Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Senkantolo Yase - United States

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sisebenza ezimisweni zenkantolo ezimbili ezihambelanayo zenkantolo kahulumeni nombuso. Ngazinye zinegunya lazo, isigaba sabefundisi, nezinhlobo zezimpikiswano ezisingathayo. Ukwazi ukuthi yiyiphi inkantolo enegunya lokulalela icala lakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu sokuqondisa isimiso. Ngaphandle kwamagatsha enkantolo esizwe nesombuso, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zikhona ukusingatha izinkundla ezithile ezingokomthetho, njengezimpikiswano zomkhaya, izindaba ezingokweziqu, nokuphambanisa izimoto.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele: Lapho Imithetho Yesizwe Iphakama

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zizwa amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, izivumelwano, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, namacala lapho i-United States iyinhlangano. Zibuye zisingathe izindaba ezithile phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukahlukene (imibuso ehlangene) uma isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka $75 000 (R150 000). Isimiso sombuso sihlelwe ngezinhlalo ezintathu:

  • Inkantolo yesigodi yase-U.S. - Lawa izinkantolo eziqulwayo lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ufakazi, nezinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo. Kunezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 kulo lonke izwe, ngayinye ihlanganisa indawo ethile.
  • U.S. izinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala [ - Zibuye zibizwa futhi ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda, lezinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo eziphakathi zihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. Kunezifunda eziyi 13, ngasinye sihlanganisa izigaba eziningi noma amasimu.
  • U.S. iNkantolo ePhakeme - Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni. Izwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda nakuhulumeni omkhulu lapho kuphakama umbuzo. INkantolo ikhetha ingxenye encane kuphela yezicelo (izicelo ze-certiorari) unyaka ngamunye.

Uma usebenzelana nomthetho kahulumeni, inselele yomthetho-sisekelo, noma impikiswano yesifunda, cishe uzoqala eNkantolo yeSigodi yase-U.S. Imithetho ye-procedmento nezindlela ezicacisweyo zikhona ewebsiteni engokomthetho U.S. izinkantolo.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso: Lapho Kuhlala Ingxabano Ekakhulu Engokomthetho

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingamahhashi asebenzayo esimiso sokwahlulela. Zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu: ukumangalelwa ngecala lobugebengu, ukumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi (impikiswano, ukulimala komuntu siqu), izindaba zomthetho womkhaya (imvume, ukuwinwa kwabantwana), izimpikiswano ezithinta indawo yokuhlala, nokunye okwengeziwe. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-mthetho wawo kanye nesakhiwo senkantolo, kodwa kukhona indlela efanayo:

  • Izinkantolo zecala likaJenene Juriscion - Lawa izinkantolo eziyinhloko lapho kugcinwa khona amacala. Angabizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zesifunda kuxhomeke kuhulumeni. Bengamele kokubili izindaba zomphakathi nezezephulamthetho.
  • [ Izinkantolo ze-centtermeter Appellate [[[FL:1]] - Izifunda eziningi zinenkantolo ephakathi (ngokuvamile ebizwa iNkantolo Yezikhalo) ebukeza izinqumo zenkantolo equlwayo. Izifundazwe ezincane zingadlula kule-mqoka futhi ziye ngqo enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni.
  • Inkantolo yeSimo esiPhakeme - Inkantolo yokugcina ethatha imvume ngaphakathi kwezwe. Isinqumo sayo emthetho kahulumeni sigcina ngaphandle kokuba umbuzo kahulumeni uvumela ukudluliswa kwecala eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Imithetho yenkantolo yoMbuso iyahlukahluka kakhulu, ngakho kubalulekile ukubheka ingosi engokomthetho yegatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni wakho. Ngokwesibonelo, i- California Courts inikeza imithombo yosizo oluningi, izilinganiso, nezimiso zemali.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile: Ukubheka Izidingo Eziqondile

