Isingeniso: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengesivikelo Sezakhamuzi

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, kanye ne-Bill of Rights, umisa uhlelo olungokomthetho oluvikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni phakathi nobugebengu nezindaba zomphakathi. Lezivikelo aziyona imibandela engaqondakali − ziyimithetho eqashelwayo elinganisela indlela amaphoyisa, abashushisi, nezinkantolo ezingaphatha ngayo noma ubani omangalelwe ngokwenza okubi. Izakhamuzi, ziqonda lamalungelo ayindlela yokuqala yokuvikela ukungalungi; ochwepheshe bezomthetho, bayizisekelo lwazo zonke izimpikiswano. Lesihloko sihlola isivikelo somthetho-si-1, Eyesihlanu, eyesi-6, neye-6th, ne-INkampempe Ephakeme ichaza indlela izinqumo eziye zakhanye eziye zaguqula ngayo incazelo yazo nsuku zonke.

Ukubukeza Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ekuqhubekeni Okungokomthetho

Amalungelo asetshenziswayo phakathi nokuqulwa kwemithetho atholakala ngokuyinhloko ezinqumweni zokuqala eziyishumi zomthetho, ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights. Lezi zinguquko zenezelwa ngo-1791 ukuxoxa ngokukhathazeka kokuthi uhulumeni omusha angase abe namandla kakhulu. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lezi zilungiselelo ngemithetho engokomthetho, ngokuvamile yandisa izinga lazo lokusebenza kohulumeni kanye kanye kanye (inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Premiontion nge-14th Refection). Umphumela uyisimiso esifuna uhulumeni ukuba ulandele izinqubo ezilungile, uhloniphe isithunzi somuntu ngamunye, futhi ugweme isijeziso esiwubandlululo.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo ngenxa yokuthi isimiso somthetho simelene nomthetho: uhulumeni uletha imithombo yakhe ukuze amelane nomuntu othile. Umthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela inkundla yokudlala ngokunika osolwayo amathuluzi akhethekile − njenganelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo kummeli, nelungelo lokubekela ubufakazi inselele. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuvikelwa, ingozi yokuvuma ngokungafanele, ukuvuma ngokuphoqelelwa, nokuhlola okuhlambalazayo ingaba nkulu kakhulu.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokuvikela Amalungelo

Izinguquko ezine zihlobene ngokukhethekile nokuqulwa kwecala.

  • Isichibiyeli sonyaka: sivikela ekuphenyeni nasekuqulekeni okungacabangeki. Simisa umthetho ongahleliwe wokuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esingase sihlolwe ekhaya lakho, imoto, noma umzimba.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, sivikela ekuzithuleni (ilungelo lokuthula), futhi sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili nendawo ephakeme ngaphandle kokukhokha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, isaziso samacala, ikhono lokubhekana nofakazi nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho.
  • Isichibiyeli se-eghth dometer:[ inikeza ibheyili engaphezulu kakhulu, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukwephulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine (ukuphenywa okungokomthetho) kungaholela ekucindezelweni kobufakazi ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile yeSichibiyelo seNguquko sesihlanu, futhi ilungelo leSichibiyelo Sesithupha lokuqinisekisa abamangalelwa ukuba bavimbelene ngokuphumelelayo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo Sesine siyisivikelo sokuqala esikhulu izakhamuzi ezibhekana naso lapho zisebenza ngokugcinwa komthetho. Sithi: “Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho abanqola abayokhipha umkhankaso, kodwa cishe ngenxa yesizathu, esisekelwa uOath noma imvume, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto okumelwe ziphangwe.”

Imisebenzi Nembangela Efanelekile

Ekujuleni kwayo, iSichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphenya nokuboshwa kube okunengqondo. Indinganiso yegolide yokucabangela iwumthetho okhishwe umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi noma imantshi ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka sibangelwa. Isizathu esizwakalayo sisho ukuthi kunethuba elihle lokutholakala (ukungasolwa nje), kodwa okungaqiniseki ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buyotholakala. Isiqinisekiso kumelwe sicace: asigunyazi ujenene ophenduza impahla yomuntu.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izimo eziningi lapho imvume ingadingeki khona.

  • I-Conict:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekusesheni, akukho justamenti edingekayo. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi ngempoqo.
  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukuboshwa: Ngemva kokuboshwa ngokomthetho, amaphoyisa angase afune indawo eseduze yalowo oboshiwe ukuze athole izikhali noma ubufakazi.
  • Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu sibona izinto ezingekho emthethweni sisobala endaweni esemthethweni, bangazithola ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Izimo eziqinisekile: Izimo eziphuthumayo njengokuphishekela ngokushisa, ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, noma usongo lokuphepha zingathethelela ukuseshwa okungenasiqinisekiso.
  • Ukuhamba ngemoto okuzenzekelayo:[ Amaphoyisa angase afune imoto ngaphandle kophawu uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu.
  • [ ukuma kwe-Terry:[ ukusola okunengqondo ngezenzo zobugebengu kuvumela isikhulu ukuba sibambe isikhashana futhi sifake umuntu izikhali.

