I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, ime njengesikhumbuzo sokungaqiniseki koFathers kokubekwa kwe-odminity. Izinguquko zayo zokuqala eziyishumi zaklanyelwa ukuvikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni, iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nokunyathelisa, kanye nezivikelo ezingokomthetho zabamangalelwa. Izezikhuselo zekhulu leminyaka zaziqondwa kakhulu nge-lens ye-ivrensis. Ukukhushulwa kwalamalungelo okuguqulayo kuhlanganisa abantu abangebona abakhonzile, ikakhulukazi abafuni bezindawo zobukhoselo, bahlala ngokuphelele olimini lweSiphendulo se-14, esigunyazwe ngo-1868. ISiphenduku-Gawula se-14 se-14 se-intshiwe asilingani ne-"Isebenza ku-"kumuntu ophakathi kwe- - United States. Igama elikhethwe ngomthetho elingokomthetho elikhonziswe yi-Rockletten.

Ukuba Umuntu Komthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Yokuthola Isivikelo Se - asylum

INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokungaguquguquki ngokuthi iBill of Rights neziNguqulo zeMpi Yomphakathi zivikela bonke abantu abakhona ngokomzimba eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala ezindaweni ezinjani. Lesi simiso, esibizwa ngokuthi ukufuduka komthetho - sisekelo, yisona esivumela ababaleki ababalekela ushushiso ukuba bacele amalungelo ayisisekelo afanayo nezakhamuzi. Ngaphandle kwalesi sisekelo esichazayo, izinqubo zokukhosela bezingeke zibe nesisekelo somthetho - sisekelo, zishiyele isivikelo esisekelwe ekufuneni kwemithetho negunyazomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nomthetho “We - Person”

Icala lokuqala nelibaluleke kakhulu elimisa lemfundiso lingu YYYYY v. Hopkins (1886). Kulendaba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho weSan Francisco owasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni kubenzi bezingubo zezingubo. INkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo seSiphendulo sesine seSiphendu sezenyuko asiboshelwanga esabelweni sezakhamuzi. [FT] Ngokungakho konke lokhu kusebenza kubo bonke abantu, ngesilinganiso se "barace, ibala, noma isizwe," futhi "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho siyisiqinisekiso semithetho elinganayo." lesisinqumo esimisiwe ukuthi abantu abangebonakali banelungelo lokuvikela inqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho. [izingakhohlalini elingokomthetho], noma kungathi inzuzo yabantwana abambalwa ngokomthetho.[FF]

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukuchaza Izimbangela Zoshushiso

ISichibiyelo sokuqala senkolo, inkulumo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa kufakwe ngokuqondile embonweni wemithetho engokomthetho weqembu labafuduki. i-U.S., evumelana neNhlangano yeZizwe Ezizimele, inikeza abantu abangakwazi noma abangazimisele ukubuyela ezweni lakubo ngenxa yokushushiswa esikhathini esidlule noma ukwesaba okusungulwe kahle "ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, ubuzwe, ubulungu beqembu elithile lezenhlalo, noma umbono wezombangazwe." ISiphendulo Sokuqala sazisa ukuvinjelwa kwalokhu kufunwa yizwe. Ngakho, umqaphi wenqaba kumelwe abonise ukuthi umbono wabo wezombangazwe uboniswe noma ukuphathwa umshushishisi oqotho. Ngokufanayo, usho ukuthi ukuvikelwa usulu olungokwenkolo ludinga ukuboniswa ngokomthetho, futhi ukuhlolwa ngokukhonziswa, futhi uyavuma ukuthi u - hlelo oluyisisekelo lokusekela ukuvikelwa kwenkolo engokwenkolo ukuze abhekane nokusongela nokusongela kwabo.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukuziphatha Okuhle Ekuvuselweni Kwezinguquko

I-Gast Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu i-"impondorst" isivikelo somthetho-mthetho esivame ukucelwa kakhulu esabelweni. Igunyaza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphunyulwe ekuphileni, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Ukuthatha inqubo yokuzimela, nakuba imvelo, kungaphumela ekuncishweni okukhulu kwenkululeko (nebhanoni) ezweni futhi kwezinye izimo, iziboshwa ezinganqamuki. INkanto ePhakathi isho njalo ukuthi le micimbi kumelwe ibe nemfanelo elungile.

