Isandulela Sombono Oyisisekelo

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States singaphezu kakhulu kokuqala imikhosi. Yakhiwa ngo-1787 yi-Constitution of the Constitution, lamagama angamashumi amahlanu nambili asebenza njengekhampasi yokuziphatha nefilosofi yomzamo waseMelika. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo umisa imishini kahulumeni, i-Pregaggery imemezela injongo yalowo hulumeni, ihlanganisa izindinganiso ezihlanganyelwe ezihlanganisa isizwe ndawonye. Isho amazwi ahloselwe, isivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kwemibuso nehulumeni waso, nencwadi ephilayo eyaqhubeka iveza ukuma kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ukuqonda indlela iPregagery eveza ngayo izindinganiso zamaMelika kudinga ukuhlola kokubili umlando wayo nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo. Abakhi bezakhiwo babeqaphela kakhulu ukuthi babedala okuthile okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili: iRepublic engekho ngegazi noma ngelungelo laphezulu, kodwa ngokuvumelana kwabantu abavamile. Ulimi ababelukhetha ((delibegated, iphupho, kanye) lwaluklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa iqoqo lemibuso elihlukene ezweni elinobunye. Namuhla, isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sibhekane nombuzo wokuthi isizwe siphila ngokwezimiso ezibekwe kuyiPregingle.

Umsuka Nomlando

I-Preggy yabuthelwa i-Fourses phakathi nenkathi yenkulumo - mpikiswano enzima nokuyekethisa. Ngemva kokwehluleka kweZihlokwana zeConfederation, ezaveza uhulumeni obuthakathaka ophakathi ongakwazi ukusingatha izinkinga zezomnotho, izingxabano zezifunda ezihlukene, nezinsongo zakwamanye amazwe, izihambeli ezivela ezifundeni eziyishumi nambili zahlangana ePhiladelphia. iNational Archivess iphawula ukuthi abakhi bomthetho odingwa ngokushesha abadinga ukumisa uhulumeni ongagunyaza kokubili inhlonipho nokulondoloza inkululeko. I-Pregarrowing yayiphakathi kwezingxenye zokugcina ezibhalwe yiKomiti yenkambi, ebhalwe nguGouverne Morris, owaguqula udwebo olubi kakhulu lwezimpompondo namuhla.

Inkulumo " Thina bantu" sasiwukushiya okushintshwa kwezincwadi zangaphambili. Yathatha indawo "Thina Zwe," iphawula ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wathatha igunya lawo ngokuqondile kwizakhamuzi, hhayi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwabonisa ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kombuso weMelika othandwayo."Umqondo wokuthi amandla ezombangazwe ahlala kubantu, abawuphathisa uhulumeni ngomthetho sisekelo. Ngakho iPregatoring isebenza njengokwenqatshwa okukhulu kwemibuko yenkosi, izikhulu, nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lukahulumeni oluphatha izakhamuzi njengezikhonzi kunokuba abahlanganyeli.

Iziphelo Eziyisithupha Zohulumeni: Ukuhlola Okujulile

Indatshana ibala izinjongo eziyisithupha uMthetho-sisekelo owawuklanyelwe ukufinyelela. Umgomo ngamunye uhlanganisa inani elihlukile laseMelika, futhi ndawonye wakha ipulani yomphakathi onobulungisa nozinzile. Ake sihlole ngamunye ngokujule.

Ukuze Kube Nobunye Obuphelele

Umgomo wokuqala oshiwoyo uwukwakha isibopho esiphelele " esiphelele kakhulu" kunesokuqala saso. Lokhu kubhala kubonisa izifiso ezimbili eziyinhloko zaseMelika: intuthuko eqhubekayo nobunye. Abakhi bakhona abazange bathi bakha isimiso esiphelele; baqaphela isidingo sokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo. Inkulumo igcizelela futhi ukubaluleka komthetho (ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya lesizwe ne-Examplication). Ngokubiza i-"nyukst", i-Pregquation iwutusa ngokuphelele umqondo wokuthi isizwe esihlukene ngeke siphumelele, nokuthi ngezinye izikhathi abantu abahle bafuna ukunikela ngezithakazelo zomthetho.

