Izisekelo ZobuFederalism: Ukuqonda Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuzwe, ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo elihlukanisa ubukhosi negunya phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni bezwe. Lesi sakhiwo, esibekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ophethe wonke amandla. Uhulumeni uphethe izindaba zezwe nezwe, kuyilapho uhulumeni wendawo ukhuluma ngezidingo zomphakathi eziqondene. ISichibiyelo semithetho [ esiqondile] imibuso engaphathiswe uhulumeni wezwe noma abantu. Lesimiso siveza ukudlala okunamandla phakathi kwamagatsha esizwe nawomhlaba, ngemisebenzi ekhethekile, imithwalo yemfanelo, nezindlela zokulandisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kuyimfuneko ekuhleleni kwezimiso zentando yentando yeningi. Izinhlangano, izinhlangano, izinhlangano zemisebenzi yomphakathi, nemisebenzi yezindawo zombuso wendawo ngayinye, isebenza kahle, izinhlelo zezindawo zomphakathi, izinhlangano zezindawo ezisebenza kuyo zonke.

Ukubukeza Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Ezingeni Eliphansi Nelasendaweni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni ngokwezinga likahulumeni: i-Legislative, i-Adminitive, ne- Judicial. Lokhu kwahlukana kwemibuso kuklanyelwe ukunikeza imishini nokulinganisela, ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. (ihlanganisa amagatsha, amadolobha, namadolobha, nezigodi ezikhethekile, noma izakhiwo zawo eziqondile zihlukani ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe nomthetho-mthetho wendawo. Ezingeni lendawo, umsebenzi womthetho womthetho ngokuvamile uthathwa umkhandlu wedolobha noma i-ofisaniso yesifundazwe, isikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu se-meyase-meyase-Australia, futhi isikhulu esingokomthetho sezwe noma sesifundazwe. Nokho, amagatsha endawo azimele athathwe ngomthetho, hhayi umthetho wezwe, hhayi i-U.S.S.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Ezingeni Elibili

Igatsha le-winmental i-Conrer `Izishayamthetho zeSigele neNdlu yabameleli.'Ingqungquthela ibala amandla, kuhlanganise nokukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zomhlaba, ukumisa impi, nokugcina amabutho ahlomile. Ngezinga lendawo, imikhandlu yemithetho enjengemikhandlu yamadolobha kanye namabhodi esifundazwe abaphathi ikha imithetho yemithetho engokomthetho, − elawula izindaba ezifana nezindawo, umsindo, izithunjana, ukukhokha, nokuphepha komphakathi. Ngokungafani nemithetho ye-Congressmes, izishaya umthetho zendawo ayinakuyidlulisa imithetho ephikisana nezwe noma nemithetho kahulumeni, futhi igunya lawo lilinganiselwe kakhulu ekulawuleni indawo yayo.

Igatsha Eliphethe Ezikhundleni Ezimbili

Umongameli we-United States uphethe igatsha eliphethe uhulumeni, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, oyala ibutho lezempi, oqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi amise izikhulu zikahulumeni. Amandla eziphathimandla zendawo ngokuvamile ahlala kumphathi-meya, umphathi wedolobha, noma umphathi wesifunda. Lezi zikhulu ziqondisa imisebenzi yohulumeni wezwe yansuku zonke, zisebenzisa imithetho, zengamele izinkonzo zomphakathi njengamaphoyisa neminyango yomlilo, futhi zilungise nezimali.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Ezikhundleni Ezimbili

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sidala inkantolo yezwe, ehlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, nezinkantolo zesifunda. Amajaji ahlangene alalela amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezinye izindaba ezihilela uhulumeni wase-U. Izimiso zokwahlulela zendawo. . .Izinkantolo zendawo, izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda, kuhlanganise nokuphula umthetho wezempatho, izisu zomphakathi ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esithile, umthetho womkhaya, kanye nemithetho yobugebengu ehilela imibuso ethile noma imithetho yendawo. Lesimiso senkantolo sazombili sivumela kokubili ukuhlanganisana nokuvumelana kwemithetho yesizwe nokusebenzisa imithetho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Owuhulumeni Eyiphutha

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wezindaba ezidinga ukufana kwesizwe sonke noma ezihilela ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke. Imibuso yawo ihlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo futhi iye yanwetshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemibuso eshiwoyo, ikakhulukazi i-Edict neFanet Claus. Okulandelayo kuyimithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko kahulumeni kahulumeni.