Isisekelo salesivikelo yindaba Zadvydas v. Davis (2001]. Kulesisinqumo, iNkantolo yakhuluma ngokuboshwa kwabantu abangewona amathumbu ababeyalelwe ukuba basuswe kodwa bengenakuxoshwa (ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi izwe lakubo lalingeke lisamukele). Uhulumeni waphikisana negunya lokuvimbela laba bantu phakade. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphika, ichaza ukuvalelwa kwe-Immigration ne- National Act kuphela ukuze ivumele ukuvalelwa isikhathi esingcono. Ngokungakhombangazeli okungakhombanga okungathi sína ngaphansi kweSiphendulo seNhlolo seNhloko, ukukhomba okungamele imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho kuphela. Ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhokhwaswe ukuba kuvinywe imvume yokuboshelwa kwecala. Imvume engokomthetho yokukhohliswa, i-odonselwe (irth Revision) engena imvume yokukho ukukho ukukhomba imvume yokukhomba imvume yokukhomba imvume yokukhomba imvume engokomthetho. Nakuba imvume

Imisebenzi Yemidwebo Yakhelwe Eminyangweni Yomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba iBhili of Rights inikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, isivikelo esingokomthetho sababaleki nabafuni bezikhoselo sihlangene ngomthetho. Lemithetho ichazwa nge-lens yoMthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukushaya noma ukulinganisela izenzo zezikhulu eziphula i-Cement Programment noma iSivikelo esilinganayo seSiphendulo seNkathi Yesihlanu neYeshumi Nane.

Isinyathelo Sababaleki Sango - 1980

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1980, isimiso sababaleki sase-US sasiyi-hoc, ngokuvamile sisabela ezinkingeni ezithile zezezombangazwe ezifana neNguquko yaseHungary noma ukuwa kwe-Saigon. UMthetho we-Refugee wango 1980 wawuyi-progreement yomthetho oguqulwayo. Sahlela ukuvunyelwa kwababaleki futhi sakha isimiso sobuphephelo sanamuhla kubantu abasese-UNITED noma esikhumulweni sokungena. I-Act yamukela incazelo yeNkaniso ye-UN Bobaleki ye-Rhovate ye-Rovation, esekelwe ekwakhekeni lokushumayeza okuhlangene okuhlangene nezindawo eziyisihlanu ezivikelekile. Ngokuyinhloko, i-Act yavumela ukuba abantu babhekane nesimiso somthetho wezwe lonke. I-UR. I-Act yathola isimiso esisekelwe eSibonelweni se-33 se-Convention, inqabela umuntu inkululeko somphakathi noma usongo somthetho owezwe lonke.

UMthetho Wokufuduka Nokwethulwa Kwesizwe Nenqubo Ye - Asylmu

Ingxenye 208 ye-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) ibusa izinhlelo zokukhosela. Ibeka umthwalo wobufakazi kulowo ofaka isicelo ukuze athole ukuthi uhlangabezana nencazelo yombaleki. I-Bill of Rights ithonya indlela lezi zinhlelo ezifakwa ngayo ngemfuneko yokungalingani okuyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sesiphephelo noma ijaji lezethusi kumelwe sinikeze umfaki wesicelo ithuba elinenjongo lokuchaza lokho abakushoyo.

I - INA ihlanganisa nezinsimbi ezibangise endaweni ephephela okumelwe zisetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukwephula inqubo efanele.

