Ukukhetha Nokushintsha Kukahulumeni Phakathi Kwezikhawu: Isiqondiso Sesakhamuzi

Ukhetho lwe-mistment lumelela isikhathi esibalulekile ekhalendeni lezombangazwe laseMelika, esenzeka cishe maphakathi negama likamongameli leminyaka emine. Lokhetho lusebenza njengenqubo yabavoti yokubuyisela icebo lamandla kahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kokukhetha ngokuqondile umphathi omkhulu. Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli lubusa umphakathi, izinkathi zaphakathi zivame ukuveza izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ezibekwa kuqala kwemithetho, ukuqondisa kwesimiso, nokuphathwa kukahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni oshintsha ngayo phakathi nalolukhetho kugunyaza izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokusemthethweni futhi zichaze isimo sezombangazwe ngokunembile.

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isimiso sokhetho esixegayo esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuqhubekeka nokusabela. Okhetho lwaphakathi lubonisa lesi simiso ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlole ukusebenza kwesimiso sokulawula nokulungisa ukulingana kwamandla ngokuvumelana nalokho. Imininingwane engokomlando evela e- Prew Research Center ibonisa ukuthi izikhathi eziphakathi zivame ukubangela ukulahlekelwa kweqembu likamongameli, ukwakha amathuba okuthola i-glasi yemithetho noma ukuhlehlela emongweni wezombangazwe.

Kuyini Ukukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi?

Kusukela okhethweni lwe-Micters njalo eminyakeni emibili, ngegama "i-midter" elibhekisele ngokukhethekile kukhetho oluphakathi kwemincintiswano yamongameli. Lokhetho lugcwalisa izihlalo eNdlu yabameleli, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yeSishaya-Mnyango, kanye nezikhundla eziningi zombuso nezindawo zendawo. Ngokungafani nokhetho lukamongameli oludonsa ukunakekela kwesizwe ngabahloli abaphezulu be-profile kanye nemali enkulu echithwayo, izikhawu eziphakathi zivame ukugxila ezindabeni zendawo, ukumelelwa kwesifunda, kanye nokubusa kwesifundazwe.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

Abaklami bezakhiwo abaklama ama-commion commion adweba ngokhetho olucophelelayo. Indlu yabameleli, ehloselwe ukubonisa umuzwa othandwayo, idinga wonke amalungu angu-435 ukuba abhekane nabavoti njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lo mjikelezo omfushane uqinisekisa abameleli ukuba baqhubeke besabela ezinkathazweni ezihlangeneyo. ISigele, esithathwa njengelungu elikhubazekayo, sisebenza emjikelezweni weminyaka eyisithupha ngokhetho olunyakazayo, okusho ukuthi kunezihlalo ezingu-33 kuya kwezingu-343 kuphela ezincintiswayo phakathi nokhetho lwamaphakathi kwenkathi. Lesi sakhiwo sigcina inkumbulo yenhlangano izikhonzi zenhlangano zisaqhubeka zilandisa.

Ukulungisa Nokumisa

Umthetho kaFederal umisa uLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovemba njengosuku lokukhetha olufanayo. Ama-middy ahlala ewa ngisho naseminyakeni enombolo engeyona iminyaka yokhetho lomongameli. Lesi sikhathi sidala amandla ayingqayizivele ezombangazwe: abavoti bahlola umsebenzi kamongameli ngaphandle kokuvota ngokuqondile noma ngokumelene nomongameli. Ukhetho oluba khona luvame ukusebenza njengezikhawulo zokuqondisa eminyakeni emibili yokuqala, luthonya iminyaka emibili esele yegama likamongameli.

Indlela Indlu Yabameleli Eshintsha Ngayo

Indlu yabameleli ishintsha ngokuphelele phakathi nokhetho phakathi nenkathi. Zonke izihlalo ezingu- 435 ziyancintiswana, kusho ukuthi zonke izifunda ezweni zinethuba lokushintsha ukumelelwa. Lokhu kuguqulwa okubanzi kwenza i House ibe indawo ethanda kakhulu ukuguqula umbono womphakathi.