  • INational Defense and Foreign Relations: Uhulumeni ugcina amabutho ahlomile, uxoxa, ulawula izinqumo, nokwenza izivumelwano. Nguhulumeni wezwe kuphela ongamemezela impi noma angene ezivumelwaneni namazwe angaphandle. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izwi elihlangeneyo ezindabeni zembulunga yonke.
  • Ukumiswa kwe-Interstate and International Commerce: Ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus, iSishaya-mthetho silawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe namazwe angaphandle. Lemibuso yegunya elawulayo njengeFederal Trade Commission ne-Secturaties and Exchange Commission, ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiswa kwezentengiselwano ngesihle nangezobulungisa.
  • Ukungena nokuzalanisa: uhulumeni wezwe ubeka imithetho yokuthi ubani ongase angene ezweni, ukuthi angahlala isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi angaba kanjani izakhamuzi. Umnyango we Homeland Security ne-U.S. ulwelwesi Lwesizwe ne-Immigration Service imisa lemithetho.
  • Ukulondeka okungokwesiko ne program ye-Nationaluniverfare Programs: Izinhlelo ze-Federal njenge-Social Security, Medicare, ne-Someral Nutrition Information Program (SNAP) inikeza izigidi zamaMelika i-codential System i-motective Program. Lezinhlelo zixhaswa ngentela kahulumeni futhi zilawulwa ngokwesizwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Isivikelo somphakathi: i-Epager ye-protection evikelayo (EPA) imisa imithetho kahulumeni enjenge-Celean Air Act ne Clean Water Act, imisa izindinganiso ezisebenza kuzo zonke izifundazwe ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yomphakathi nemithombo yemvelo.
  • Ukulawula kanye ne-Monetary Policy: Uhulumeni kahulumeni, nge-Etherney neFederal Reserve yase-U.S., izimpikiswano zemali, ilawula amabhange, futhi ilawula isimiso semali ukuze ithuthukise ukuqina kwezomnotho.
  • Impahla nePatents ezifundwayo: I-Patant ne-Trademark Office yase-U.S., inhlangano kahulumeni, inikeza imvume nezimpawu zokubhalisa, inikeza abasunguli nabadali isivikelo sesizwe.
  • I-Civil Rights and Constitutional Ziqinisekisa: uhulumeni umisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise noMthetho wamalungelo abantu we-Civil Act ne-Voting Rights Act, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi izifundazwe nezindawo zisekela izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wasendaweni Eyinselele

Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha izinkonzo zansuku zonke ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo ichazwa umthetho kazwelonke futhi ivame ukuhlanganisa izindawo lapho ukufakwa komphakathi kuphumelela kakhulu. Izindawo zomphakathi, amadolobha, amadolobha, amalokishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile ngayinye inendima ethile. Uhlu olulandelayo lubonisa imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko kahulumeni wendawo.

  • Ukuvikela noMthetho: iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo iphoqelela isifundazwe nemithetho yendawo, isabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, futhi igcine ukuhleleka. Iminyango yomlilo, ngokuvamile ehlelwe ezingeni likamasipala noma lesifundazwe, inikeza izinkonzo zomlilo nezinkonzo zezokwelapha. Amahhovisi omphakathi ezikhungweni zokuhlola izibalo asingatha ukugcinwa komthetho ezindaweni ezizimele nasemajele angasebenzi.
  • K-12 Imfundo: izifunda zendawo, ezibuswa amabhodi akhethiwe, ziqondisa izikole zomphakathi. Zimisa izifundo zesikole, ziqasha othisha, izakhiwo, futhi ziphakamise inzuzo ngentela yempahla (ngokuzithoba kumbuso). Imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo wendawo nombuso, futhi uhulumeni udlala indima yokusekela elinganiselwe.
  • Imisebenzi ye-Public ne-infrablic: Ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zokunikeza amanzi, imishini yokuthutha indle, nezinto zokuthutha umphakathi. Bayakwazi nokuqoqa imfucumfucu, ukuvuselela, nokususa iqhwa.
  • Izwe i-Useafs Universal and Zoning: Imithetho yokuhlela ilawula indlela impahla engasetshenziswa ngayo (impahla, ezohwebo, ezezimboni, ezolimo. Ikhomishane yokuhlela indawo ivumela imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa, iphoqelela imithetho yokwakha, futhi ilololonga isimo semiphakathi. Leligunya lithinta ngokuqondile ukuthunyelwa kwezindlu nokwakheka komphakathi.
  • I-Public Health and Social Services:[ iminyango yezempilo yasesifunda inikeza ukugoma, ukuqapha izifo, imfundo yempilo, nokuhlola izindawo zokudlela nezindawo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano zenkonzo zomphakathi ziqondisa izinhlelo zombuso nezosizo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nosizo lokudla, izisekeli zezindlu, nezinkonzo zokuvikela izingane.
  • Izindawo zombhishobhi, ukuzijabulisa, neMitapo: ohulumeni besifunda baphethe amapaki, imidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, amachibi okubhukuda, nemitapo yomphakathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuphathwa ngokunciphisa: Izinhlangano zendawo zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zihlanganisa ukusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, izifo eziwumqedazwe, nezinye izinhlekelele. Zisebenza eduze nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni (umz., FEMA) kodwa ziyindlela yokuqala yokusabela.
  • Licens and Rebles:[ Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza amalayisensi ebhizinisi, amalayisense omshado, imvume yokwakha, nelayisensi yenja. Balawula futhi okhetho bendawo, kuhlanganise nokuvota kanye nezindawo zokuvota.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Ukushaya Ihlombe Ngokweqile Nokuguqula Amandla

