IRaje Sabba, indlu ephezulu yePhalamende yaseNdiya, inesikhundla esihlukile ekwakheni izakhiwo ze-odoli. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabhaha, iRajiya Sabha iyindlu ehlala njalo enganciphiswanga, enengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zayo ithatha umhlala phansi njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lokhu kuqhubeka kunikeza inqubo yesikhathi eside futhi kuvumele abaphathi bephalamende abanolwazi ukuba bagxile ezimpikiswaneni ezicubukisayo. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabha, i-ravya i-sabha iyindlu ehlala njalo. Nakuba ngokuvamile indlu ephansi ilawula izisekelo zemithetho ephambili, i-Rajiyaha's's delib's, iqinisekisa indima ethinta amalungelo abesifazane aphezulu, ifaka isilinganiso esilinganisweni esiphezulu, futhi isekela ukusekela kwezentengosizwa engokobusweni kwezombangazwe kwezwe eliphansi, ezindaweni eziphambili zezelelwe imibuso yeze, ezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, ezisekela kakhulu, ezisekelweni ezisezweni zeze, ezisezingeni eziphambili, ezisekungene ezisekungeneyo

Ukumiswa Komthetho - sisekelo Nokuhlehliselwa Ukulingana Okungalingani

UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya ufaka i-Raje Sabha nemibuso ecishe ilingane njenge-Lok Sabhaha, ngaphandle kwezezimali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yisiphi isikweleti esihloselwe ukuthuthukisa amalungelo abesifazane (hhayi futhi sikhuluma ngobudlova basekhaya, ukuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini, ifa, noma indawo yezombangazwe ("i-ascrecutitude"ase-"imele ukuhlangana kuzo zombili izindlu. i-Rajaya Sabba''s' imele ukuhlangana njengendlu yokubukeza izimali, imvume yokulungisa, ifuna ukucatshangelwa ngokusha, futhi ibambeze izindleko zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo ewumthetho nenzuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli ngeke adlulele kumalungu angu-12 eRajiya Sabba ngenxa yemi, izincwadi, isayensi, nemisebenzi yezenhlalo; abesifazane abaningi abanjalo abafuna ukuvuselelwa kweze, futhi baletha ukuthuthukisa kwezentekolo ezindaweni ezingokozweni ezingokomthetho zemvelo ngenxa yezimiso ezingcono kakhulu, ngokuvamile, izingciphelo ezingcono zezelelwa kakhulu, iziphetho zezelelwa kakhulu.

Iminikelo Yomthetho Ongokomlando

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, iRaje Sabha iye yaba wusizo ekudluliseleni umthetho ophawulayo oye walungisa kabusha indawo engokomthetho yabesifazane baseNdiya. Amakomiti namalungu ayo aye aqhubezela phambili ngokuqhubekayo ukuze avikeleke kakhulu, amalungelo abanzi, nokuqikelelwa okuphumelela kakhulu. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziningiliziwe ngezenzakalo ezivelele zokulawula umthetho eziye zafezwa ngokuhlanganyela kweRajya Sabba ngenkuthalo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwabesifazane Eqenjini Lobudlova Basekhaya, Ngo - 2005

Ngaphambi kuka-2005, umthetho waseNdiya wanikeza amakhambi alinganiselwe obudlova basekhaya, ngokuvamile ewuphatha njengendaba yomkhaya. Ukuvikelwa Kwabesifazane Ekhaya Umthetho kwakuwumthetho owephula umthetho owachaza ubudlova basekhaya ngobubanzi (kuhlanganisa ngokomzimba, ngobulili, ngamazwi, nangomnotho,) futhi wanikeza amakhambi anjengeziyalezo zokuvikela, amalungelo okuhlala, nenkululeko yezimali. I-Rajinya Sabba yenza indima enzima ekulungiseni ibhuleki. Ikomiti yepalame ihlola umthetho, isihlalo esiphakathwe yilungu elihlangene ne-Rajanya, elituswe yi-Rajishah, elituse-ssss', elikhuthaza ukukhuliswa kwencazelo e "ubuhlobo bezelelweyodwa" ukuhlanganisa ubuhlobo obungokwemvelo (njengobaphila ebuhlotsheni) kanye nokufihla amalungu emakhaya, ngisho nemikhaya. Lokhu kutusa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemiciselwa kwemicimbiso yomthetho womthetho wokwahlulela ngokunezelekayo.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwabesifazane Ngokobulili Emsebenzini (Ukujeziswa, Ukujeziswa Nokuhlengwa), UMthetho Ka - 2013

