, libhalelwe ukuphendula umbuzo osebenzayo wokuthi uhulumeni wesizwe oqinile ungakhiwa kanjani ngaphandle kokwakha uhlobo lweNguquko kahulumeni walwiwa.

Ngo - December 15, 1791, uMkhandlu wagunyaza iziNguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States – zonke ezaziwa ngokuthi i - Bill of Rights. Lokhu kuhlawuliswa kwaphawula isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni waseMelika, wasungula izivikelo ezicacile eziqhubeka zilolonga ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kamuva.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkolelo

Abasunguli babheka ikhono lokukhuluma nokukhulekela ngokukhululekile njengelungelo elingokwemvelo elivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoba uMkhandlu Wesizwe wenqabela ukwenza imithetho emisa inkolo noma inkululeko yokukhuluma elinganiselwe.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu ehlukene: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nesicelo. Lamalungelo enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza imibono ephikisanayo, zisebenzise ukholo lwazo ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni, zihlangane ngokuthula ukuze zisekele ushintsho, futhi zigcine uhulumeni wazo ulandise ngezindaba ezikhululekile. Ngaphandle kwalezi sivikelo, inqubo yentando yeningi ibingahlehliswa ngokuphelele, njengoba izakhamuzi bezingantula amathuluzi adingekile ukuze zihlanganyele ngokuzilawula.

Kumphakathi wanamuhla, iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zidlulela ezindaweni ezibonisa imishini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nakuyi-website, okubonisa ukuvumelana kwale nqubo noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zichaza lenkululeko ngokubheka izinselele zanamuhla, ukulinganisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokuphepha kwesizwe nokuphepha komphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo sesibili siye saba indaba yokuchazwa okubanzi okungokomthetho nenkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi. I-memondiment ikhuluma ngamalungelo abantu kanye nokukhathalela ukulondeka okuhlangene, okuholela ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sawo esifanele nomsebenzi emphakathini wanamuhla.

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zacacisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezibhamu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho sivuma futhi ukuthi leli lungelo alinamingcele futhi lingase lithonywe yimithetho enengqondo eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuvikelwa Ekuqungeni Amasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu sivimbela uhulumeni ekuphoqeleleni amasosha ukuba asebenzise amakhaya awo, ukusabela emithethweni eyanika amasosha aseBrithani ilungelo lokuthatha amakhaya abantu ngaphambi kweMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kubhenwe ezimpini zomthetho zanamuhla, lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukuzimisela koMsunguli kokuvikela ubungcwele bamakhaya abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

IJaji Lesigebengu Livikela: ISichibiyelo Sesine, Sesihlanu Nesesithupha

Amaphesenti angamashumi amane eBhili of Rights azinikele ekuvikeleni abantu abangaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho womthetho kuhulumeni abaphathwe kabi. Lokhu kugxila kakhulu enqubweni yobugebengu kubonisa ukuqonda okujulile kwabasunguli indlela amandla kahulumeni angasetshenziswa ngayo kabi ngokushushisa nangokujezisa izakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuzifihla Nokuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululwa ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ongenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yemvume.

Amalungelo omuntu siqu athola isisekelo esisekelwe eSichibiyelweni Sesine, esivimbela ukuphenywa nokuquleka okungenangqondo kukahulumeni, esifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kube nezizathu ezisekelayo okungenzeka zisekelwe yisizathu sokuziphatha, sivikele izikhala zezakhamuzi ekungeneni ngobuqili.

Kule nkathi yezokusetshenziswa kwemishini, iziNkantolo zeSichibiyelo sesine seziye zathatha incazelo entsha. Izinkantolo manje zibamba imibuzo ephathelene nokungafihli lutho oluyimfihlo, kuhlanganise nokuthi umthetho udinga yini imvume yokuthola ukwaziswa okusendaweni yocingo, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, kanye nezinye izinto zemishini. Lezi zinhlelo zanamuhla zibonisa indlela ukusheshisa okuqhubeka ngayo ukuvikela imfihlo emongweni abaQumeli abangeke bayicabange.