Ukulawula Okukhulu Namandla Okulawula

Iqembu eliwina izihlalo okungenani ezingu-218 livikela ukulawulwa kweningi, lithola izinzuzo ezinkulu. Iqembu elikhulu likhetha uSpeaker wendlu, olawula ikhalenda lomthetho, linquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo, futhi limisa izihlalo zamakomiti. Lamandla adlulela ekulawuleni izimali zekomiti, izisebenzi, negunya lokuhlola. Uma isikhulu sendlu nendlu kulawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, i-productrock ivame ukukhushulwa, idinga ukuhlelwa kwemithetho nokuhlehliswa kwemithetho ebalulekile.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Iminyaka eyishumi, ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, isho ukuthi izigodi eziphinde zadonsa iziqeshana ukuze zibonise ushintsho lwenani labantu. Ukhetho lwaphakathi ngokushesha ngemva kwemijikelezo yokulungisa izifunda ezihlotshani ezihloselwe ukuzuzisa iqembu elilodwa. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi igerrymanidering, ungavikela abancintisanayo ezinkingeni zokuncintisana futhi unciphise inani lezihlalo eziqhamuka ngempela. Brennan Center for Justice [

Abaholi Bekomiti Nesiqondiso Sezimiso

Izihlalo zekomiti yendlu zinethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimiso. Lezihlalo zilawula izimiso zokuzwa, amandla angaphansi, futhi yimuphi umthetho oqhubekela phansi. Ukushintsha kokulawula kwamakomiti amaningi kuthatha indawo yezihlalo zonke, kubuyisela ukuqondisa okuza kuqala ezindaweni iningi elisha elizigcizelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintsha kweqembu kuya kwelinye kungase kushintshe ukuqondisa indawo ezungezile kusuka ekuhloleni imboni yezezimali, noma esimisweni sezempilo sokusebenza kwezokuthutha.

ISigele Noshintsho Lwaso

ISigele sishintsha kancane kunendlu ngenxa yeminyaka eyisithupha exegayo. Ngokuncintisana kwezihlalo ezingaba yingxenye yesithathu phakathi nenkathi ngayinye, iSigele sihlala siqinile kodwa sisalokhu sishintshashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekuklameni nasekuholeni.

Izinhlayiya Zekilasi Nezinhlayiya Ze - Elector

Ama-intenator ahlukaniswa aba izigaba ezintathu, ngayinye inezigaba ezintathu, ngokhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho kukhetha okukodwa okungaguqula iSigele ngokuphelele kodwa kuhlale kulandisa okuvamile. Izihlalo ezithile zokhetho kuxhomeke ekuhlelweni kwesigaba esabelwe isifundazwe ngasinye, okwakunqunywe ngokomlando lapho izifunda zingena e-Union. Ezinye izikhawu ezinezihlalo zokuncintisana kakhulu kunabanye, kuye ngokuthi iziphi izifunda ezithathe izikhundla noma izigebengu ezisengozini.

Izimfuno Zobungcweti Nezimfuneko Zokungathathi - hlangothi

Imithetho yeSigele ikhulisa ukubaluleka kokubaluleka kwezindawo eziqondile. Umthetho obhekene ne-nfilbuster ufuna amavoti angu-60 ukuze iqhubeke, okusho ukuthi iningi lidinga ukusekelwa kwe-bipartan ukuze lidlulise izikweleti ezibalulekile. Ukhetho lwaphakathi kwezikhathi olusunduzela iSigele ekulawuleni okuhlukene noma ezinkulu ezinganciphini lungathinta kakhulu umkhiqizo wemithetho. Iqembu eliphethe ama-51 kuya ku-95 zihlalo ezihlalweni libhekenenomthetho ohlukile kunomuntu onezingu-60 noma ngaphezulu, lithonya ukuthi intuthuko kamongameli noma amadlebe.