  • Unyaka owodwa-Unyaka Ufeyila: Izikhombo ngokuvamile kumelwe zibhekisele esikhoseleni phakathi nonyaka owodwa ngemva kokufika kwazo kokugcina e-US. Ezimbalwa zikhona ngenxa yezimo ezishintshiwe, kodwa lo mkhawulo kungaba yisithiyo esibalulekile. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi ukusebenza ngokuqinile kwalebha kungqubuzana nenqubo efanele ezimweni ezithile.
  • Icala elingathi sína ngokwezimo: Ummangalelwa wabekwa icala "kakhulu kakhulu lobugebengu obungathi sína" uvinjelwe endaweni ephephile. Incazelo yokuthi yini ewubugebengu obunjalo iwumthombo ovamile wokuhlaziywa, idinga ukulinganisela kokuphepha komphakathi ezingozini zoshushiso.
  • I-Firm Reparesion: Uma umfaki wesicelo esethole isivikelo ezweni lesithathu, ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuvikelwa e-US. Lokhu kuqinisekisa isimiso sisebenza njengenetha lokuphepha, hhayi i-forum yokuzisebenzela.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinsimbi zomthetho nesiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo senqubo efanele kwakha isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi somthetho lapho amalungelo omuntu ngamunye kumelwe ahlolwe khona ngokumelene nobukhosi besizwe.

Izinkulumo Zangesikhathi Esizayo, Ukungenela Kwezokwahlulela, Nezinsalela Zomthetho Ezishintshashintshayo

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukungezwani phakathi kwemizamo yegatsha elikhulu yokulawula ukufuduka nesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esinikezwa abantu abangebona abahlala khona kuye kwaba yindawo yempi eyinhloko. Izinkantolo zeFederal ziye zavela njengesehlo esibucayi esithathelwe isinyathelo sokuqondisa, zicaphuna njalo iBhill of Rights lapho zivimbela izimiso ezifuna ukulinganisela ukutholakala kwezindawo zokukhosela.

Ukuzigcina Ubolile, Ukulondeka Kwesizwe, Nemikhawulo Yenqubo Elindelekile

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, ukuboshwa kwabantu abangaboshiwe kwaqala ukuba yithuluzi elinamandla ekuvikelweni kwesizwe. Uhulumeni walwela igunya elibanzi lokuvimbela abantu, kuhlanganise nabafuni bezikhoselo, ngesikhathi sokugunyaza kwabo. Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sibeka imingcele. Indinganiso yokuvalelwa iboshelwa ngokwehlukana, futhi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuboshwa kwandisa inqubo edinga ukugcinwa kwecala. Izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni enesithakazelo esingokomthetho ekuqinisekiseni ukubonakala nokuvikela umphakathi, kumelwe kube "ubuhlobo obunengqondo" phakathi komgomo oshiwoyo nezindlela zokuvalelwa. Abafuni bejele kumelwe banikezwe ithuba lokuncintisana nokuthola ukuthi ababoshiwe futhi basengozini yokubaleka.

Ukuzimisela Nokuthatha I - ID

Ukukhomba kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu emacaleni amaningi esivikelo. Umthetho we-REAL ID ka-2005 washintsha kakhulu indlela abahluleli abafudukayo ababheka ngayo ukwethenjwa. Umthetho uvumela amajaji ukuba asekele ukuthembeka okungaqondile okuthola "ubufakazi obuphelele," okusho ngisho nokungaguquguquki okuncane kobufakazi, uma kutholakala ukwaziswa, kungaqeda isiqinisekiso esiqinile. Lokhu kufaka ukucindezeleka okukhulu kubafuni besivikelo abangase babhekane nosizi, baxakeke ngezinsuku, noma bafaka ubufakazi obusekelwe ngabahumushi. Nakuba i-IDRoral Act iwumthetho, ukusebenza kwayo kulawulwa yiSiphetho sesihlanu seSiphetho. Umahluleli ngeke enze isisekelo sokuncishwa kwesicelo okungenangqondo. Isisekelo sokulahla isikhala kumelwe sibe sikhulu futhi sifanele. Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuchashaza noma ukungachatshazwa kobuswa kobuswa.