Lokhu kukhiqizwa akukhululekile emaphoyiseni. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izenzo zesikhulu zazinengqondo yini. Ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungenangqondo bungakhishwa ekuqulweni kwecala ngaphansi komthetho wobuphekula , osungulwe .Ohio [1961]]. Lomthetho usebenza njengesithibelo sokuvimbela ukuphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nakuba abagxeki bengathi uvumela abamangalelwa abanecala ukuba bahambe ngesihle.

Ukuze ungene kakhulu emthethweni weSichibiyelo sanamuhla wesine, vakashela Cornell Legal Information Institute’s Fournce Surformment .

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezihlobene: imfuneko enkulu yabahluleli bamacala angathi sína kahulumeni, ukwenqatshelwa kwengozi ephindwe kabili, ilungelo ngokumelene nokuzimela, ukuqinisekiswa kwenqubo efanele, nokuvinjelwa kokuthatha impahla yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokukhokha imbuyiselo nje kuphela. Ngokwezinqubo ezingokomthetho, izingcaphuno ezimbili ezicaciswe kakhulu yi-STED Proce Clausle ne-Uziqualicane Claus.

Inqubo Engokwemvelo Nengaqondakali

Inqubo efanelekile isho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. iprojected project [ idinga isaziso, ithuba lokuzwa, nomenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Isibonelo, ummangalelwa ekuqulweni kwecala kumelwe atshelwe ngecala, anikwe isikhathi sokulungisa isivikelo, futhi avunyelwe ukuba abe nobufakazi obukhona. [[FLT:][FLT:][[FLT:]][FT]] no-Fact:[3]] uvikela amalungelo athile abalulekile : , njengasesethutho nobuso obunye ngaphandle kokuba kunezinyathelo zikahulumeni ezigunyazweni. Izelelwe futhi kungathi izimpawu zesizathu esiqinile. Izelelwe futhi kusuka kulokhu kusuka kusuka kumthetho wesivumelwano semiyalelo.[5][5][5][3]

Ilungelo Lokuthula (Ukuzizonda)

Mhlawumbe ilungelo elidume kakhulu lesiHluzi sesihlanu eliyilungelo lokuziphindiselela: “Akekho umuntu... oyophoqelelwa kunoma yiliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi ngokwakhe.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi abashushisi abangakwazi ukuphoqa ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi, futhi amaphoyisa angakwazi ukuphoqelela ukuvuma izono. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [i-Mirav. Arizona [196] zakha isivikelo esithile sommangalelwa: ngaphambi kokuba amaphoyisa anikezele, amaphoyisa kumelwe azise abasoli belungelo labo lokuthula nelungelo labo lokuhlala bethule. Izimemezelo ezithathwe ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLT]] [FFFFOT]]

Nokho, ilungelo alilona eliphelele. Lisebenza kuphela ebufakazini obufakazelwayo, hhayi ubufakazi obungokoqobo obunjenge-DNA, iminwe, noma amasampula egazi.

I - “goodi ” Ekabili

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sivimbela futhi umuntu ukuba aquliswe kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Lesi sisho sivikela ekuhlushweni kukahulumeni futhi siqinisekise ukugcinwa. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile: isenzo esisodwa singaphula kokubili imithetho yombuso nohulumeni, sivumele ukuqulwa okuhlukene (imfundiso engokomthetho”). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqulwa noma ukudluliswa okungafanele ummangalelwa akulingani njengengozi ephindwe kabili.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane yomthetho wokuzivumelanisa nenqubo efanele, bheka i- Project ye-Oyez yezindaba zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu [.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sabhalelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kulungile futhi kusobala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokuyicala Lomphakathi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo livimbela uhulumeni ukuba ubambe umuntu eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kwenkantolo, okungalimaza ukuphila futhi kucindezele abamangalelwa ukuba bancetheze icala. Izinkantolo zilinganisela ubude besikhathi sokulibala, isizathu salo, ukuthi ummangalelwa ugomele ngakwesokudla, nokuthi ukulibala kubangele ubandlululo yini. Ukwephuza okungaphezu konyaka kubhekwa “ukuthatheka.” Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala lomphakathi liqinisekisa ukuthi icala likhanya kakhulu nokuthi umphakathi ungagcina ukwahlulela kobulungisa kusetshenziswa.