Amandla Okuqinisekisa Nokumisa Ukwahlulela

Ukulawula iSigele kunquma isiphetho sokumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, abahluleli bakahulumeni, namajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme. Isigele esilawulwa yiqembu lomongameli siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemigomo ngokushesha kakhulu futhi ngaphandle kwempikiswano. ISigele esiphethwe yiqembu eliphikisayo singavimbela noma silibambele ukumiswa kwemithetho, ifune ukuba kuxoxiswe noma kususwe abazothatha isinyathelo. Ukhetho lwama-Centter oluthi ukulawula iSigele sivame ukubangela izimpi ezinkulu zokuqinisekisa phakathi neminyaka emibili esele yesivumelwano somongameli.

Uhulumeni Nohulumeni Wendawo Bashintsha

Ukhetho lwezikhathi zenkathi yokuhamba ludlulela ngalé kweWashington, D.C. ohulumeni boMbuso babhekene nenguquko enkulu phakathi nalemijikelezo, izikhulu zezikhulu, izishaya-mthetho zombuso, namahhovisi endawo konke okusezikhungweni zokhetho. Lesimiso sokukhetha semfundo, ezokuthutha, ezokwelapha, izahlulelo zobugebengu, nentela ngaphakathi kwezifundazwe.

Ukukhetha I - gbernator E - gorgary

Ababusi abangakhethi abangamashumi amathathu nayisithupha phakathi neminyaka ephakathi, benza lezinhlanga zibaluleke kakhulu ngokwesimiso sikahulumeni. Abalawuli banamandla phezu komthetho, ukulawula izinhlangano eziphethe, kanye nokuhlela imali yethonya. Ukhetho lwe-midterm gubernerator luvame ukusebenza njengezinto ezisekela ukuthambekela kwezwe kwezombangazwe, kanye nabavoti abaveza ukwaneliseka noma ukukhungatheka ngezimiso zikahulumeni ngokukhetha isigaba esiphezulu.

Ukulawula Imithetho Kahulumeni

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho yokuvota, imingcele yesifunda, izimali zemfundo, nezinye izindawo eziningi. Izihlalo zemithetho zikahulumeni ezingaba ngu-5,800 zincintiswano phakathi nokhetho phakathi kwenkathi yokukhetha, okumelela ukuthi kungenzeka ngempela ukuba kushintshwe isimiso somthetho. Ukulawulwa kweqembu lezishaya-mthetho kuthinta futhi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, kuveza imiphumela emide yokumelelwa kwezwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wezwe inikeza imininingwane ebanzi ngokhetho lwe-ganothi ye-gament.

Izinyathelo Zokulwa Nentando Yeningi Eqondile

Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile ngemibuzo ngezindlela zokukhetha phakathi nokhetho. Lezi zinyathelo zilandela izindaba ezisukela ekufuneni insangu ngokusemthethweni kuya ekwandisweni kweholo elilinganiselwe, ukwanda kwempilo, nenkambiso yentela. Izinyathelo ze-Midterm bollot zivame ukudonsa ukunakekela okukhulu ngoba abavoti bangamisa izinguquko ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwemithetho. Inani kanye nobukhulu bezenzo zomthetho ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe, kanye nezifunda zasentshonalanga njenge California, Oregon, neColoradow eziveza izinqubo zedemokramethi eziqondile.

Imiphumela Yokushintsha Kwezimiso

Ukuqonda lezi zimo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilindele ukuthi ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke kungashintsha kanjani futhi zikhuthaze ukuvota ngolwazi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezimpendulo

UKhongolo lulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuhulumeni ngenqubo yokuhlela. Ukushintsha kokulawula iningi kubuyisela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala ekukhetheni okuthandwa yiningi elisha. Lokhu kungasho ukusetshenziswa kwesivikelo okwandayo ngaphansi kweqembu elilodwa noma izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezinwetshiwe ngaphansi kwenye. Izimpi zokusetshenziswa kwemali ngokuvamile ziyakhula phakathi neminyaka yaphakathi lapho iqembu lomongameli lilahlekelwa izihlalo, kuholele ekuqhubekeni kwezinqumo, ukuvinjwa, noma ukuhlehla kokuchithwa kwemali.

Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo

Ukuphathwa kwempilo kuhlala kuphakathi komkhakha ophambili wabavoti phakathi nokhetho. Ukushintsha kokulawula kwe-communion kuthinta izinhlelo zezokwelapha zikahulumeni ezihlanganisa iMedicare, iMedicaid, i-Affordal Care Act, kanye ne-tractal diginsion. Indlu elawulwa yiqembu elihlukile kunaleyo umongameli angase afune ukuqulwa kwecala ngokumiswa kwezempilo noma ukuzama izinguquko zemithetho okumelwe umongameli asayine noma ayenze.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Namandla Amandla

Amakomiti e-Congress alawula imithetho yendawo ezungezile kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ashintsha izinto eziza kuqala kuye ngokuthi iliphi iqembu eliphethe. Ukhetho lwe-Midter oluthi ukuqondisa kwamakomiti kusuka kwelinye icala kuya kwelinye kuqondise ekuqondiseni kabusha ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene eziqondisayo nezimiso ezisondelayo. Umthetho wokushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuvuselelwa kwemvume, izisusa zamandla avuselelwayo, kanye nezindinganiso zokungcola konke kubhekene nokusekela okuhlukahlukene komkhakhakha kuye ngomphumela wokhetho.

Imfundo Nezakhiwo

Isimiso semfundo ye-Foderal kanye nokutshala inzuzo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuhleleni nokugunyaza. Izinguquko ze-midter zithinta ukuxhaswa kwemali kwezikole zeSihloko I, uPell Grants, izinhlelo zabafundi zokuboleka imali, nezakhiwo zokuthutha. Izwe lithola futhi izivumelwano zikahulumeni zezindlela ezinkulu, amabhuloho, kanye nokuthutha komphakathi, kanye namazinga okuxhasa imali ahambisana nokuxoxa.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwemisebe Nezikhawu

Ukhetho lwaphakathi ngokwesayensi lukhanga umvoti ophansi kunokhetho lukamongameli, lukhulisa ithonya labavoti ababoshiwe. Ukuqonda izindlela zokuhlanganyela namasu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulise ithonya lazo elikhethiwe.

Izindlela Zokuhlukanisa Izindawo Nezindlela Zokuzenzela

Ukhetho olusuka ku-40 kuya ku-50 lusukela ku-50 yabavoti abafanelekayo, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-55 kuya ku-65 eminyakeni yobumongameli. Lokhu kujika okuphansi kusho ukuthi amaqembu enani labantu anethonya eliphakeme lokuvota anamandla. Abavoti abadala, abanikazi bamakhaya, kanye nabantu abafikayo abaphezulu bathambekele ekuvoteni ngamazinga aphakeme phakathi nenkathi, kuyilapho abavoti abasha abancane nabathola abantu abangaphansi kakhulu bathatha igalelo elinciphile ngokungaguquki. Ama-candidate namaqembu alungisa izikhundla zabo zokudlulisa nokufaka isikhala ezingeni ezisethubeni zokubonisa ukuthi abavoti abambalwa kakhulu.

Imizamo yokuphuma ngaphandle kwe-vote

Amaqembu ezombangazwe nezinhlangano zezempatho zokuvota zitshala imali eningi ekuqoqeni amavoti phakathi nokhetho. Lemizamo ihlanganisa ukuvota ngeminyango, ukubhalisa ucingo, iposi eliqondile, nokukhangisa ngemishini esetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukukhipha imishini esemthethweni yokuvota kungaguqula imiphumela yokukhetha engenziwa abaxhasi abangase baqhubeke behlala ekhaya. Ukuqonda ukuthi yimiphi imizamo ehlela le mizamo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole amasu nokufinyeza imithombo yezindaba.