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezivamile zikahulumeni nombuso, imibuso eminingi iye yadala izinkantolo ezigxile ezindaweni ezithile zomthetho noma emiphakathini. Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zivame ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela eziklanyelwe ukufinyelela imiphumela engcono kunezenzakalo ezingokwesiko. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • [ Izinkantolo Zomkhaya – ezinikezelwe ekuhlukaniseni, ekuwiseni izingane, ekusekeleni izingane, nasemicimbini yobudlova basekhaya.
  • [ Izindawo zeProbate [ - I bitape remone, izakhiwo, imikhumbi evikelayo, imikhumbi elungisayo, nokuthemba. Baqinisekisa ukuthi impahla yomuntu ofile yabelwa ngokwentando yabo (noma umthetho kazwelonke uma ingeke ibe khona).
  • Izinkantolo zeTraffic [ - Ukwephulwa komthetho okufana nokugijima, ukugijima kwezibani ezibomvu, kanye namathikithi okupaka izimoto. Kwezinye izifunda, lokhu kuyingxenye yesimiso senkantolo kamasipala.
  • Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa[ – Inikeza ukwelashwa nokuqondisa kwezaphulamthetho ezingenabudlova ezinezindaba zokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, ezihlose ukunciphisa ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqamuka komthetho.
  • [[[I-VT:0] Inkantolo - Iklanyelwe omakadebona abamangalelwe ngobugebengu, ihlanganisa i-VA nezinzuzo ze-VA kanye nezinkonzo zempilo yengqondo.
  • Iziphakamiso Ezincane [ – Ingxenye eyenziwe lula ezinkantolo zikahulumeni lapho abantu bengamangalela khona ngemali (ngokuvamile ingu $5 000-$10 000) ngaphandle kommeli.

Ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo ekhethekile esebenza esimweni sakho kungakunikeza inqubo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi uthola amafomu nezinqubo ezifanele.

Ukuzinqumela: Isinyathelo Sokuqala Esibucayi

Ngaphambi kokubhala icala, kumelwe unqume ukuthi icala liphi. Icala linezakhi ezimbili: linegunya eliyisihloko lokulawula [ (igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa uhlobo lwecala) kanye ukulawula komuntu siqu [ (igunya lenkantolo phezu kwamaqembu). Buza lemibuzo:

  • Ingabe leli cala lihilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States, noma ukuphikisana phakathi kwezifundazwe?
  • Ingabe iyindaba yomthetho wombuso kuphela (isuba, impahla, isivumelwano, umthetho wezephula-mthetho wezwe)? Inkantolo yezwe iyindawo efanele.
  • Ingabe ikhona inkantolo ekhethekile esingatha lolu hlobo lwecala (isib., inkantolo yomkhaya, inkantolo yamaprobate)?
  • Imithetho yeVenue ichaza indawo efanele (izwe noma isifunda) yokubhala.

Uma ungaqiniseki, thintana nehhovisi lonobhala wenkantolo noma inhlangano yosizo engokomthetho. Amawebhusayithi amaningi asenkantolo anyathelisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa nokuhamba kwezindawo.

Indlela Yokukhipha Icala Lakho Enkantolo

Uma usuyitholile inkantolo yecala, isinyathelo esilandelayo siqala icala. Lenqubo iyahlukahluka ngokwendlela yokulawula nohlobo lwecala, kodwa izinyathelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

Ukulungisa Amadokhumende Okuqala

  • 'Umthetho noma Isicelo - Ibhukwana elingokomthetho elichaza izikhangiso zakho ezingokomthetho, amaqiniso, kanye nokukhululeka okufunayo (umonakalo wemali, ukuhleleka kwelungelo lokuhlala, umthetho, njll.).
  • USummons - Isaziso kummangalelwa ukuthi icala libekwe futhi kumelwe asabele esikhathini esithile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 20-30).
  • Ukukhokha i-Foe - Izinkantolo eziningi zikhokha imali yokufaka icala. Imali yesheya isukela ku-R150 kuya ku-R2 400 ezinkantolo zikahulumeni; intela yemali ye-athonsi ye-athonsi ikhona manje enkantolo yomphakathi. Imali yecala le-fee ikhona kubantu abahliswayo.

Ukukhonza Elinye Iqembu

Kumelwe unikeze amakhophi alesi sikhalo futhi umeme ummangalelwa (inqubo). Lokhu kungakwenziwa ummeli, isisekelo senqubo yangasese, noma kwezinye izifunda ngeposi egunyaziwe. Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile; ngaphandle kwayo, inkantolo ingase ingabi negunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa.

Ukusabela Emthetho

Uma ungummangalelwa, kumelwe ubhale impendulo noma uhambe phakathi nosuku olushiwo emyalweni. Ukuhluleka ukusabela kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahleliwe ngawe. Impendulo iyavuma noma iphike ukumangalela ngakunye futhi ingaphakamisa ulwelo lokuvuma (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukungakwazi ukulawula).