Imfuneko egunyaziwe isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola imibuso kahulumeni ngokucophelela, iqinisekisa ukuthi imantshi engathathi hlangothi ihlola ubufakazi ngaphambi kokugunyaza ukuseshwa. Lenqubo ivimbela ukuhlaselwa okungadingekile kwezindaba zomuntu siqu futhi ifuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi kungenzeka kubangelwe cishe (inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buyotholakala endaweni okuzoseshwa kuyo.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuzixazululeni

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiningana kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, sithi amacala amakhulu obugebengu kumelwe aqaliswe abahluleli abakhulu, ukuthi umuntu akanakuqulwa kabili ngecala elifanayo (ingozi ephindwe kabili) noma athathwe impahla ngaphandle kokukhokha, nokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuzilahla futhi abanakuboshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlanganisa isivikelo esinezindlela eziningi ezibucayi esisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kulungile ukuphathana ngokulunga. Imfuneko enkulu yabahluleli iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala amakhulu obugebengu abukezwa ngokwawo ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutshwe ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ushintsho lwesihlanu lumisa luqinise umqondo "wokungalungi kuze kube yilapho kuvunywa icala" okungekhona umqondo wokuthi bonke ohulumeni emhlabeni balandela. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kobumsulwa kumelela isimiso esiyisisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika, ukubeka ubufakazi kuhulumeni kunokuba kufune abamangalelwa ukuba bafakazele ubumsulwa babo.

Ilungelo elimelene nokuziphikisa, elivame ukubizwa ngenkulumo ethi "ukwamukela owesihlanu," livikela abantu ukuba baphoqelelwe ukuba banikeze ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa kubo emicimbini yobugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kuqaphela impoqo kahulumeni engokwemvelo ekhona lapho uhulumeni ebuza abantu ngezenzo zobugebengu futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvuma nokulaliswa kuvela ngokuzithandela ngempela.

Inqubo efanele imelela mhlawumbe iSichibiyelo sesihlanu esifuna kakhulu isivikelo. Imfuneko yokuthi uhulumeni ngeke unciphe abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo ezilungile zilandelwa ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo esithinta amalungelo ayisisekelo. Lesimiso sidlulela ngalé kwamacala obugebengu ukuze sihlanganise izenzo eziningi zikahulumeni, kusukela ekulawuleni kuya ekulahlekelweni kwezakhamuzi.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa abamangalelwa becala abahlukene abayisishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi liqulwa abahluleli abangakhethi abavela embusweni nasesifundazweni okwakuthiwa ubugebengu babenziwa kuso.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokubi, icala liqulwa abahluleli abangakhethi emacaleni obugebengu, futhi kumenyezelwe amacala obugebengu. Imfuneko yokuqulwa kwecala esheshayo ivimbela ukuboshwa okunganqunywa futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abasolwayo abasolwanga ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo nokungaqiniseki lapho belindele ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi lifeza izinjongo eziningi. Liqinisekisa ukubonakala enqubweni yokwahlulela, livumela umphakathi ukuba uqaphele indlela ubulungisa obuphathwa ngayo. Lokhu kuthulula isikhala kusiza ukuba uhlale uthembele emasikweni omthetho futhi unikeza i-exakelo ngokuxhashazwa okungase kwenzeke ekuhlolweni okuyimfihlo.

Usizo lweSiphakamiso uClaus unikeza abamangalelwa becala ilungelo lokusizwa ngeseluleko, futhi kuGideon Wainwright (1963) namacala alandelayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi umlweli womphakathi kumelwe anikezwe abamangalelwa bomphakathi abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli kuzo zonke izinkantolo lapho abamangalelwa bebhekene nethuba lokuboshwa. Lesi sinqumo esiwuphawuliwe saqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko libalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuqulwa okulungile, njengoba abamangalelwa ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho bengenakukwazi ukudlulisa imibandela yenqubo yobugebengu.

Isigaba sempi sinikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangalelwa babo nofakazi abafakaza ngokumelene nabo. Lokhu kuvikela kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuthembeleni ezindlebeni noma ebufakazini obuyimfihlo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubufakazi buhlolwa ngokuhlola komshoshaphansi. Inqubo ephoqelelwe inikeza ilungelo elifanayo lokubiza ofakazi ethandweni lommangalelwa, yenza indawo yokudlala phakathi komshushisi nokuzivikela.