Igunyazwe ekuphenduleni iziqondiso zeNkantolo Ephakeme yeVishaka kanye nempikiswano yokuqala yembulunga yonke yenhlangano ye-MeToo, loMthetho wagunyaza ukuthi indawo yonke yomsebenzi enezisebenzi ezingaphezu kweshumi imise iKomiti yangaphakathi yokukhononda ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili. Isivumelwano sasungulwa eLok Sabha kodwa sabhekana nempikiswano enkulu eRajiya Sabba, lapho amalungu abuza khona ukuthi ikuphiwa kwezisebenzi zasekhaya, izisebenzi zezolimo, kanye nengxenye yethukelayo (hnjtenstem) lapho iningi labesifazane baseNdiya besebenza khona. uRaja Sabba, kuhlanganise namalungu amaningana emicimbi yezenzwe emicimbi ehlukahlukene, aphikisana ngokuphumelelayo ngokukhuliswa kwencazelo "imisebenzi""" ukuhlanganisa noma iyiphi indawo evakashelwe kuyo phakathi nenkampane yomsebenzi, njengezindawo zokuthutha nabathengisi. I-mfashini ekhudlwwwwwd , i-Ay Sab, i-Act, ehambisana nemithetho eyanda kakhulu, i-A.

Abesifazane AbangamaSulumane (Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omshado) Act, 2019 (Izihlobo Zokukhulekela)

Umkhuba wokuhlukanisa ngokuphazima kweso namalungelo ezingane ezintathu zamaSulumane. Icala laqale lakhishwa i-Talaq Sabha kodwa labhekwa njenge-ogcononce enqulwini yeNkantolo ePhakamileyo ngo-2017, kodwa uhulumeni waletha umthetho wobugebengu ukuze ujezise lomkhuba futhi unikeze amalungelo okunakekela nokunakekela iziboshwa ukuze zihlukanise abesifazane abangamaSulumane. Isivumelwano sadluliswa kuqala yi-Lok Sabha kodwa sabhekana nokuhlolwa okuqinile eRajeya Sabha, lapho amalungu aphikisayo aphakamisa khona inqubo yawo yobugebengu, futhi angenza ukuba asebenzise kabi. IRajiya Sabba yapho yaphoqa ikomiti ekhetha ukubukezwa okuhoyo okuholela ekulungiseni izigwebo eziningana: ukwenezela kwelungiselelo lemvume lokuzama ukubuyisana ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe isenzo sobugebengu, incazelo ecacile yendlela ebanzi yokuphatha imvume yokukhokhwaba. Nakuba ekugcineni i-Shaha yadluliselwa ngenqubo enzinzweni yecala futhi imposo enzisiwe, imvume enziswe ngokuphaka kakhulu, imvume yemvume enziswe ngokusemthethweni, futhi imposo e

Enye inkinombho

  • I-Eququarial Remuneration Act, 1976: Ikomiti kaRajiya Sabha emsebenzini nasenhlalakahleni yatusa ukunwetshwa koMthetho wokuhlanganisa hhayi amazinga eholo nje kodwa futhi namabhonasi kanye nezinye izinxephezelo, ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwenkokhelo elinganayo ngomsebenzi.
  • I-Termidation of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021: Ukwakha ngemivubukulo eyandisa inkathi yokubeletha yokubulala kusukela emasontweni angu 20 kuya ku-24 futhi yasusa imfuneko yodokotela oyedwa yokunqanyulwa kokuqala, iRapya Sabba yagcizelela ulimi oluvikela ukuzifihla nokubusa kwabesifazane abangashadile kanye nabasinde ekudlwengulweni.
  • [ UMthetho woKwenzeka (Amendment) Umvuzo (Amendiation) 2017: Ikomiti ekhethiwe yendlu ephezulu yenza ilungiselelo lesibopho sesakhiwo se-crèche lanwetshwa kusukela ekumisweni kwezisebenzi ezingu-50 noma ngaphezulu kuya kwabangu-20 noma ngaphezulu, ukukhomba okuphawulekayo komama abasebenzayo.