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Nokuqhubeka Kwenkantolo

Ngemva kokubhala futhi nokusebenza, icala lihamba ngezigaba eziningana. Ukulungiselelwa esiteji ngasinye kungenza umehluko omkhulu emphumeleni.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kweziqu Nokutholakala Kwazo

Izinkantolo eziningi zithatha ingqungquthela yangaphambi kwecala lapho umahluleli ehlangana khona namaqembu ukuze acacise izindaba, akhuthaze ukuxazulula impikiswano, futhi amise isimiso. Ukuthola ukwaziswa kuyi-presence engokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu. Kungahlanganisa:

  • [[[IMIFU] Izinqumo – imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Izindawo[ – Ubufakazi obubodwa yintatheli yenkantolo, buthathwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Izicelo zamabhukwana – ukucela izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, njll.
  • [ Icela ukugunyaza – icela olunye uhlangothi ukuvuma noma ukuphika amaqiniso athile.

Ukuthola ukuthi izicelo zithatha isikhathi, kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi nhlangothi zombili zinobufakazi obudingekayo ukuze zinikeze icala. Sebenza eduze nommeli wakho noma umsizi wakho ongokomthetho ukuze uphendule izicelo ezitholakele ngokunembile.

Ukuhamba Nezindlebe

Imicimbi ingase icele inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe izinqumo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha [ -Agues ukuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukusho okusemthethweni.
  • [[NT.0]Motion yengosi yokwahlulela [ - - Ibuza inkantolo ukuba ibuse eqenjini ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo.
  • Motion uku-Compel Discovery - - Ifuna umyalo wenkantolo odinga olunye uhlangothi ukuze kukhiqizwe ulwazi.

Ukuqulwa kwamacala ngale ndlela kumane kufushane, kunezimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, ezinye zinqunywa kuphela ngezincwadi ezibhaliwe.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa, lizoqhubeka icala eliqulwe ngecala (lihlulelwe kuphela) noma icala lejaji. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ubufakazi ngobufakazi nangokububonisa. Imithetho yobufakazi ilawula lokho okungase kuqalwe. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, abahluleli bahluleli ngamabomu futhi bakhiphe isinqumo. Qaphela ukuthi ukuqulwa kungathatha isikhathi eside futhi kuphazamiseke ngokomzwelo; amacala amaningi angaphakathi axazululeka ngaphambi kokuba afike emacaleni.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Enkantolo

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. nemithetho kahulumeni kunikeza abantu iqoqo lamalungelo ayisisekelo lapho ehilelekile ekuqulweni kwezindaba ezingokomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, unelungelo lommeli ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seSihlalo Sesithupha, uma ungakwazi ukuthenga, umvikeli womphakathi uzomiswa. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, akukho lungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokweluleka ngesihle, kodwa imibuso eminingi inikeza izinkonzo zosizo ezingokomthetho noma izinhlelo ze-probono. Ukuzimelela wena ngokwakho (kuyipro - se) kuvumelekile kodwa kungaba yinselele. Ungacabanga kakhulu ukubuza ummeli okungenani ukuze uthole iseluleko, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Elifanele Nokungakhethi

I-The Ist Procession Claus iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala phambi komahluleli ongathathi hlangothi noma abahluleli. Unelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, ukuphambanisa-inyani kwelinye icala, futhi uthole isinqumo esicacisiwe. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umahluleli unamasuntswana, ungabhala indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqubuka. Ukukhetha uJury (i-voir jamp) kuvumela zombili izinhlangothi ukuba ziphikise abacuphisi abanobandlululo.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Uma inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elithinta icala lakho, ngokuvamile unelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona izaba zokuqulwa futhi; azinawo amaphutha angokomthetho, aziwaqalisi amaqiniso amasha. Ukuphela kwesikhathi sokufaka isaziso sokudlulisa icala ngokuvamile kungu-30 ngezinsuku zesahlulelo. Ukungalitholi ilungelo lakho lokudlulisa icala. Ukudlulisa isikhalo kungaphumela ekuqinisekiseni, ukubuyiselwa, noma ukubuyiselwa kwesinqumo senkantolo ephansi ukuze kuqhutshwe.

Amanye Amalungelo Abalulekile

  • ngakwesokudla ukuthula [ (emacaleni obugebengu) – Gwema ukuzibeka umlomo.
  • [ ukubhekana nofakazi [ – bheka abamangaleli bakho enkantolo.
  • ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo – Abamangalelwa besigebengu kumelwe baqulwe ngesikhathi esinengqondo (ngokuvamile phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-60-180 kuye ngegunya).
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labasizi - Emacala obugebengu namacala amaningi omphakathi (njengalabo abafuna imali balimaza ngaphezu komnyango othile).
  • Ilungelo lokunikeza amarekhodi omphakathi – izikhonkwane zeNkantolo ngokuvamile zisobala, nakuba amanye amabhukwana engase avalwe ngenxa yemfihlo (umz., amarekhodi entsha, izimfihlo zezohwebo).