UJury Ongakhethi

Abahluleli bontanga yakho kumelwe babe abangakhethi, okusho abasizi bejaji akumelwe babe nobandlululo olucatshangelwe ngecala noma ummangalelwa. Phakathi nokukhethwa kwamajaji (ingozi), zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele abahluleli abangase babe nesizathu (umk., ubuhlobo bomkhaya nesisulu) noma ukusebenzisa ukuhlasela okungamelwe (inani elilinganiselwe lempikiswano ngaphandle kokuchazwa). Iqembu labahluleli kumelwe limelele isiqephu esilungile somphakathi. ISiphendulo sesithupha futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji elivela kuhulumeni nasesifundazweni lapho ubugebengu benzekile khona.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Icala eliyingqophamlando Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) yasungula ukuthi izigaba kumelwe zinikeze ummeli kunoma yimuphi ummangalelwa onecala ngecala. Kamuva landeliswe lelilungelo lokuphatha kabi abaphethe isikhathi sokuboshwa. Ilungelo lokululeka linamathela ezigabani ezibucayi zomshushisi, kuhlanganise nokubuza ngemvume, ukuveza i-arraignment, ukuququlwa kwecala, futhi ngisho nokunxusa okuthile. Usizo olunempumelelo lweseluleko ludingeka; uma umsebenzi wommeli ungaphansi kwendinganiso wobululaza nobandlululo, umShunishinto anganqoba ukuvivinywa okusha.

Ukubhekana Nenqubo Ephoqelelwe

I-Breade Claus inikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangalelwa babo enkantolo kanye nofakazi abadlulisa amazinyo. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise izinkulumo zangaphandle zobufakazi zofakazi abangekho ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa abe nethuba lokunqamule i-examine. I-Cmaster Proce Claus Claus evumela ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi obungaphansi kommangalelwa nobufakazi obusekelayo. Kukonke, la magama aqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa angabekela inselele icala lakhe futhi akhiphe elakhela elakhe.

Ukuze uhlaziywe ngokujule kweSiqeshaniso sesithupha, funda Cornell LIIth Isibuyelo seSithandathu sokungena [[FLT: 1].

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Isivikelo Ekujezisweni Konya

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili ufingqa: “Akuyikudingeka ibheyili yemithetho, noma izinhlawulo ezeqisayo, noma izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile ezikhishwe.” Naphezu kokumfushane kwayo, ithinta kakhulu konke kusukela ekuboshweni ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kuya esigwebweni sokufa.

Indlala Eyingozi Ngokweqile

Injongo yebheyili iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uphindela ukuquliswa kwecala, hhayi ukujezisa othile obhekwa njengongenacala. ISichibiyelo se-8h sidinga ukuba ibheyili ingabheki ngokweqile ngenxa yezimo zemali zommangalelwa nengozi yokuhamba ngendiza. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikisa ukuthi uhulumeni ungabaphika ngokuphelele abamangalelwa abayingozi noma labo abangase babaleke, uma nje ukuphika kusekelwe ekulaleleni okufanele. Izifunda eziningi manje zisebenzisa amathuluzi ayingozi ukuze zimise ibheyili, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi lokhu kungathuthukisa ukucwasana kohlanga nokwezomnotho.

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

Le mithetho ilinganisela izindlela kanye nobukhulu besijeziso. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi isigwebo sokufa asivumelani nemithetho yezigaba ezithile: izingane (ngaphansi kuka-18, abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni, nobugebengu obungahileli ukubulala. INkantolo futhi ivimbela izijeziso ezingalingani necala, njengasendabeni yesigwebo sokuphila ngenxa yecala elingenabudlova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSiphendu Sesishiyaga-phambili sesiyakulahla ukuhlushwa nezinye izinhlobo ezilula zokubulala. Indinganiso “yokubulala nengajwayelekile” ivela ngemithetho yomphakathi eshintshayo, eqondiswa“ izindinganiso ezishintshayo zokuhlonipheka, ezibonisa intuthuko yomphakathi.”

Ukuzifaka inselele kwanamuhla kuvivinya izimo zasejele − njengokuhlala kakhulu, ukunakekelwa okunganele kwezokwelapha, nokuvalelwa wedwa . "njengesijeziso esingahlangani nesobuzwe."Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Plata (2011) yayala iCalifornia ukuba inciphise inani leziboshwa ngenxa yokungaphathi kahle kwaholela ekunakekeleni okungahlangani.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo seNguqulo Sesishiyagalombili, vakashela [[QUL:0] indlela yokucaciswa kwecala lonya nesijeziso esingajwayelekile[[FLT: 1]].