Izinqumo Zesikhombisa Nezesishiyagalombili: Ukulingwa Kwangaphakathi Nemingcele Yesijeziso

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala ejaji ezicini ezithile zombango, sidlulisa isivikelo sokwenza izinqumo ngalé kwezindaba zobugebengu. Lokhu kuphawula ukubaluleka kokuba izakhamuzi ezivamile zihlanganyele ekuxazululeni izingxabano, kunokuba sishiyele zonke izinqumo kumajaji noma ezikhulwini zikahulumeni.

Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu sisebenza ngokulingana, ngesijeziso esilinganayo sonya nesobugqila. Ukwenqatshelwa kwesijeziso sonya nokungajwayelekile kuye kwachazwa njengokushintsha ngezindinganiso zomphakathi, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo zezenzo ezinjengesijeziso sokufa nesigwebo eside sasejele.

Izinqumiso Zesine Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Namandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo SeNinth sikhuluma ngokukhathazeka okwakhathaza uJames Madison nabanye abasunguli: ukuthi ukudweba amalungelo athile kungase kuchazwe njengokusho ukuthi amalungelo angalingani angekho. Lokhu kulungisa kucacisa ukuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile kuMthetho - sisekelo aluwaphiki noma lwahlula amanye amalungelo abantu.

ISichibiyelo seshumi sithi amagunya angazange anikezwe i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo, agcinelwe izifundazwe, noma abantu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isimiso sobuzwe, siqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni uphethe lawo mandla anikezwa wona ngokuqondile, futhi wonke amanye amagunya kahulumeni ahlala ekhona ephethe imibuso noma abantu ngokwabo.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo: ISiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu Samuva

Nakuba iBhili of Rights yasungulwa izivikelo eziyisisekelo, izinguquko ezalandela ziye zawandisa amalungelo futhi zavumelanisa uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ukhulume ngezidingo zomphakathi nokungalungi okungokomlando okulungile. Lezi zinguquko kamuva zibonisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokukhula nokusabela kwalo ezingeni elishintshayo.

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukuqeda Ubugqila Nokusungula Isivikelo Esilinganayo

IziNkampumputhe zeshumi nane, nezeshumi nanhlanu, zagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ngokuyisisekelo zaguqula umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. IsiHlanzi seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo, ekugcineni sagcwalisa isithembiso senkululeko ezigidini zaseMelika abaNsundu ezaziboshwe ebugqilini.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sinikeza ukuthi akukho Zwe eliyomisa noma eliyomisa noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase - United States; futhi akukho Zwe eliyophuca noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma uphike noma ubani ongaphansi kwawo isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho.

Imiphumela yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ayinakumiswa ngokweqile. IMbengo yayo i-Act Process Claus itolikwa ukusebenzisa izivikelo zeGawulayo eziningi kohulumeni bamazwe, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa. Umnyango weSigqi seMikha yamalungelo ohulumeni bamazwe wavulwa ngawo-1860 ngemva kokufakwa kweSichibiyelo se-14, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 izinkantolo zombuso nesombuso ziye zasebenzisa iSimemezelo seshumi nane seSiphetho sokusebenzisa izingxenye ze-Bill of Rights kuhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ngokusebenzisa izingxenye ze-Rodefacet kuhulumeni wezwelo ngokomthetho ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Comition.

I - Actal Protection Claus iye yaba isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo semithetho nemikhuba yokucwasa izinhlanga, kusukela esikoleni kuya ekulinganiseni umshado.

IsiHluzi seshumi nanhlanu sasinqabela ukuvota okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.

Ukwandisa I - Franchise: IziNguqulo Zamalungelo Abantu

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zandisa ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo okuvota ukuze zihlanganise amaqembu ayengasasetshenziswa ngaphambili, zisondeza isizwe esimweni sentando yeningi sokuhlasela kwentando yeningi kwendawo yonke.Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuqonda okuqhubekayo kokulingana nezakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, sanqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota elisekelwe ebulilini, okwaphumela emashumini eminyaka empikiswano yabesifazane. Lokhu kulungisa kwaphinda kabili isikhundla sabesifazane esingaba abalinganayo njengezakhamuzi ezinelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1961, sanikeza izakhamuzi zaseSifundeni saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni lukamongameli, sikhuluma ngokungafanele kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika ezihlala enhloko - dolobha yesizwe zinqatshwa izwi ekukhetheni umongameli.

