Umlando Wempi YaseNyakatho Ireland

Impi yaseNyakatho Ireland, eyaziwa ngokuthi iNyakatho Ireland, yaqala cishe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 kuya ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990, inkathi ephawuleka ngokuhlukana okujulile kwezwe lase-ethno, ubudlova bezempi, nokungalawuleki kwezombangazwe. Izimpande zempi zaqala ekwahlukaneni kwe-Ireland ngo1921, eyadala i-Protestani-majority North Ireland eyahlala iyingxenye ye-United Kingdom, kuyilapho isele i-bodwa eBrithani. Idlanzamba yamaKatolika eNyakatho yabhekana nobandlululo lwezindlu, umsebenzi, kanye nombuso wezombangazwe, wandisa inhlangano yesizwe eyaqhubeka ilwa izimpi zempi (ifuna i-Rwanda enobunye) kanye nempini eqinile (ifuna ukuhlangana neBrithani). Kwasekuqaleni, abantu abambalwa baseNyakathobalelwa futhi behlukene ngokwezomnotho, futhi beye babulawa izifunda zezenhlalo zezizwe ngezifunda zezizwe ezihlukene, i - United States yavuse idlondloza izimpi zempi.

Imizamo yangaphambili yokuletha ukuthula, njenge-Sunningdale Agreement (1973) kanye ne-Anglo - Irish Agreement (1985), yaphumelela kancane kodwa yahluleka ukuqeda ubudlova phakade. Maphakathi nonyaka ka-19990, inhlanganisela yezici ``impi, ukukhathala kwempi yamasosha, ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi (okuncitshisiwe kwezentengiselwano zezwe), nokuvela kwabaholi abasemaceleni bazo zombili izinhlangothi (ngokwabantu abalawula indalo), kanye nokuvela kwabaholi abaholayo abasemaceleni macala ombuso (ngokungahlangani) kanye nokuvela kwe-i-injini (ukungahlangani kwezwe) kanye nokuvela kwe-indawo ezungezile, ukuhlanganisa i-pluntluntluntluntluntlukile, ukushintsha kwemizwa kwezombangazwe okudingekayo ukuze kuphele.

Indima Yabalamuleli Bezizwe Zonke Esivumelwaneni Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Abalamuleli bezizwe zonke abazange bafake isikhala; badala izimo zokuba amaqembu afinyelele ukuvumelana. Ukuba khona kwawo kwanikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko: alungiselela inqubo yokulungisa ubuso yokuvuma, asiza ekuchazeni izimpawu ezivamile phakathi kwezitha, futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isivumelwano sasizosekelwa futhi sibekwe emhlabeni wonke. I-Good Weverday Aguement (naye eyaziwa njenge-Belfast Revention) ka-10 April 1998 yayiwumphumela weminyaka emibili yempi enzima, elula izingxoxo. I-media yayisizakhelo yayihlanganisa i-milliasss, ihlanganisa ohulumeni baseBritish nase-Irish abaghanain abagcoguant, iUnited States njengelungu eliphezulu elidumile eliphethe i-facillitator, ne-European Union njengesisekelo sokusekela kwezombangazwe nezombangazwe.

Umlamuleli ovelele kakhulu kwakungu-Tenator uGeorgee Mitchell, owabeka izinkulumo zonke zentando yeningi kusukela ngo-1996 kuya ku-1998. Indlela kaMitchell yayiyinhloso futhi inezimiso: wayephikelela “eMitchell Principles,” lapho wonke amaqembu ayemelwe asebenzise khona ngokuthula, ekuyekeni ukukhipha izikhali, nasezinqubweni zedemo yedemokhrasi. Isineke sakhe nokungathathi hlangothi okungantengi kwabangela ukuba ngisho namanyunyana namarobitan angenakungabaza kakhulu. UMitchell wayevame ukuphula izibozo ezifile ngokuzimo eziphambili kuphela eziqondiswe ekutholeni kwezelweni kwe-propoactives".[cractivesssssssssssss avumela ukunqotshwa yi-umphathorial.

Abasizi Abayinhloko Bomhlaba Wonke Neminikelo Yabo

Ukuwuqonda ngokugcwele umzamo wokulungisa izindaba kudinga ukuba uhlole izindima ezihlukene ezifezwa umdlali ngamunye womdlalo owenziwa emhlabeni wonke.

  • Ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland njenge-Co Mediators – nakuba babehlanganyela kulempi, bobabili ohulumeni basebenza njengabalamuleli phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe aseNyakatho Ireland. UNdunankulu Tony Blair noTaoisthell Bertie Ahern bakha ubuhlobo obuseduze, ngokuvamile bahlangana ngasese ukuze baxazulule izingxabano zase-Ireland phambi kwezikhawu ezihlangeneyo. Imisebenzi yabo yangaphakathi yalungiselela amaphepha amafushane nemibhalo yempimbathili eyasebenza njengesiqalo sengxoxo. Ohulumeni ababili babuye bahlanganisa “iStrand" nezinhlangano zase-Northern Ireland: Strand, 2 ne-Northernernern, Strand, ne-Strand ne-Stush 3verst Brish (ish) ne-Mpumalanga (ist Brish).
  • U.S. u-Dianeplomacy ngaphansi kukaMongameli uBill Clinton – umqondisi weClinton wabeka i-Northern Ireland ezindaweni zayo zenkambiso zangaphandle, ukusuka kumanxusa angaphambili e-U.S. ayebeke i-Clinton Mitchell njenge-Envoy ekhethekile, kodwa futhi wathembisa ngokwakhe ngokunikeza i-visa ku-Sin Féin prester Gerrys ngo 1994, okwasiza ukunxenxa i-IRA ukuba iyeke i-mlilo. I-U.S. Clinton yanikeza usizo lwezemisebenzi futhi, ngokungathi sishoshoshoshoshosholo, isithembiso sokuzikondla okukhulu uma kutheliziwe. I-International Fund ye-URland, i-USroult.
  • I-European Union – i-EU yanikeza kokubili izisusa zezezimali nezezombangazwe. Nge-Europe Regional Development Fund nezinhlelo ezithile zokuthula (njengezinyathelo zokuthula I ne II), i-EU yathumela amakhulu ezigidi zama-euro emikhankasweni enqamule i-project. Izinhlangano ze-EU nazo zahlola ukumiswa kwalesivumelwano, nendima ye-Europe Commission ekugunyazeni ukugunyaza ukuphatha.
  • IKhomishane ezimele ekukhipheni izintambo - Isihlalo sikaJenene waseCanada uJohn de Chastein, lendikimba kamuva yaqondisa ukuncishiswa kwamandla angempela amaqembu ezempi. Nakuba ingeyena umlamuleli wezinkulumo ngokwazo, izinkulumo zikaSecadolin ezithule zazibalulekile ekugcineni indaba yokukhipha imvume ngemva kokuba isivumelwano sesayiniwe.

Izinqubo Ezakha Isivumelwano

Abalamuleli basebenzisa ithuluzi lezindlela zokulwa, eziningi zazo eseziyindinganiso ekulungiseni ukuthula kwezizwe zonke. Ngezansi kunamasu abaluleke kakhulu asetshenziswa phakathi nezingxoxo ze-Good Wevent Freeve Adment.

Imihlangano Yamathuna (I - shuttle Diplomacy)

UGeorge Mitchell neqembu lakhe bachitha amakhulu amahora bebodwa, behlangene namaphathi ngamanye ngaphambi kokuba bahlanganise izikhawu ezilandelayo. Lokhu kuxhumana ngemikhumbi kwenza abameli bahlole imiqondo ebomvu, baphawule futhi baphawule ama-hhoffi angenzeka ngaphandle kokucindezela komthetho womphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni ezingxoxweni, uMitchell wahlangana ne-Ulster Union Union (UUP) ne-Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) ukuze bacindezelele umqondo we-Strandism Union. Oous Beabe ukukhishwa kwezimpikiswano eziyinhloko, ngakho uMitchell wahlongoza isimiso semvume yesiphambano (i-U.[6] imvume nezindlela eziningi” kamuva yaba ingxenye yenhlangano ye-Str.

2. Ukwakha Imibono Ngezimiso, Hhayi Izikhundla

Kunokuba bacele abameleli ukuba basho izikhundla zabo zokugcina ngombuzo womthetho-sisekelo, abameli bagcizelela ukuvumelana ngezimiso eziyisisekelo kuqala. IMitchell Principles yadinga ukuba abahlanganyeli balahle ubudlova futhi basebenzise izindlela zentando yeningi. Ngokugcina lesi sikhungo se-procedtural, abameli bakha isisekelo lapho ukuhlehla okuncane kungakhiwa khona. Lesimiso esisekelwe esisekelwe esisekelwe kumthetho futhi sasiza abalwayo ababenqaba ukusayina ezimisweni, babahlukanisa nenqubo yokuthula ebanzi.