Nakuba ukuhlukana kwemithwalo yemfanelo kubonakala kucacile, ezindaweni eziningi kuhilela imibuso ehlangeneyo − igunya eliphethwe yiyo yomibili imikhakha kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo nasekuqondiseni izakhamuzi izinkonzo zomphakathi. Ikhasi elingezansi lifingqa ukufana okuyinhloko nokwehluka.

  • Ukukhokha: Kokubili intela kahulumeni kahulumeni neyasendaweni ye-levy. Uhulumeni wezwe uncike ngokuyinhloko ezintelani zeholo nasezintela zenkampani. Ohulumeni bendawo bancike kakhulu ezintelani zempahla, intela yentengo, nentela yomsebenzisi. Amazinga entengo nezakhiwo ahluka kakhulu, okuholela ekuhlukahlukahlukani okukhulu kwekhono lemali emiphakathini.
  • Imithetho: imithetho ye-Federal (othisha) isebenza ngokufanayo ezweni lonke futhi iqede isifundazwe noma imithetho yendawo ephikisanayo. Imithetho yendawo isebenza kuphela phakathi kwegunya futhi akumelwe iphikise umthetho kahulumeni noma kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha alinakubhalisa ngokomthetho umuthi owenqatshwa umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Izimiso ze-Court:[ izinkantolo zeFederal zizwa amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, kanye nokulawula kobuzwe obuhlukahlukene. Izinkantolo zendawo (isifundazwe kanye nomasipala) zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu nomphakathi. Icala ngezinye izikhathi lingasuka kuhulumeni liye enkantolo kahulumeni uma kuphakama umbuzo kahulumeni.
  • Izinkonzo ze-Public Service: Zombili lezi zilinganiso zinikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile, kodwa uhulumeni ugxila ezimisweni zesizwe ezibanzi (umzz., iNyuziya-ntle, iMedicare, isivikelo sombuso), kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo begxile ezinkonzweni eziqondile zomphakathi njengenhlanzeko, imigwaqo yendawo, nepaki. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezizweni nasezindaweni ezithile (izinjongo zokuvikela i-aid).
  • Ukuphathwa ngokunciphisa: Ohulumeni bendawo bangabaphendulayo bokuqala kunoma iyiphi inhlekelele. Uma inhlekelele idlula amandla endawo, uhulumeni unikeza ukusekela, kanye nohulumeni wombuso (i-PAFMA) wesenezelo. Uhulumeni uhlela futhi izindinganiso zombuso futhi uhlela ukusabela okukhulu.
  • Ukubekwa kwe-ENTR: I-EPA imisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, kodwa izifundazwe nezindawo ngokuvamile ziyazisebenzisa futhi ziziphoqelele. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingaba nemithetho eqinile yezinga lokushisa lomoya kunemithetho enciphileyo kahulumeni. Lendlela evalelweyo ivumela ukujwayela kwendawo lapho ilondoloza izivikelo zesizwe.

Imidlalo: Indlela Ohulumeni Bendawo Abasebenza Ngayo Ndawonye

I-Federalism ayisona isimiso esiqinile sobushiqela be-silos; iyisimiso esinethonya lokubusa okuhlanganyelwayo. Imithetho kahulumeni idinga ukumiswa kwezwe nokufezwa kwendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceac Water Act ishaya indiva ngokuqapha izindinganiso zamanzi, kuyilapho imishini yendawo esebenza imishini yokuphatha izakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, izimali zokuhamba zikahulumeni zihanjiswa emazweni akhona, ezilawula ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo kanye nemisebenzi yokuthutha yomphakathi. Le mithetho kahulumeni yokubambisana iqinisekisa ukuthi imigomo yesizwe ihlangane nokuvumelana nokuvumelana nemithetho yendawo. Nokho, izingxabano zingaphakama lapho imibandela yombuso ifaka izindleko zezokuphatha izakhiwo zendawo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo (izimvume ezigunyaziwe) noma lapho imithetho yendawo ingqubuzana nezingabalulekile zikahulumeni, njengokuthunyelwa kwezindawo zokuthutha nokuthutha noma ukufakwa kwensangubo engokomthetho.