ISichibiyelo sesine, esagunyazwa ngo-1964, saqeda intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Intela yokubheja yayisetshenziselwa ukuqeda izakhamuzi ezimpofu, ikakhulukazi amaMelika ase-Afrika eNingizimu, ngokufuna ukukhokhwa njengesimo sokuvota. Lokhu kwasusa isithiyo esikhulu sokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

ISichibiyelo sesithupha sinikeza ukuthi ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States, ezineminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu, lokuvota ngeke linqatshwe noma livinjelwe i-United States noma yinoma imuphi uMbuso ngenxa yobudala. Lokhu kuphindiselwa kwamandla ngo- 1971 phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, kwasabela ezimpini zokuthi izakhamuzi ezikhule ngokwanele ukuba zibuthwe ezisenzweni zempi kufanele zibe nelungelo lokuvota.

Ezinye Izinqumo Ezibalulekile

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuvota nenkululeko yomphakathi, izinguquko ziye zakhuluma ngezici ezihlukahlukene zesimiso sikahulumeni nokusebenza. ISichibiyelo sesithupha sagunyaza intela kahulumeni yeholo, sinikeza uhulumeni umthombo wenzuzo ozinzile wokuxhasa izinkonzo ezikhushuliwe nezinhlelo. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth samisa ukukhetha okuqondile kwabantu, kunokuba kukhethwe izishaya-mthetho, sifaka icala ngentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo sesibili salinganisela abaphathi emadolobheni amabili, sivimbela ukufakwa kwamandla aphethe angavela ekuthatheni imingcele engapheli. Lokhu kulunga, kwagunyazwa ngemva kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, umongameli wezinsuku ezine, kwabonisa ukukhathazeka ngokugcina uhulumeni weRepublic nokuvimbela ukuvela kobumongameli bombuso.

Indlela Izinqumiso Ezilinganisela Ngayo Amandla Kahulumeni

Enye yemisebenzi ebalulekile yeBill of Rights iwukulinganisela umbuso kahulumeni ngokubala ngokucacile lokho uhulumeni angenakukwenza, akha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esisiza ekuvimbeleni ukubusa kwempoqo, isimiso esihlala sisenkabeni yentando yeningi nenhloli yokwahlulela yaseMelika.

Izinguquko zisebenza njengamalungelo angewona alungile", aziwaniki uhulumeni amandla kodwa kunalokho zilinganisela lokho uhulumeni ongakwenza. Lokhu kubonisa inkolelo yabasunguli yokuthi amalungelo azuzwe njengefa kubantu, hhayi izipho zikahulumeni. Ngokumisa imingcele ecacile egunyeni likahulumeni, ukulungisa kudala izindawo ezivikelweyo lapho inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ingachuma khona ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Lokhu kulinganiselwa kusebenza ngezinqubo eziningana. Okokuqala, bamisa izimfuneko ezisekelwe ezingokomthetho uhulumeni okumelwe azilandele ngaphambi kokuba enze izenzo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, imfuneko egunyaziwe yeSichibiyelo sesine iqinisekisa ukuqondisa ukwahlulela ngokuseshwa nokuquleka. Imfuneko enkulu yabahluleli beSichibiyelo sesihlanu inikeza ukubukezwa okuzimele kwamacala angathi sína obugebengu.

Okwesibili, ukulungisa kwakha imiyalo evimbelayo kuhulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala esivimbela imithetho inkululeko yokukhuluma evimbelayo sivimbela uhulumeni ekucubunguliseni izinkulumo, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezilandelwayo. Ukuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo se-Heighth esinonya nesingavamile kulinganisela imingcele yesijeziso sobugebengu, ngisho nalapho sibekwa ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezifanelekile.