3. Ukuphonsa Nokupakisha Izindaba

Abalamuleli bahlela izingxoxo ngemicu emithathu, basingatha kuqala izingxoxo ze- “u-Strand" noma izimpikiswano ezingezona eziphikisanayo. i-Strand 1 (iNyakatho Ireland ebusayo) yabhekiswa phambili ekuqaleni, njengoba wonke amaqembu ayenesithakazelo kuhulumeni ozinzile. Ngesinye isikhathi ukuthemba kwaqala ukwakha, abalamuleli bashukumisela eStrand 2 (i-Norththeam South Minister Council), eyayizwela kakhulu kwabahlangene, futhi ekugcineni kuStrand 3 (ibrish́rish , Council), eyayidinga izingxoxo ezithatha indawo enkulu kakhulu zobukhosi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukugemdlana kwazo zonke izinkulumo ngaphansi kwesisindo sezimo ezinzima.

4. Ukusetshenziswa “Izingxoxo Zesikhathi Esivamile”

Njengoba isikhathi sasisondela ngo-April 1998, uMitchell neqembu lakhe babehamba ngesivinini phakathi kwamagumbi eSpontont Castle, bephethe izigaba zokufaka umshini nezinqumo. Inkulumo zokuphoqelela ukuthatha izintambo. /elapho izinkulumo zikhona esakhiweni esifanayo kodwa hhayi ekamelweni elifanayo, kwabangela ingozi yokuqhuma kwentukuthelo ngesikhathi kuvumela ukuphana ngeziphakamiso ngokushesha. Lendlela yayibucayi phakathi namahora angu-48 okugcina, lapho umbhalo wesivumelwano ususwa, amazwi abekwa.

5. Ukwakha Ekwakheni Imishini Nokuyithuthukisa

Abalamuleli baqinisekisa ukuthi lesisivumelwano sahlanganisa nezikhathi ezicacile zokumisa umlawuli ophethe i-gesi, izindikimba zase-Northā South, nokususwa kwezikhali. Ikhomishane ye- Independent (njenge - Independent International Commission on Decomissing) yasungulwa ukuze iqinisekise ukuvumelana. Lenqubo yokulandisa yanikeza zonke izinhlangothi izithembiso ezingasoze zaphulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivumelwano esasidinga ukuthunyelwa kwe-asendimenteum kuzo zombili i-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, sinikeza abantu amazwi aqondile futhi senza ukusebenzelana kube nokuqina.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuhlanganyela Okuhlanganisayo

Nakuba amaqembu aqinile kakhulu (njengeNhlangano Yentando Yeningi, ekuqaleni eyayingahambisani nezinkulumo), abalamuleli basebenza kanzima ukuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu ayesayine iMitchell Principles. Ukuphathwa kwe-Sinn Féin kwakuphikisana, kodwa abalamuleli baphikisa ngokuthi noma yikuphi ukuthula okuhlala njalo kwakuyodinga ukuhileleka kwalabo ababelawula ukwethembeka kotshani. Lokhu kusebenza kanzima, nakuba kwakubuhlungu kubenzi bemisha, ekugcineni kwanikeza isivumelwano sobuqotho nhlangothi zombili.

Ithonya Lesivumelwano Ezweni Lonke NgoLwesihlanu Esihle

Ithonya eliqondile lokuxhumana komhlaba wonke lingahlolwa ngezinga elithile: ukufezwa kwalesi sivumelwano ngokwaso, ukuqina kwaso eminyakeni eyalandela, nefa laso lokuletha ukuthula embulungeni yonke.

Ukufinyelela Uphawu

Ngaphandle kokusekelwa, ukumiswa kwezikhali, cishe kwakungase kufinyelele isivumelwano ngenkathi emisiwe yamaIsta 1998. Izimpikiswano ezingalawuleki kakhulu . . Ukubuswa kwe-Riphabliki yase-Ireland, ukuqedwa kweRiphabliki ye-Riphabliki ye-Rwanda ye-Rwanda kuhlanganisa iNyakatho (iMibukiso 2 ne-3), ukukhishwa kwezikhali zempi, futhi ukushintshwa kwemithetho yezezinkonzo ze-politiki, futhi ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ze-protocism − konke kwaxazululwa ngokuhileleka ngokuqondile kwabalamuleli. Umbhalo wokugcina we-Goondre Friver Agreement uhlanganisa amakhasi angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, uhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekumisweni kwe-Prometerern Ireland engu-interter Ireland ukuya ukuya embuthweni yomphakathi. Abameli basiza ibhulohoshoshoshosholo oluphakathi kwemvume yaseBrithani nemfuno lwesizwe e-Irish ngosizo lwe-20066 ngohlelo lwe-Australia.