Ukubaluleka Okubucayi Kokubusa Kwendawo

Uhulumeni wendawo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isikhungo sokubusa ngentando yeningi" ngoba uvumela ukuhlola nokusungula. Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlela izisekelo ezibanzi, izikhulu zendawo zisondelene nabantu futhi zingalungisa izidingo zomphakathi ezihlukile. Ukubaluleka kokubusa kwendawo kunezici eziningi.

  • I-Dict Civic Accement: ukhetho lwendawo, imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, namabhodi omphakathi anikeza amapulatifomu afinyelelekayo ezakhamuzini ukuze zithonye izinqumo. Ngokuvamile okhethweni bendawo luphansi, kodwa labo abahlanganyelayo bangaba nethonya eliqondile ezindabeni ezinjengokuxhasa isikole, ukuhlanganisa, nezimiso zamaphoyisa.
  • Izinkonzo ezicacisiwe ne-Responsiveness: Isifunda sasemaphandleni sinezici eziza kuqala ezihlukile kunesikhungo esiminyene sasedolobheni. Ohulumeni bendawo banganika izimali zokusingatha izinselele ezithile, njengezinkonzo zokuthuthukisa ezolimo emiphakathini yamapulazi noma ekuthutheni kwabantu abaningi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni amakhulu. Lokhu kuvumelana kunamandla ayinhloko ombuso.
  • Ukulungisa nokuzama ukuphatha: Izimiso eziningi eziphumelelayo zesizwe zaqala endaweni yakhona. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zemfundo zabantwana bakudala, amasu omphakathi, kanye nezisusa zamandla ezivuselelwayo zahlolwa okokuqala emadolobheni nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Ukuhluleka kungaqulwa, futhi impumelelo ingalinganiswa.
  • Ukukhokha-mali nokubonisa ngokukhululekile: Izikhulu zendawo zingakwazi ukulandisa ngokuqondile kubantu ezimele, ngokuvamile zibhekene nokukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemine. Izinqumo zazo zihlolwa yizezindaba zomphakathi. Lokhu kuthuthukisa umuzwa wokwethenjwa nokulandisa okunzima ukufinyelela ezingeni lesizwe.
  • Imfundo kuBudenariyo: Ukuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wendawo("engaba khona) ngokuya emhlanganweni webhodi yesikole, ngokukhonza ekhomishini yokuhlela, noma ngokuvota kukhetho lukamasipala //izakhamuzi ezisebenza kanjani idemokrati. Yindawo yokuqeqeshelwa abaholi besikhathi esizayo nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akunazinkinga. I-Federalism ibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo, kuhlanganise nezimpi zokuhlenga-hlengwa, ukuhlukana ngokwezimo, nokuhluleka kokusebenza kahle kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, uhulumeni wakhipha iziqondiso kodwa washiya izinqumo eziningi zempilo zomphakathi emazweni nasezindaweni, okuholela ekuphenduleni okungavumelani. Ngokufanayo, izingxabano emadolobheni angcwele kanye nokugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezingcwele kuqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuhlakanipha komphakathi nobukhulu bombuso. Enye inselele eyandayo ekusekelweni kwezimali zenkonzo yendawo, okunganciphisa ukunciphiselwa kwezindawo kanye nokwe-mfunda. Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwesimiso sethu sombuso.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Lezi Zici Zibe Kubafundi Nakubantu Abahlala Ezindaweni Ezithile

Ukuqonda indima nemithwalo yemfanelo yezindawo zombuso. Amagatsha kahulumeni kahulumeni akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo. Kubalulekile ukuba uhulumeni ukhulume ngezindaba zesizwe ezibonisa ulwazi. Ngokufunda indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo: ukuzivikela, ukufuduka, ukuthutha, ukuhweba ngezomthetho-mthetho. Ohulumeni bendawo balawula izinkonzo eziklanywe ukuphila kwansuku zonke: izikole, amaphoyisa, imigwaqo, nokuhlanganisa. Zombili izinga lokuhlala lisebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwenye. Ngokufunda indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo nendlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo, nangabafundi bangahlanganyela kangcono nezindawo zabo, basekelele izinhlangano zabo, futhi bagcine izikhulu ziphendule ulwazi lwakho. Ukuhlola ulwazi lwakho, [[FLT: 0] [ezinga eliqinile]. [FL:], futhi isisekelo sesisekelo se-RGenetic orgtion.[5]