Okwesithathu, izinguquko zimisa amalungelo okuvuma ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe uhloniphe futhi kwezinye izimo, kulula. Ilungelo leSichibiyelo seSitanhatu sokwelulekwa lidinga uhulumeni ukuba anikeze abameli abamangalelwa abaqanjiwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubumpofu abunqandeli ukufinyelela ebulungisani.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zomthetho azizinyakazi. Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni izinguquko nasekuzisebenziseni emacaleni athile. Ngamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela, izinkantolo zingaqeda imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Incazelo yokwahlulela ithonye indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, zinqume ukuthi amalungelo angakanani, futhi zisebenzise umbhalo osemakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ezimweni zanamuhla. Le nqubo yokuchaza iye yaholela ekusungulweni kwezimfundiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziqondisa indlela ukulungisa okusetshenziswa ngayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene kokunquma ukuthi uhulumeni uvimbela nini ukukhulumela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuhlola kucabangela izici ezinjengohlobo lwenkulumo ehilelekile, ukulunga kukahulumeni kokulawula, nokutholakala kwezindlela zokukhuluma. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimiso zokuhlola nokuquleka ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, uhlukanisa phakathi kwezimo ezidinga imvume nalezo ezifuna ukuphenywa okungenasizathu.

Imfundiso ehlanganisayo, lapho izivikelo eziningi ze - Bill of Rights ziye zasetshenziswa khona kohulumeni bezwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, imelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo athola isivikelo ekuphazanyisweni yiwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, hhayi nje uhulumeni kahulumeni.

Izinselele Nezinhlelo Zokusebenza

Isivikelo esibekwe kuyi - Bill of Rights siyisisekelo senkululeko yanamuhla yomphakathi, njengoba izinkantolo zivame ukuchaza lezi zinguquko ukuze zixazulule izindaba zanamuhla ezinjengokungafihliwe kwabantu, inkululeko yokukhuluma ezindabeni zomphakathi namalungelo abamangalelwa ezinkantolo.

Ubuchwepheshe buye badala izinselele ezintsha zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Ukuxhumana ngemishini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, kanye nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esingokwesiko esisebenza ngayo ezweni lanamuhla. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi i-imeyili ifanelwe yini isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine njengeposi elingokoqobo, ukuthi izikhungo zezokuxhumana nabantu zithola isivikelo yini seSichibiyelo Sokuqala seSichibiyelo, nokuthi umthetho ungazisebenzisa kanjani ubuchwepheshe obusha bokucwaninga kuyilapho ukuhlonipha imingcele yemithetho.

Izinkinga zokulondeka kwezwe nazo ziye zahlola imingcele yesivikelo somthetho sisekelo. Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula nokusabela ekusongelelweni okuvelayo, uhulumeni uye wafuna ukuqapha okukhulu nemibuso ephenyayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ukulondeka okungokomthetho ezivikelweni zomthetho - sisekelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo aziwaqedi ngokuphelele amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu siyaqhubeka sizama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo siyasebenza. Izindaba ezinjengokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga ekuqikelweni kwemithetho, ukunxusa, nokungagunyazi kwezinkonzo zokuzivikela eziqinile kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi lesi simiso siphila ngokuvumelana yini nezinhloso zomthetho - sisekelo zokulunga nobulungisa obulinganayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Nemfundo Efanayo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo anamandla njengesibopho somphakathi sokuwavikela. Izakhamuzi eziwaqondayo amalungelo azo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuwasebenzisa nokuqaphela lapho uhulumeni edlula imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Imfundo ye-COBIC inendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhlonipha amalungelo emphakathini.

Ukuhlanganyela nenqubo yezombangazwe kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye indlela amalungelo avikelwe futhi alinganiswe ngayo kwezinye izinzuzo zomphakathi. Ngokuvota, ukuqamba icala nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala, abantu bangahlela imithetho nezimiso ezithinta amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo kubonisa ukuthi izindinganiso ezihlukene kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukwethembeka ezimisweni eziyisisekelo kuveza ukuthembeka.

Izinhlangano ezizinikele enkululeko yomphakathi, kusukela kuyi American Civil Liberties Union kuya emiphakathini ehlukahlukene yosizo olungokomthetho, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngeligita, ukuqashwa kwezemfundo. Lamaqembu asiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo sizuzisa zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi nje lezo ezinemali ukuze ziqashe abameli futhi ziqondise izimiso zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Nakuba izinguquko zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zikhona futhi ngaphansi kohlelo oluqaphela izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni namalungelo abanye.Umthetho - sisekelo uhilela ukulinganisela izindinganiso nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo, uqaphela ukuthi amalungelo awaphelele nokuthi kungase kudingeke imithetho enengqondo ukuze kuvikelwe ukulondeka komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, neminye imigomo ebalulekile.