Lo mgomo uhlala ubalulekile ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene namalungelo ezwe, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe. Ukubaluleka kobunye baseMelika akusho ukufana; kusho ukulondoloza uhlelo oluhlangeneyo lomthetho-sisekelo uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlukahluka. uMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe ugcizelela ukuthi inkulumo ethi "ukuhlangana okuphelele kakhulu" iye yanxuswa abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, omongameli, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo njengesicelo sokudlulisela isithembiso soMthetho-sisekelo kubo bonke abantu base-Melika.

2. Beka Ubulungisa

I- Justice iyi-prigit yefilosofi yaseMelika engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha. Isaziso simemezela ukuthi enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zikahulumeni ukumisa ubulungisa."isho isimiso semithetho esisebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Le mithetho isekelwe ekucabangeni kokukhanyiselwa kukaJohn Locke noMontesquieu, owaphikisa ukuthi ubulungisa bufuna ukubusa komthetho, izinkantolo ezingakhethi, nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye. I-Pregatoria ayichazi ukuthi ubulungisa bunjani onjani obenze ngamacala onke, kodwa ibeka indinganiso: zonke izinkantolo, zonke izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi zonke izenzo zomthetho kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokufuna ukulunga.

Izindinganiso zenqubo efanele zaseMelika, isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga konke kuvela kulokhu kubopheka. Nokho umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga kuye kwafezeka ngokungaphelele − kusukela kumacala amathathu ahlehlela kuJim Crow ukuya kukwahluka kwanamuhla esimisweni sobulungisa. Isicelo se-Pregegeduse ku- “umkhandlu" ngakho yikho kokubili isimiso sokusungula nomsebenzi ongapheli. Ibekela inselele isizukulwane ngasinye ukwandisa izinga lalabo abathola ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuzisiza Ekhaya

Abakhi be-flames babephila phakathi kobuphekula bukaShays Redult kanye nezinye izibhelu ezazisongela ukuhleleka komphakathi. Babeqonda ukuthi umphakathi ozinzileyo ufuna uhulumeni ukuba ulondoloze ukuthula phakathi kwemingcele yawo. Ukuthula okungalawuleki [ kusho ukuthi akukho nje ubudlova, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kobunye obungokwenhlalo lapho izingxabano zingaxazululwa khona ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezinokuthula. Lokhu kubonisa inkolelo yamaMelika yokuthi uhulumeni unesibopho sokuvikela izakhamuzi zakhe ezinsongweni zangaphakathi //2] lezo zinsongo zihlome, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, noma izinxushunxushunxu.

Namuhla, inzuzo yokuthula kwasekhaya inikeza ulwazi oluningi kusukela kumaphoyisa nakukuphathwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo kuya ekuqondiseni ukubhikishelwa nokunakekelwa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kuyisikhumbuzo ukuthi ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekhonweni lakhe lokunikeza ukuphepha nokuhleleka ngaphandle kokugxambukela ekukhululekeni. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko kuwumnyombo ongapheli ekuphileni kwaseMelika, futhi isiqalo sinikeza isisekelo saleyo ngxoxo.

4. Siza Ukuzivikela Okuvamile

Isivikelo se-common iveza isibopho saseMelika ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasesivikelweni esihlangene. Isiqalo siyavuma ukuthi isizwe asinakusinda uma singakwazi ukuzivikela ekuhlaseleni kwamanye amazwe. Lelinani lisekela ukumiswa kwebutho elimile, i-sovir, futhi kamuva i-authorics, izinhlangano zobuhlakani, kanye nezivumelwano ezinjenge-NATO. Inkulumo "enzela isivikelo esivamile" isebenzisa ngenhloso igama elithi "ivamile" ukugcizelela ukuthi isivikelo singumthwalo ohlangeneyo, hhayi umthwalo wezwe elilodwa noma isifunda.

Lomqondo uqinisa futhi inkolelo yaseMelika kuhulumeni onamandla kahulumeni onamandla okwazi ukuqoqa imithombo yezokuphepha kwesizwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abasunguli babeqapha amabutho amile; babehlanganisa isilinganiso sokulawula amabutho angekho emthethweni kanye nemali yempi elinganiselwayo iminyaka emibili. Ngakho i-Preggry isekela isimiso sokuvikela esiqinile esinesibopho esinesibopho kubantu.

5. Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

Inkulumo " iveza inhlala - kahle evamile" ingenye yenkulumo ephikiswayo kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ayisho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinenhlalakahle, kodwa kunalokho kufanele zakhe izimo ezingcono ekuchumeni nasentuthukweni yezenhlalo. Lelinani lihlanganisa uhide olubanzi lwezenzo zikahulumeni: ukwakha imigwaqo namabhuloho, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano, ukunikeza imfundo yomphakathi, ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi, nokusekela ithuba lezomnotho.

Indinganiso yezenhlala - kahle ikhonjiwe ukuze ithethelele yonke into kusukela ku-Social Security kuya ku-Affordal Care Act. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ingasetshenziselwa ukwandisa amandla kahulumeni ngaphezu kwemingcele yayo ehlosiwe. Nokho i-Preggy icacisa ukuthi injongo kahulumeni ayiyona nje ephambene (ukulawula ukuziphatha okubi) kodwa futhi ilungile (ukukhuthaza okuhle komphakathi). Inzuzo yemithwalo yemfanelo yaseMelika ingcono uma sifaka imali entweni eyodwa (iwumqondo wokuthi singcono kakhulu uma sifaka ekusebenziseni izimpahla ezifanayo).

6. Siza Silondoloze Izibusiso Zenkululeko Yethu Nenkambo Yethu

Injongo yokugcina yesandulela sokuhlanganisa zonke ezinye: ukusekela izibusiso zenkululeko" ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezizayo. Inkululeko iyinkolelo ephelele yamaMelika ukuthi abantu banamalungelo efa okumelwe bawavikele. I-Pregageg ichaza inkululeko njenge "isiphazamiso," isikisela ukuthi kokubili kuyisipho nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ayiyona into engathathwa njengendiswayo; kumelwe igcinwe futhi idluliswe.

Inkulumo ethi "kuthi ngokwethu nezizukulwane zethu" iqala inkathi yesikhashana: uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje yesizukulwane esisungulweyo kodwa yiyo yonke elandelayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukubaluleka kwaseMelika kokuphatha(8) umqondo wokuthi sithemba amalungelo ethu neriphabliki yethu ngabantwana bethu nabazukulu. Isho futhi umsebenzi wokuvuselela nokuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuqhubekayo ekukhukhulekeni.

Indlela Ikhorali Esandulela Eyiyinzuzo Ngayo

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, amagama okuvula " Thina bantu ``Trease'' senza ukubusa okuthandwayo kube yisimiso esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika. Lokhu kulahla umqondo wokuthi amandla asuka kumbusi noma kumbusi obusayo. Kunalokho, abantu bawumthombo wegunya lezombangazwe. Noma yimuphi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe uthathe amandla awo emvumeni yababuswayo, eboniswa ngokhetho, ngezinhlangano zabameleli, nangezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Isakhiwo se-Pregageing siqinisa lokhu ngokubeka u- “Thina bantu” ngaphambi kokuba“ simise futhi simise loMthetho-sisekelo.” Abantu bangabadlali, uhulumeni uyithuluzi. Lokhu kuwukwehla okukhulu komthetho-sisekelo wangaphambili, owaqala ngezimemezelo zegunya lobukhosi noma izikhombo kuNkulunkulu. KuMelika, yona kanye isenzo sokumisa umthetho-sisekelo siwukusetshenziswa kobukhosi obuthandwayo.

Uhulumeni Olinganiselwe Nomthetho

Ngokudweba izinjongo eziqondile uhulumeni azenzelwe ukufinyelela, i-Preggry isikisela ukuthi amandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe kulezo njongo. Akuwona itshe elingekho; kuyi-evilo eliboshiwe. Lokhu kuvumelana nenhloso yaseMelika kahulumeni olinganiselwe() inkolelo yokuthi umbuso kufanele ube nalawo mandla aphathiswe wona kuphela ngabantu, nokuthi lawo mandla kumelwe asetshenziswe phakathi kwemithetho esebenza ngokufanayo nababusi futhi abusa.