Ukukhuthazelela Ubunzima

I-Good Wearth Agreement iye yabhekana nezinhlekelele eziningi ezinkulu kusukela ngo-1998: ukuwa kohulumeni abaphethe amandla ngo-2002 ngenxa yezinsolo ze-IRA uHRA u-convetion, ukwehluleka komzamo wokuqala wokususa ushintsho, nokuwohloka kokuthembana ngenguquko yamaphoyisa. Endabeni ngayinye, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kweminyango efanayo (ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Irish, no-U.S.S.) ngokufaka isivumelwano sokubuyisela izinhlangano. Isibonelo, i-St Andrews Accounment of 2006 yaqedwa nguNdunankulu waseBrithani uTony Blairth noTaois Ahern, kanye no-U. U. UPauloy Dobrianskyskyskyskysky (uthria) esekela indima ephambili.

3. Isibonelo Sezinhlelo Zokuthula Kwembulunga Yonke

Inqubo yokuthula eNyakatho Ireland ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo sencwadi yemfundo egciniwe yempumelelo yezindaba zomhlaba wonke. Ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kwezwe eligcwele ukuhlanganiswa (ohulumeni base-British no-Irish), ukuhileleka kwesithathu (U.S.), kanye nezinhlangano eziningi (EU) eziye zaphefumulela abalamuleli kwezinye izimpi, njengeBasque Countriant, Colombia, neKhupro. IMitchell Principles, ikakhulukazi, ziye zahlolwa ukuba zisetshenziswe ezinkulumoni namaqembu ahlubukayo eAfrika nase-Asia. Isivumelwano futhi sabonisa ukuthi ezinkulumo ezihlanganisayo kanye nezitha zezodwa, uma abalamuli bekwazi ukunikeza ukungathathi hlangothi, ukuvikela, nendawo ezungezile.

4. Ukushintsha Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

I-media yezwe lonke ayizange nje iveze incwadi yezombangazwe; yavumbulula ukutshala okukhulu kwezomnotho. Isithembiso sezimali se-EU ne-U.S. sasiza ukunxenxa abangani abanokungabaza ukuthi ukuthula kungaletha izinzuzo eziphathekayo. Kusukela ngo-1998, i-Northern Ireland iye yabona ukwanda kwezokuvakasha, ukwanda kwengxenye eyimfihlo, kanye nokuncipha okukhulu kokuswelakala kwemisebenzi nobumpofu. “ukuthula okuhlukanisayo” futhi kwabangela ukuba amaProthestani namaKatolika ahlanganiswe ndawonye, kubangele ukuvuseneka okuvamile ekuphileni. Nakuba ukuhlukana okujulile kwezinhlangano zesonto kuqhubeke kwezinye izindawo, ukuncishiswa kwentuthuko okuvamile kuye kwaba yintuthuko eqhubekayo.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwezimo Zomhlaba Wonke

Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, imizamo yokulungisa imishado eNyakatho Ireland yayinamaphutha.

  • Ukuncika kubantu abambalwa - - kakhulu kwakuxhomeke ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu bukaGeorge Mitchell, uTony Blair, noBill Clinton kangangokuthi lapho ukuhileleka kwabo kuncipha, lenqubo ngezinye izikhathi yantengantenga. Ukuwa kwesikhulu ngo-2002 ngokwengxenye kwakubangelwa ukungabikho komthombo ofanayo wezindaba wenani eliphakeme lama-25.
  • Ukuthathela ekhelini Eligcwele Ekuthuleni I-Dailogung Endulo - Abameli bakuhlehlisa ngamabomu ukukhishwa kwezikhali zempi ukuze kugcinwe kuphila, kodwa lokhu kwadala iminyaka ye-pafragree ment iphikisana ngokuthi ukuthula kwacishe kwaphazamisa. i-Dup yaphikisa ukuthi i-Sin Féin ayizange iphile ngokuvumelana nezithembiso zayo, futhi ukuntuleka kwezikhali kwakuqala kwenza ukuba isiqinisekiso sesivumelwano sibe buthaka.
  • Ukubekwa kwe-Civil Society - Inqubo yokulungisa yayigxile cishe emaqenjini ezombangazwe nasemaqenjini amabutho ezempi kuphela. Izinhlangano zabesifazane, amaqembu ezisulu, nezikhuthazo zomphakathi zotshani zazinethonya elilinganiselwe eliqondile embhalweni wokugcina. Nakuba i-Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition, yayikhona, yayiyiqembu elincane. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-mediotation ebanzi kakhulu yayiyobenze isivumelwano sokuguqula inguquko engokwenhlalo.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaGrasroots Faiths – Ohlangothini lwenyunyana, izinkulumo zazibuswa i-UP, eyayingameleli ibutho lempi eliqinile kakhulu elithembekile. Lokhu kuyekethisa kamuva kwaholela kusekela qotho ekulweni futhi kwaqhubeka ubudlova obuphansi obusezingeni eliphezulu iminyaka eminingi ngemva kuka-1998.