Indima Yabesifazane ERaje Sabha

Izindaba ezimelelwayo ezibuthweni zomthetho, futhi iRajiya Sabha ngokwesikhathi esidlule ihlanganisa abesifazane abaphethe iphalamende abaye baba namazwi avelele ngenxa yokulingana kwabesifazane. Ngo-2025, abesifazane babamba cishe amaphesenti ayi 13 eRajiya Sabbah (asebenza ezihlalweni ze-Rajiya Sabbah) ngaphezu kwe-Lok Sabhaha kodwa ngezansi kakhulu kwenani. Naphezu kwenani eliphansi kakhulu. Naphezu kwenani lenani lemali, izinga lokuhlanganyela kwenani eliphawulekayo. Amalungu anjenge-Union Sushma Swarma Swarma j (okhonza eRajiyashahhah eneminyaka eminingi), ummeli wephalamende we-palamende, umhlawuza phambili weminyango ne-mgombolo ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu zezindawo zezindawo zezikhulu, izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezemfundo ze-Sychaidnsburg ezisebukweni ezisezingeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu zezindawo ezingaphezulu kakhulu zezindawo zezikhulu zezindawo zesifunda esiphansi kakhulu zezindawo zesifundazwe kakhulu zesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda, izikhulu kanye nesi

AmaKomiti EPhalamende Nekhono Lobungcweti

Isimiso sekomiti kaRaje Sabra siyinjini enamandla yokucwaninga noshintsho lwezimiso. Amakomiti amabili abaluleke kakhulu emalungelweni abesifazane.

Ikomiti Yokunika Abesifazane Amandla

Le komiti ye-od-hoc, eyamiswa ngo-1997 futhi ngokuvamile ibekwa esihlalweni yilungu lowesifazane we-Rajeya Sabha, ihlola isimo sabesifazane kuyo yonke imikhakha futhi yenza ukutusa kwezenzo zomthetho nezokuphatha. Iye yaveza imibiko yezentengiselwano emayelana nezihloko ezinjengokwehla kwesilinganiso sobulili bezingane, izimo zokusebenza kwabesifazane engxenyeni engahlelekile, kanye nokumiswa kwezinhlelo zobubhizinisi babesifazane. Ikomiti ngokuvamile iveza isisekelo sezivumelwano zemithetho yamalungu azimele noma ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Ukuqashwa kwayo okuphambanisa izibalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutuswa akubonwa njengokuhlulwa kwezingane kodwa kuwubufakazi obusekelwe ekufakeni umthetho.

Amakomiti ahlangene noMnyango

Iphepha ngalinye elibhekiselwe e-Raje Sabha libukezwa ngokuzenzekelayo elinye lamakomiti alo omnyango ahlangene ne-drosom. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti ye-Human Resource Development, ehlanganisa imfundo nabesifazane kanye nentuthuko yabantwana, iye yazibukeza kabanzi izikweleti zokunakekelwa kwabantwana basesebuntwaneni kanye nesivikelo samalungelo ezingane. Phakathi nokucatshangelwa kweNvikelwa yabantwana kuSexual Cofencences (POCSO) Act ngo-2012, uRajeya Sabba amalungu ekomiti aphoqelela ukwandisa incazelo yokuhlasela ngokobulili zihlanganisa imishini yezenzwe zezokuxhumana obulili nokubika isibopho sawo wonke amasheya abantu abadala.

URaje Sabra vs Lok Sabha: Inzuzo Engathandeki

ILok Sabha, uma ikhethwa ngokuqondile, ivame ukusheshisa uhlelo lukahulumeni lwemithetho, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezibucayi kwezombangazwe. Nokho, iRajiya Sabha inikeza isheke elinzima: ayinakusungula izikweleti zemali, kodwa kuwo wonke omunye umthetho, amandla ayo alingana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awukho umthetho othinta amalungelo abesifazane ongenziwa ngaphandle kwe-Rajibya Sabba's religin. Izinzuzo zendlu ephezulu zihlanganisa:

  • Amalungu athatha amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, awavumela ukuba akhe ubuchwepheshe ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengenguquko engokomthetho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokhetho oluvamile.
  • Ubuchwepheshe obungaqondakali: uMongameli angahlanganisa abantu abanolwazi olujulile lwamalungelo abesifazane /uSril, indelakazi esebenza nezisebenzi ezingokobulili, noma i-Air Marshal P. K. K. umsebenzi omkhulu ka-Iyengar ekwahluleleni kwezempi."oletha ukuqonda okusebenzayo.
  • I-Less isho ubandlululo olunamandla: Nakuba iRajiya Sabba ngokuqinisekile ingumsizi, ukuhlangana kwayo okuncane okuqondile kuvumela amalungu ukuba avote ngonembeza ngenxa yezindaba zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudluliswa koMthetho weSigebengu (Amendment) Act, 2013, owasungula izijeziso eziqinile zokuhlasela ngokobulili ngemva kwendaba ka-Nirbhaya, wabona ukusekela okukhulu okuphambanayo eRajiya Sabbaha uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpikiswano ezivuthayo kuyi-Lok Sabha.