Imithombo Yokusiza Izakhamuzi Ukuba Zihlasele Izinkantolo

Izinhlangano namathuluzi ahlukahlukene anganikeza isiqondiso, amafomu ngisho nokumelelwa ngokuqondile.

Izikhungo Zosizo Lwasenkantolo

Izikhungo eziningi zezinkantolo zinezikhungo ezizisizayo eziphethwe abameli noma abaxhashazi abakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo, ukubukeza, nokuchaza izindlela. Lezi zinkonzo ngokuvamile azikho mahhala. Hlola ingosi yenkantolo yendawo yakho amahora amaningi futhi ikhona.

Izinhlangano Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Amahhovisi osizo olungokomthetho anikeza usizo oluphansi noma oluphansi kubantu abahlawulwa mahhala, asebekhulile, abangomakad ’ ebona, namanye amaqembu asengozini. INhlangano Yezezimali (LSC) izinhlelo zosizo olungokomthetho olungokomthetho kulo lonke elase-U.S. Sebenzisa iwebhsayithi yabo ukuthola ihhovisi endaweni yakini. Izifunda eziningi nazo zinensiza esemthethweni ebanzi.

Imitapo Yezincwadi Yomthetho Nemitapo Yomphakathi

Izindlu eziningi zenkantolo zinomtapo womthetho obala. Abameli bangakusiza ukuba uthole imithetho, imithetho yasenkantolo, namafomu ezindlela. Imitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi ivame ukukhomba emitatsheni engokomthetho enjengeNolo noma iGale Esemthethweni, enikeza iziyalezo ezikhanyayo nezinguqulo ezigcweleyo zesiNgisi.

Imivubukulo Yangaphakathi

  • USA.gov – inikeza ulwazi lwenkantolo yesifundazwe nesombuso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuthola umthetho - Inikeza izihloko, umthetho weze-sethi, kanye nokhokho lommeli.
  • Nolo.com - Umshicileli wezincwadi zomthetho kanye namafomu omthetho owethu.
  • [[Ikhasi:0] Imelika i-Bar Association (ABA) – [[FLT]] Imfundo yomphakathi [ ikhasi lineziqondiso ekuqondeni izinkantolo.
  • PACER[[FLT]] - Imvume yomphakathi eCourt Electronic Records, lapho ungabheka khona amacala enkantolo kahulumeni (imali encane ngekhasi).

Izinkonzo Ze - Attorney Referral

Uma udinga ummeli oyimfihlo, xhumana nommeli wezwe lakho noma wenhlangano ye-bar. Bangafana nawe nommeli obuza ucingo olunciphileyo.

Amacebiso Awusizo Enkantolo Eshelelayo

  • Funda imithetho ngokucophelela. Izinkantolo zinemithetho yendawo mayelana nokuhlelwa kwendlela, izikhathi ezimisiwe, nezindlela zokuhlela. Ukungazi akusona izaba.
  • Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izinto. Gcina ifayela lawo wonke amadokhumende owafakayo futhi wamukele. Sebenzisa ikhalenda ukulandelela isikhathi esimisiwe.
  • Ukushesha. Izikhawu zenkantolo ziqala ngokushesha. Ukufika sekwephuzile kungaholela ekujezisweni noma ekuxoshweni.
  • Imabhizinisi ahloniphekile. Ibhizinisi livamile ukufaneleka. Gwema ubhogadi, izifushane, nezigqoko.
  • [[IQUMT:0] Khuluma ngokucacile nangenhlonipho. khuluma nomahluleli njengothi “Udumo lwakho.” Ungamphazamiseli umahluleli noma iseluleko esiphikisayo.
  • [ Cwanisisa ukusabela. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna noma zikhuthaze ezinye izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukukhipha isigwebo kungaba okusheshayo, okushibhile, nokungacindezeli kakhulu.
  • Hlala uhlelekile. Yakha ibophane enezitebhu zokuncenga, ukuthola, ukubhalelana, nenothi ezindlebeni.

Isiphetho: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Isimiso senkantolo siyasabisa ngoba asijwayelekile. Ngokufunda indlela ehlelwe ngayo, amalungelo akho, nenqubo elandelanayo, uzuza ithemba lokuqhubekela phambili ($nawe ufaka icala elincane, uphendula icala, noma ufuna ilungelo lokuwinwa kwengane yakho. Sebenzisa imithombo echazwe lapha, buza enkantolo, futhi unganqikazi ukufuna usizo olusemthethweni uma izigxobo ziphezulu. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhamba enkantolo akukona nje ukuwina icala; kungokokuvikela amalungelo akho nokufinyelela ubulungisa.