Ukudla Kwakuqala Nezinsimbi Zomculo Ezingadingeki

Izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza ukuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ukuphuma kokhetho oluhlanganisa amathuba anwebekayo. Ukhetho lwe-midter luveza ukukhula kwamathuba okuvota angaphambili futhi akukho ukuvota okungekho, nakuba ukukhetha okukhethekile kuhluka ngokombuso. Abavota kufanele bahlole imithetho yokuvota kahulumeni ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho ukuze bahlele ukuthi bangathatha iqhaza. . org isikhulu esinikeza ulwazi oluqondile lokuvota nosizo lokubhalisa.

Izibonelo Nezifundo Ezingokomlando

Ukuhlola ukhetho olungokomlando phakathi nenkathi ephakathi kwembula izindlela ezingaguquki ezazisa amathemba emijikelezo yesikhathi esizayo. Iqembu lomongameli licishe lilahlekelwe izihlalo njalo eNdlu phakathi nenkathi ephakathi, okunesilinganiso sokulahlekelwa ezihlalweni ezingu-26. Ukulahlekelwa kwesiteshi akuhambelani ngokulinganayo ngenxa yomjikelezo wokhetho onyakazayo nezihlalo ezithile ezincintisanayo kukhetho ngalunye.

Ukukhetha Kwaphakathi Nesikhathi Ngo - 2010

Phakathi nonyaka ka-2010 kwathatha ushintsho olungokomlando lapho amaRepublica ethola izihlalo ezingu- 63 zendlu, ukuthatha indawo enkulu kakhulu phakathi nonyaka ka-1938. Lo khetho lwalandela indlela yokuhamba ye-Affordble Care Act nomthetho wezezomnotho ka-2009. Uhulumeni ohlukene waholela ekubeni i-projekthi yemithetho elawula izivumelwano ezinkulu, izimpi zemali, kanye nokushintshela ekuqondiseni abaphathi be-Obama.

Ukukhetha Kwaphakathi Nesikhathi Ngo - 2018

Phakathi nonyaka ka-2018 kwavela ushintsho oluphakeme kakhulu kukhetho lwaphakathi nonyaka ka-1914, kanye namaphesenti angu-50,3 abavoti abafanelekayo abahlanganyela. AmaDemocrates athola izihlalo ezingu-40 zendlu, aphinde alawule iningi, kuyilapho amaRepublican andisa iningi lawo. Le mithetho ehlukene yaveza umsebenzi omkhulu wobungameli, kuhlanganise nophengululo kubaphathi beTrump, kanye nokukhishwa okulinganiselwe kwemithetho eziminye yemithetho emikhulu.

Ukukhetha Kwaphakathi Nesikhathi Kwango - 2022

AmaRepublica athatha ingxenye encane yendlu ngesikhathi amaDemocrates ephethe iSigele. Ngokungafani nezindlela eziningi ezingokomlando, iqembu lomongameli lagwema ukunqotshwa okukhulu, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sokugumbuqela uRoe v. Wade, eyaqoqa abavoti bedemocratic. ISishaya-Mkhandlu esihlukene saveza izinqumo eziqhubekayo, ukuphumelela kwemithetho elinganiselwe, kanye nezingxoxo zemali eziqhubekayo.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho lwe-Midtment ngokuyisisekelo uhulumeni waseMelika ophinde wabekwa ngokuyisisekelo ngamandla angokoqobo phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho, amahholo, namahhovisi ezwe. Lokhetho lusebenza njengamathuba ezakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izimiso zamanje, zilungise ukulinganisela kwamandla, futhi zithonye ukuqondisa ukubusa eminyakeni emibili esele yenkathi yobumongameli. Abaqondisi abaqonda indlela uhulumeni oshintsha ngayo phakathi naphakathi kwezinsuku abahlomele kangcono ukuthatha intuthuko engokwenjongo yezombangazwe. Ngokuhlanganyela nenqubo yokhetho, ukucwaninga nabaqondisi bezindaba, nokuvota kuzo zonke izinqumo, bafeza indima yabo engokomthetho ekulondolozeni uhulumeni osabelayo nowongamele ukulandisa.