Lenzuzo eyingozi iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wokulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane awusheshi ukugcinwa ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa. Icala elingadluliswa ngokushesha kakhulu eLok Sabhaha lingalitshazwa, lilungiswe, noma linqotshwe ngisho naseRajiya Sabhaha, liphoqelele uhulumeni ukuba akhe ukuvumelana − inqubo evame ukuholela emiphumeleni engcono yemithetho yabesifazane.

Izinselele Nendlela Engaphambili

Naphezu kweminikelo yayo, iRaje Sabha ayigonyiwe ekuncipheni kwabesifazane okuhlanganisa izombangazwe zamaNdiya. Ukumelelwa kwabesifazane endlini akukaze kunqamule amaphesenti angu-15, alinganisela ukuhlukahluka kwemibono ezimpikiswaneni zabesifazane. I-Rajiya Sabha edlulayo kathathu (ngonyaka ka-1998, nango-2009) kodwa ihluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe eLok Sabba ngenxa yokuphikisa kwezombangazwe. I-Rajiya Sabbaha isekela njalo iziphakamiso zayo zezimiso zobulili obufana, kodwa inqaba ezindaweni eziphansi ezishicilelwe iRajiya Sab. I-Syaha ishiyeka kaningi ihluleka ukusekela inani lamadoda ngokuncintisanayo. Futhi i-Syaha i-Syhidton isekela ngokuncipheneyo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla kaRajiya Sabra okulibala awasebenzi njalo ngokwakha. Ezinye izikweletu zamalungelo abesifazane ziye zagcinwa iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yokuphikisa kwemibono kunokuba zihlolwe. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Surculacy (Ukuvuselelwa) uBill, okusho amalungelo okuzala abesifazane, okubhekene nokulungisa okuphindaphindiwe kuyi-Rajiya Sabra, ukubambezela ukudluliswa kwayo. Ukuqinisa indima yeRapya Sabba ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana kwabesifazane, izinyathelo ezilandelayo ziyadingeka:

  • Ukuguqula isigaba sezombangazwe: amaqembu ezombangazwe kufanele athathe izintambo zokufaka abesifazane abaningi abazokhetha iRaje Sabha futhi afake abesifazane ochwepheshe bokuthatha iziqu zomongameli.
  • Amakomiti aqinisayo:[ IKomiti yoMgunyathi wabesifazane kufanele yenziwe ikomiti eqinile ehlangene nomnyango ephethe izisebenzi zokucwaninga ezizinikezele kanye nohlelo lokuhlela imali.
  • Ukudlula ngesikhathi sesabelo somthetho: Uhulumeni kufanele aqale afake i-Reservation Bill's Resavement Briad eLok Sabba, akhe ekwakheni izivumelo eziphindaphindiwe ze Rajiya Sabha.
  • I-profile yekomiti ebanzi: qinisekisa ukuthi okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamalungu ekomiti emile ecabangela umthetho ohlobene nobulili obubodwa abesifazane.

Isiphetho

Ukubaluleka kweRaje Sabba ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana kwabesifazane namalungelo abesifazane akunakushiwo ngokweqile. Indima yabo yomthetho-sisekelo njengendlu yokubukeza, ukuqhubekela phambili, namalungu ayo ochwepheshe nabaphathi bephalamende abanolwazi kuye kwakwenza kwaba yindawo ebalulekile ekuguquleleni izimfuno zabesifazane eziphoqelelwe emithethoni ephoqelelwe. Kusukela ekuxhaphazweni kwasekhaya kuya ekuhlukunyezweni emsebenzini, kusukela ekutholeni izinguquko zomthetho wobugebengu, i-Rajiya Sabha iye yadala omunye wemithetho ethuthukile emlandweni weNdiya. Isimiso sekomiti sinikeza ukucubungasiswa okugcwele okuvame ukulahlekelwa amaphutha emizini ephansi yendlu epholile. Kodwa, indlu iveza inselele inseleleka enkulu ngaphansi kwe-axterrapt ezikhundle zezelweni zezombangazwe. I-Aspagray ithembisa ukulingana nomphakathi wesizwe ukuba ububanzi besizwe, futhi iqhubeke nokusetshenziswa kwekomiti yayo, isilinganiso semithetho yayo yemithetho yayo yecala ukuze inyuke kakhulu.