Lokhu kulinganiselwa akukunciphisi ukuphumelela kwe - Good Wear Agreement kodwa kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukuxhumana kuwubuciko obubucayi nobungaphelele.

Izifundo Zesinqumo Sanamuhla Esingqubuzanayo

Indima yabalamuleli bomhlaba wonke eSivumelwaneni Esihle NgoLwesihlanu inikeza izifundo eziningana ezihlala njalo kodokotela namuhla.

  1. [[NTL:0] Ukwethathisa Ikhono kodwa Kumelwe ube Osebenzayo - Abalamuleli kumele babhekwe njengabangakhethi, kodwa akufanele bangenzi lutho. UGeorge Mitchell ohlongozwayo, ulawule izilinganiso zesikhathi, futhi akhiphe ngisho nezinkulumo zomphakathi ukuze agcine imicimbi igxile. “Ungathathi-hlangothi” akusho ukuthi“ uyasebenza.”
  2. Ihlanganisa zonke izibambi ezisebenzayo - Abaphangi bempango bangabonakala belungile, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwase-Northern Ireland kubonisa ukuthi kuhlanganise nalabo abalawula ubudlova ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kube nokuthula okuhlala njalo. Ukufakwa kukaSin Féin kwakuphikisana kodwa kwabonakala kubalulekile.
  3. Yakha i Nethinethi yabalamuleli - Akukho mlamuleli oyedwa ongakwenza konke. Ukuhileleka kohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland, ne-EU yakha inetha yokuphepha: uma omunye umkhondo untengantenge, omunye ungangena. Le-Reuntancy ibalulekile ezimpikiswaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
  4. Ukuhlobanisa ukuthula ne-Economic Incentives – Isithembiso sezimali ze-EU ne-U.S. sasiwumxhasi onamandla. Abalamuleli kufanele bahlole njalo ukuthi bangayihlanganisa kanjani intuthuko ezinkulumweni zezomnotho eziqinile, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokwakha kabusha.
  5. Yenza isivumelwano – i-Good Frive Accounting isungulwe izimemo ezizimele, isikhulu esiphethe, ne-check fractive minion ezingasebenza ngisho nalapho ukwethembana kwezombangazwe kuphansi. Ukuvumelana okuhle kudala izakhiwo, hhayi nje isignesha.

Isiphetho

I-Good Friver Accounting ihlala ingenye yezimo ezidume kakhulu zokuthula ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, futhi impumelelo yayo incike emsebenzini wabalamuleli bezizwe zonke. Umsizi uGeorge Mitchell, i-facial, izimiso; ukuhola okubambisana kukaTony Blair noBertie Ahern; ukubopha okukhethekile kwe-Clinton ukuphathwa kwe-Clinton; futhi ukusekela kwezezimali kanye nenhlangano konke kwahlangana ukuze kuveze isakhiwo, nakuba singaphelele, isiphithi siphithiphithize kakhulu iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amabili. Amasuntrejiyo aye asetshenziswa (* ukuxhumana, isimiso, isimiso esisekelwe, i-squencrence, izinkulumo ezithatha isikhathi eside, nokuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni kwethuluzi elivamile lokuxazulula izingxabano emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba izingxabano ezintsha, u-Norre, u-Ariternetic, u-edies, u-ecedmistries, i-se emithombo yezindaba egcwele yezindaba esiyinhloko yezindaba esiyinhloko enzinzinzinzinzile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Nobel Peace Prize kuJohn Hume noDavid Trimble, Britanica ukungena eGood Wear Accounting[, kanye ne-[FLT] i-Eupans Commission’s Peace Programme . [[FLT] inikeza futhi ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo zokuthula ezidwetshwe kunyakatho lwe-Ireland.