Umthetho uqiniswa kakhulu ukwahlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, noBill of Rights. Isaziso sibeka iphimbo: uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu, hhayi enye indlela. Ukwanda noma ukuhlangana kwamandla kahulumeni kungavivinywa ngokumelene nezinhloso ezishiwo yile jikelezo.

Ukulingana Namalungelo Angenakuthuthwa

Nakuba isanduleli esingakhulumi ngokucacile ukulingana noma amalungelo, ibhekisela ekulinganiseni nasekulinganiseni, okusikisela ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho. ISimemezelo sokuzimela, esibhalwe eminyakeni eyishumi nanye ngaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo, kakade sase simemezele ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana futhi banamalungelo angenakuthathwa. I-Preggqury kumelwe ifundwe kulomongo. UMthetho-sisekelo uyinqubo yokuvikela lawomalungelo ngohulumeni ongokomthetho.

Inhloso yaseMelika yokulingana iye yakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi — kusukela ekukhipheni abesifazane, abantu abagqilaziwe, kanye nabanikazi abangenazo izimpahla, ukuya kuhlanganisa zonke izakhamuzi kancane kancane ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo nangemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ulimi olubanzi lwe-Preggey luvumela lokhu kwanda; lubeka imigomo engachazwa kabusha isizukulwane ngasinye ukuze silinganisele kangcono umbono womphakathi olungile.

Ubuhle Obuhlangene Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuhlanganyela

Isiqalo sibonisa futhi ukubaluleka kobuhle bomphakathi, `umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi zinemisebenzi kanye namalungelo. Ngokumemezela ukuthi abantu bamisa uMthetho-sisekelo futhi bahlose ukuvikela izizukulwane ezilandelayo, isaziso sisho ukuthi ukuzilawula kudinga ukushiseka, ulwazi, nokuthenjiswa isakhamuzi. Inkululeko ayisona isipho umuntu avele avele athole sona; iwumthwalo wemfanelo okumelwe usetshenzwe ngokuvota, umsebenzi wejaji, inkonzo yezempi, inkulumo yasobala, nokuhileleka komphakathi.

Lokhu kubonakalisa isiko lezerpabhuliki lasendulo elathonya abasunguli. Babekholelwa ukuthi irepublic ayinakusinda uma izakhamuzi zayo zingayinaki inzuzo yomphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kweqembu “Thina” kusikhumbuza ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uhlangene phakathi kwezakhamuzi, hhayi umthetho onikezwe phezulu.

Ukuqhathanisa namanye amadokhumende atholakele

Izihloko ze-Pregagery zinanela futhi zijulise lezo ezitholakala emibhalweni eyisisekelo yangaphambili. Ukuchazwa kwenkululeko (177] kuvame ukugomela ukuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo alungile ngokuvunyelwa abalawulwayo futhi basungulwe ukuvikela amalungelo angenakususwa. Impoqo iguqula lezizimiso ezifihlwayo zibe izinjongo zikahulumeni eziqinile: ukwakha inyunyana, ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula, ukunikeza isivikelo, ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle, nokuvikela. Nakuba uMthetho weSimemezelo uqinisa ukuguqulwa kobushiqela, inikeza ipulani yokwakha isitebezelo, uhulumeni osemthethweni.

Arttics zeConfederation (1781] zazenelisa ngokwehlukile: “Kubo bonke labo lezi Zipho ezizofika kubo... thina abameleli abamisiwe bamazwe... sivumelana nezihloko ezithile zeConfederation ne-Union...” Lenguqulo isayinwa abameleli bezwe, hhayi“ abantu.” Intula amandla futhi ihluleka ukuchaza umbono wesizwe. Umthetho uveza lokhu ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile kubo bonke abantu nangokusho izinjongo ze-Union ngolimi oluphawulekayo.

Amabhukwana amuva anjenge eMidlalweni yamalungelo (1791) kanye Ikheli le-Gotysburg [ (1863]) adwetshwa ngezihloko ze-Preggy. I-Bill of Rights ivikela inkululeko ekhethekile, igcwalisa isiqinisekiso sokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko. Ikheli likaLincoln libiza “ukuzalwa okusha kwenkululeko” kanye nohulumeni“ wabantu, ngabantu,” benanela ngokuqondile umbono weSigijikisho wobukhosi obuthandwayo nenhlangano.