Isinyathelo Esiphethe Nokunqanyulwa Kokwahlulela

Igatsha eliphethe linenkululeko enkulu ekuqondiseni imithetho yokufuduka, kodwa lapho izimiso ziphika ngokuphumelelayo abafuna isikhoselo ilungelo labo lenqubo efanele, izinkantolo ziyangenela. Izinqubo ezimbili zamuva eziyinhloko ziqokomisa lokhu okunamandla:

  • IMigrant Protocoms zokhuseleko (MPP): [indlela yokulungisa i-MPP] yaziwa ngokuthi "Hlala eMexico", i-MPP yabuyisela abafuni besivikelo esingesibo esimaMexican eMexico ukuba balinde ukuqulwa kwenkantolo yabo yase-US. Abamele ukuthi i-MPPP yaphula iSigqi seNhlambululo sempi ngokudalula abafuna indawo yokukhosela ebudloveni obukhulu, bengazitholi ithuba elibalulekile lokunikeza izimfuno zabo. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumela ukuba izikhulu zenkantolo i-Biden ukuba ziqede uhlelo, nezinkantolo eziphansi ezithole inqubo engathi sína ewufanele ekusebenzeni kwayo.
  • Isihloko 42 Explosions: Ifaka umthetho wempilo ka-1944, iCDC yayala ukuba kuxoshwe abafuduki phakathi nobhubhane we-COVID-19 ngaphandle kokubavumela ukuba bafune isikhoselo. Nakuba ifulefu njengesilinganiso sezempilo, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi kwakuyisiphelo sokugijima e-INA naseMthethweni we-Foutbacter. I-procedrodural of the produrations aspect issssss areacectives jove productives mayelana syn syn synd productsm produation produation processsssmmental provicer ngaphandle kokulungisa impilo yomphakathi.

Ukuvikelwa KukaClaus Ngokulinganayo Nokuvinjelwa Kohambo

Ingxenye elinganayo yokuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo seSigqi se-F5's Access Claus (eguqulelwe ngokumelene nohulumeni) inqabela ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, inkolo, noma isizinda sesizwe esenzweni sikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sasiyinhloko sezinselele ezingokomthetho zokuhamba eTrump. [[FLP:0]] Trump v. Hawaii [208] [208]), iNkanto ephakeme yasekela uMongameli Proclation (645), eyathiwa ukungena kwemithetho ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu zamaSulumane. INkantolo yasebenzisa uvivinyo oluqinile, ukuthola ukuthi isimemezelo sisekelwe ekulondeni okusemthethweni kunokuba kusekelwe ekucwaseni okuhlonipheyo. Nokho, ukuphikisa izivumelwano zobulungisa, njengamaqembu amaningi esizwe, ifunda izibalo zemithetho yomthetho, ukukhasa izikhankathi, ukuva nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezekwe-mthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omisiwe.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengesivikelo Esiphilayo

I-Bill of Rights yayiyithuluzi lenkululeko yesizwe esisha. Ngolimi lweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iye yashintsha yaba isihlangu sabantu abasengozini kakhulu emhlabeni. Amalungelo okukhuluma, ukukhulekela, ukukhululeka ekuboshweni ngokungenamibandela, nokuthola ukulalelwa okungakhethi akuyona imiqondo ecatshangelwayo yababaleki nabafuni besivikelo. Bayimigqa engokomthetho enqumayo ukuthi umuntu uthola ukuphepha noma ubuyiselwa engozini. UMthetho-sisekelo awuqinisekisi ukuthi wonke umuntu ohloniphekile uzakunikezwa imvume yokukhosela ijele, kodwa uqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uzakuphathwa njenge-"son"e" efanelweni lomthetho. Ukucindezeleka okungapheli phakathi kobukhosi besizwe, umngcele, umngcele, futhi amalungelo abantu ngabanye yi-injini yokufuduka. Umbhalo oyisisekelo wale akhawunti yesithembiso, i-Bill, isiqinisekiso sokwehliswa ngenkululeko engokomthetho emelelwelwayo futhi eMnyango womphakathi we-United States.