Ithonya Lezinqumo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ngezinqumo eziphawuliwe, iNkantolo iye yasebenzisa lezi zinguquko kohulumeni bakahulumeni, yasungula izivikelo zezindawo, futhi yasungula isivikelo esengeziwe ezimweni ezintsha. Nakhu amanye amacala izakhamuzi okufanele ziwazi:

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Amaphoyisa adinga ukululeka amalungelo awo okusola amalunga eSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseSisithupha ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): wamisa ilungelo lokululeka abamangalelwa abangezwanga emacaleni kahulumeni.
  • Mapp v.O. (1961): Yasebenzisa umthetho oweqa izifundazwe, yavala ubufakazi obutholakele ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni.
  • Terry v.O. (1968): Amaphoyisa avunyelwe ukumisa nokufaka abantu ababodwa ngokunyundela okunengqondo, ukulinganisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine nokulondeka kwamaphoyisa.
  • Furman v. Georgia [7972] kanye Greg v. Georgia [19976]: okokuqala yabulala isigwebo sokufa ngendlela ewumthetho, yabe isiyivumela ngaphansi kwezimiso ezintsha eziqondiswe ngokuqondiswe kahle.
  • Roper v. Simmons (2005]: Isijeziso sokufa sezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-18.
  • .BERger v. New York (1967) kanye Katz v. United States [1967]): Iziphetho zeSichibiyelo zesine ezandisiwe ekuhloleni kogesi, ezidinga izimvume zokuthungatha ingcingo.

Icala ngalinye elakhelwe ezinqumweni zangaphambili, lakha isimiso esichaza inqubo yobugebengu yesimanje.INkantolo iyaqhubeka icwengisisa lezimfundiso; ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zamuva ziye zakhuluma ngokuphenya kocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini, ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo kwamaphoyisa, nokugcinwa komthetho - sisekelo kweziboshwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukwazi amalungelo akho anele, kudinga ukwazi ukuthi ungawasebenzisa kanjani ezimpilweni ezingokoqobo zezwe. Nazi izinto ezisebenzayo ezithatha imoto:

  • Uma imiswa amaphoyisa: Hlala uzolile, gcina izandla zakho zisobala, bese ubuza, “Ingabe ngikhululekile ukuya?” Uma ungaboshiwe, unelungelo lokuhamba (ezifundani eziningi). Ungavumelani nokuhlola; yisho ngokucacile, “Angivumi ukuphenya.”
  • Uma uboshiwe: Ilungelo lakho lokuthula ngokuthi, “Ngizothula futhi ngifuna ukubona ummeli.” Ungaphenduli imibuzo kuze kube yilapho ummeli wakho ekhona, ngisho noma amaphoyisa ezama ukukucindezela.
  • Imvume: Uma amaphoyisa engqongqoza ngesiqinisekiso sokufuna, cela ukuyibona. Bheka ukuthi banencwadi esemthethweni, esayiniwe enekheli elilungile nezinto ezichazwe. Akudingeki ukuba ubavumele bafune ngalé kwendinganiso, kodwa bangazithinti ngokoqobo.
  • Ecaleni: Ummeli wakho uzokucebisa ukuthi ungafakaza noma ungafakaza. Khumbula ukuthi akunakuphoqelelwa ukuba ufakaze ngawe, futhi umshushisi akanakukhuluma ngokuthula kwakho (ngemva []Griffin v. California)).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sonke isakhamuzi kufanele sazi ukuthi ilungelo lokweluleka liyasebenza ngisho noma ungakwazi ukuthenga ummeli. Kunoma iliphi icala lecala noma ijele elingalikho, inkantolo kumelwe ibeke iseluleko esiyalelwe. Ungalithathi kahle ilungelo ngaphandle kokucabangisisa.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo awuwaniki amalungelo − uvikela amalungelo abantu ngaphambili ekuphucweni uhulumeni. ISiphakamiso sesihlanu, seSihlanu, sesithupha, nese-8h sisakha isimiso sokuhlanganisa imibuso yamaphoyisa, isiqinisekiso sokulunga, ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka okufanelekile, nokunqabela izijeziso ezichaphazelekayo. Lezisivikelo azinakukhethwa ngokuzikhethela; ziphoqelelwa yizinkantolo, futhi noma ikuphi ukwephulwa kungaholela ekuqedweni kwamacala, ekuncishisweni kobufakazi, noma ekuqulweni kwecala okusha.

Kuzakhamuzi, umyalezo ucacile: Zifundise ngalamalungelo, uwagomele ngenhlonipho, futhi ungalokothi ucabange ukuthi ukuhlala uthule noma uhlezi uphenya kuyokwenza ubonakale unecala. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono lapho wonke umuntu (‘ abahluleli, abameli, izikhulu, nabantu ngabanye) ebheka imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo sinamandla kakhulu lapho edingeka kakhulu: lapho omangalelwa engathandwa, lapho ubugebengu bukhohlakele, nalapho unya lungathandeki, nalapho imizwelo yomphakathi ifuna ukushenxiswa. Lokho kuyindlela yangempela yobulungisa.

Ukuze uhlole umbhalo ogcwele wezinqumiso nesizinda sazo somlando, hlola iSibonelo sesizwe seZinqolobane zezincwadi zamalungelo [.