Lesisenzo sokulinganisela sidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela komongo nezimo. Isithiyo sokukhuluma esingavumelani nemithetho yezolimi ezimweni eziningi singaba esivumelekile ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, njengezindawo zezempi noma amajele. Ukucwaninga okungadinga isiqinisekiso ezimweni ezivamile kungase kuthethelelwe ngaphandle kwesimo esiphuthumayo.

Izinkantolo ziye zaveza izindinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola lapho imingcele kahulumeni evumelekile. Ukuhlola okuqinile kusebenza ekuvinjelweni kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, okudinga uhulumeni ukubonisa isithakazelo esishukumisayo nokusebenzisa izindlela ezivumelana ngokulinganiselwe. Ukuhlola kwe-intermediate kusebenza kwamanye amalungelo abalulekile, adinga izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziqinile nokufaneleka okulinganiselwe phakathi kwezindlela nesiphelo. Isisekelo se-gationalal, indinganiso ehlonipheke kakhulu, idinga kuphela ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni zihlotshaniswe ngokwesizathu ezivumelana nezinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Yomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Nesichibiyelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa evumela izinguquko lapho kunezinqubo ezinkulu.ISiphakamiso V simisa izinqubo ezidinga izinqubo ezinkulu eziseSixukwini naphakathi kwezifundazwe, siqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokusekela kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe.

Lenqubo yokulungisa iye yasetshenziswa kancane, nezinguquko ezingu - 27 kuphela ezagunyazwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. ubunzima bokulungisa okungokomthetho buye baholela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, ngokuphikisana okuthile ngokunamathela ngokuqinile encazelweni yokuqala kanye nezinye ezisekela incazelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo evumelana nezimo ezishintshayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifilosofi ichaza kanjani, inqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungasabela ezinguqulweni eziyisisekelo emphakathini nasekushiyekeni okulungile okubonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko ezandayo zawalungisa amalungelo okuvota, ukwehluleka koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukulahlwa kwendawo yonke, kusondeza isizwe eduze nezinhloso zaso eziyisisekelo zokulingana nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ithonya Lomhlaba Wonke Nemibono Eqhathaniswa

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kanye nokulungisa kwawo kuye kwathonya intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningi aye amukela izindleko zamalungelo ezifanekiswe ngesivikelo saseMelika, eqaphela ukubaluleka kokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Izincwadi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge - Universal Declaration of Human Rights, zibonisa izimiso ezinjengalezo ezifakwe ekulungiseni komthetho sisekelo.

Umthetho oqhathanisayo womthetho-mthetho unikeza imibono ewusizo ngendlela ehlukene yokulinganisela amalungelo negunya likahulumeni. Nakuba i-United States iye yasungula izindlela ezithile zokuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ezinikeza izifundo zemithetho yaseMelika. Lokhu kungcoliswa kwemibono kuthuthukisa inkulumo yomthetho-sisekelo futhi kusiza ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela isithunzi nenkululeko yomuntu.

Izinkinga Eziwusizo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Izinguquko zomthetho zithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi, ngokuvamile ngokungabonakali. Inkululeko yokuya ezinkonzweni zenkolo, ukuveza imibono yezombangazwe, noma ukugxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni ivela ezivikelweni zeSichibiyelweni sokuqala. Imfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa athole imvume ngaphambi kokuhlola amakhaya ivikela amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu nokulondeka. Ilungelo lokuthula phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa livimbela ukuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe. Ilungelo lokuvota livumela ukuhlanganyela ekukhetheni abaholi nasekuthonyeni isimiso.

Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kunikeza abantu amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo lapho kudingeka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi okhululekile. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma, kodwa sivikela namalungelo abanye okuveza imibono yakho akuthandeki. Izahlulelo zobugebengu ezisiza abamangalelwa zivikela futhi uma ubekwa icala. Lokhu kuveza ukubaluleka kwawo kuwo wonke umuntu, hhayi nje kulabo abawasebenzisayo.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Imibuzo ephathelene namalungelo esiGcinisi sesibili, ukusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo Sesine sokuvikela ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezimiso zemishini, imingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile enkathini ye - Internet, nencazelo yesivikelo esifanayo emphakathini wanamuhla iyaqhubeka ibangela izingxoxo nencazelo.