Isiqalo Ezimpikiswaneni Zanamuhla

Isaziso asiyona nje indaba engokomlando; iyaqhubeka itshela inkulumo yezombangazwe nengokomthetho yamanje. Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, abamisimthetho, nabashisekeli bomthetho balucela njalo ulimi lwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.[FLT] [1931] [1936], uMahluleli Sutherland wacaphuna isaziso sokuphikisana ngemibuso ebanzi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, esho ukuthi “i-" eyasungulwa nguhulumeni wezwe ngobukhosi obungokwefakelwayo. Ngokuphikisanayo, labo abakhuthaza amalungelo ezindawo noma uhulumeni olinganiselwe ngokuvamile babheka ohlwini lwezigodi eziqondile lwemigomo zezwe ukuba baphikise ukuthi igunya lezwe lingangeni ngaphezu kwalezo zinjongo.

Ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukufuduka, inkambiso yezomnotho, nokulondeka kwesizwe, inkulumo ethi “ukuguqula inhlala - kahle evamile” isetshenziswa njalo nhlangothi zombili. Abasekeli bezinhlelo ezandisiwe zezenhlalo bakhomba kuyo njengesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sesenzo sikahulumeni; abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi kumelwe ifundwe kancane, kanye nemibuso ebaliwe yeSiphakamiso I. I-Pregageargery ayixazululi lengxabano, kodwa inikeza ulimi olufanayo nephuzu elihambisanayo lokuxoxa ngendima efanele kahulumeni.

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zezenhlalo zenza imigomo yazo ivumelane nemibono ye-Pregnail. Baphikisa ngokuthi uma inyunyana “iphelele kakhulu,” kumelwe inqobe ukungabi nabulungisa kwezimiso, ifinyelele ukulingana kweqiniso, futhi ilondeke kubo bonke. Ngakho i-Preggency isebenza njengesisekelo esingokomlando nesicelo esiphilayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Nenzuzo

Ukuqonda isiqalo kuyisisekelo semfundo yomphakathi eUnited States. Abantwana besikole bafundiswa ukusibamba ngekhanda, futhi kubonakala kuvelele emikhosini engokwemvelo yezakhamuzi ezintsha. Izindinganiso ezihambisana ne-schrines (ukubusa okuthandwayo, ubulungisa, ukuthula, isivikelo, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko () ukuguqula isisekelo sempucuko yezombangazwe zaseMelika. Izinqolobane zesizwe [[] zingezinye zezincwadi ezibhekwa kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika.

I - Pregage ikhuthaza futhi ukushisekela izwe. Ayikugubhi ukunqoba empini noma inkazimulo yombusi; igxila ezimisweni okumelwe zifezeke njalo. Lokhu kwenza amaMelika ahluke ezizweni eziningi ezisekelwe ebuzweni noma ekunqobeni isifundazwe. Ukuba umMelika kumelwe asekele izimiso zeSingeniso, ngisho noma umuntu egxeka ukwehluleka kwezwe ukuphila ngokuvumelana nazo.

Isiphetho

Isethulo soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siwuphawu oluphambili lwezindinganiso nemibono yaseMelika. Emgqeni owodwa nje, umemezela ubukhosi babantu, uhlela izinjongo eziyisithupha ezibalulekile zikahulumeni, futhi ufaka isizwe ekuphishekeleni inkululeko nobulungisa okuqhubekayo. Ngamunye wemishwana yawo ubonakalisa izibopho ezijulile zefilosofi eziye zabunjwa umlando waseMelika: ubukhosi obuthandwayo, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, ubuhle bomphakathi, nenkolelo eqhubekayo.

Isiqalo asiyona insalela ehlala njalo kodwa isiqondiso esinamandla. Ibekela isizukulwane ngasinye inselele ukwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe, ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukulungiselela isivikelo esivamile, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, nokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko. Lena imigomo yesifiso, futhi ngokuvamile isizwe siye sahluleka. Nokho isiqalo sisikhumbuza ukuthi ukuhlola kwaseMelika akukona ukufinyelela ukuphelela, kodwa ngokuphathelene nokulwela ukukuletha. Uma nje uMthetho-sisekelo usaqhubeka, amazwi eSikhankambiso ahlala ewubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi singobani nokuthi siyini.