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile buzoletha izinselele ezintsha zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza, ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo, nezinye izinto ezintsha kuphakamisa imibuzo abasunguli abangeke bayilindele. Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe banqume ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho zisebenza kanjani kule mibandela emisha, ziqinisekise ukuthi isivikelo esiyisisekelo sihlala sinenjongo njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintshashintsha.

Izinguquko zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe nazo zidala imibuzo emisha engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqondwa okuhlanganisayo kokulingana, ukuzifihla, nenkululeko kuholela ezimpikiswaneni zokuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esikhona sibhekana kahle yini nezinkathazo zamanje. Lezizingxoxo zibonisa isimo esinamandla somthetho-sisekelo nokusabela kwawo ekushintsheni izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yalabo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni okwengeziwe ngokulungiswa komthetho-mthetho namalungelo. IZinqolobane zeMali zilondoloza imibhalo engokomlando nezincwadi zemfundo eziphathelene noMthetho-sisekelo kanye ne-Bill of Rights. Izinhlangano ezinjenge inikeza izimali zokufundisa kubafundi nabafundisi. Izincwadi ezingokomthetho zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvakashela izindawo ezingokomlando ezinjengehholo le - Independence ePhiladelphia noma iNational Constitution Center kunganikeza ukuxhumana okusobala nomlando womthetho-sisekelo. Ukuya enkantolo, ikakhulukazi ezinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo, kunikeza amathuba okubona izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisetshenziswa ezimweni ezingokoqobo. Ukuhlanganyela ngemibono ehlukene ngokufunda, ingxoxo, nengxoxo kusiza ukuba kuqondwe ngokuqondana kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-sisekelo.

Kulabo abafuna ukwaziswa okunegunya komthetho, Inhlangano yolwazi yoMthethwe womthetho eCornell School of Law inikeza ukufinyelela kwamahhala embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nokuhlaziywa ngokomthetho. IZinqolobane zeZinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza ukwaziswa okuhambisanayo [ ngokuphathelene neSigqebhene samalungelo [ nomongowazomlando waso.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi iBill of Rights, zimelela isibopho saseMelika sokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu. Lezisivikelo ziye zavela ngokuchaza nangokusebenzisa, zivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho zigcina ukwethembeka ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zesithunzi somuntu, ukungalingani, nenkululeko.

Ukulungisa kusebenza ndawonye ukuze kukhiqizwe uhlelo olubanzi lokuvikela amalungelo. Izahlulelo zezobugebengu ziqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kommangalelwa ngempatho elungile. Inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yenkolo yenza ukuba umuntu ahlanganyele ebuthweni lentando yeningi futhi azimele. Ukulungisa amalungelo kukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela okulinganayo ekuzilawuleni. Isiqinisekiso esilinganayo sivimbela ukucwaswa okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kubalulekile kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Amalungelo angaqondwayo ngeke asetshenziswe noma avikelwe ngokuphumelelayo.Imfundo yeCivic, ukuthembisana ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, nokuzinikela ekuvikeleni amalungelo awo wonke amalungu omphakathi kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sihlala sinenjongo futhi siphumelela.

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguqula, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha nezinhlelo. Ubuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwezenhlalo, nezinsongo ezivelayo ziyovivinya imingcele yesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo futhi zidinga incazelo enengqondo. Ngendawo yokuba izakhamuzi ezinolwazi, impikiswano eqinile, nokuzinikela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, amaMelika angaqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kuyaqhubeka kufeza injongo yawo ebalulekile: ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Indaba yokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni iyindaba yentuthuko yenkululeko enkulu nokulingana. Kusukela ku-Bill of Rights yokuqala kuya ekulungiseni amalungelo okuvota nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, la malungiselelo omthetho ngokomthetho abonisa umzamo oqhubekayo waseMelika wokugcwalisa isithembiso sakhe sokusungula inkululeko nobulungisa kubo bonke. Ngokuqonda, ukusebenzisa, nokuvikela lamalungelo, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela kulomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele.