Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungenye yezincwadi ezinethonya kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, ezisebenza njengetshe lentando yeningi yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Lencwadi ephilayo ayimiseli uhulumeni wethu kuphela kodwa futhi ichaza amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko izakhamuzi zonke ezinayo. Ukuqonda umbono woMthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo nje kuphela edinga ngayo ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, ukuthatha ingxebe emphakathini wakho, nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho njengesakhamuzi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvota okhethweni lwendawo, ukhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta wena, noma umane uqhubeke nesimiso sakho sansuku zonke, izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwakho. Kusukela ekusebenziseni inkolo yakho kuya elungeni lokuqulwa ngokulunga, kusukela ekhonweni lokuba nempahla kuya ekuqinisekisweni kwesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, amalungiselelo omthetho aguqula indawo yokuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezibonakalayo nezingabonakali.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uzohlola injongo yoMthetho-sisekelo, isimo, kanye nethonya elisebenzayo kubantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini ezweni lonke. Ngokuqonda le ncwajana yesisekelo, uzohlonyiselwa kangcono ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho, ufeze imithwalo yakho yemfanelo yomphakathi, futhi unikele engxoxweni eqhubekayo ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba isakhamuzi saseMelika ekhulwini lama-21.

Umlando Nenjongo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuze siqonde ngempela ukubaluleka koMthetho-sisekelo, kumelwe siqale siqonde izimo ezaholela ekudalweni kwawo. Ngemva kweMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imibuso yaseMelika esanda kuzibusa yasebenza ngaphansi kwe-Theats of Confederation, isimiso esabonakala singanele ukubusa isizwe esikhulayo. Izihloko zakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka ongenawo amandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho ngokuphumelelayo.

Ziqaphela lokhu kushiyeka okubucayi, izihambeli ezivela ezifundeni eziyishumi nambili kweziyishumi nantathu ezahlangana ePhiladelphia ehlobo ngo1787 zalokho okwakuyoba iConvention yoMthetho-sisekelo. Laba bakhandi, kuhlanganise nezinkanyiso ezinjengoJames Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, noGeorge Washington, babhekene nomsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele kodwa olinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuba uvikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukumisa Umsebenzi Wemisebenzi Kahulumeni

Injongo eyinhloko yoMthetho-sisekelo ukumisa uhlelo olucacile, olusebenzayo lwendlela uhulumeni ophethe ngayo. Lesici sesisekelo sidingida izinhloso eziningana ezibucayi ezisalokhu zibalulekile namuhla. Okokuqala, sidala isimiso samagunya ahlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni: i-province, isikhulu, ne-accompant , namagatsha okwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho nto eyodwa ekwazi ukunqwabelanisa igunya eliningi kakhulu, ivikela izakhamuzi ekubuseni amandla obungavela.

Igatsha lemithetho, elihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, linegunya lokwakha imithetho. Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, limisa leyomithetho futhi lilawula imisebenzi kahulumeni yansuku zonke. Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, lichaza imithetho futhi linqume ukuba ngokomthetho kwalo. Lesimiso sokuhamba ngezinyawo siveza ukulinganisela okunamandla lapho igatsha ngalinye lingahlola futhi lilinganisele khona imibuso yamanye.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko NoMbuso Olinganiselayo

Ngaphandle kokumisa uhulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela amalungelo abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Abaqondisi balokho abakubonayo ngaphansi kombuso waseBrithani ukuthi amandla kahulumeni angaqashelwanga asongela inkululeko yabantu. Ngakho - ke, bafaka isivikelo esiningi kulo lonke leliphepha, kamuva kwathuthukiswa iBill of Rights kanye nokuncishiswa kwemithetho eyalandela.

Lezivikelo zisebenza esimisweni samalungelo aphambene − batshela uhulumeni ukuthi ungenzani ezakhamuzini kunokuba kunikezwe okumelwe ukwenze. Uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukulinganisela ukukhuluma kwakho, akanakuhlola ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile, akanakukuphika inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lokhu kubonisa ifilosofi eyisisekelo yaseMelika: ukuthi amalungelo azuzwe njengefa kubantu ngabanye, hhayi ngemvume kahulumeni, futhi indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela lamalungelo angaphambili akhona.

Ukwakha Isimiso Sobukhosi Obubodwa

Enye injongo ebaluleke kakhulu yoMthetho-sisekelo ukumisa ubuzwe − isimiso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bombuso. Lelilungiselelo livumela kokubili ubunye nokuhlukahluka, likhombisa imibuso ukuba isebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi kuyilapho igcina i-operalthi ehambisanayo. Impikiswano ezinganikezwanga uhulumeni uhulumeni ngokuqondile ukuba uhlale ungaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni, uvumela imiphakathi ukuba ibhekane nezinkathazo zendawo ngezindlela ezibonisa izindinganiso nezimo zayo eziyingqayizivele.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zoMthetho-sisekelo: Uhlelo Nesisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo unezakhi eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye ifeza injongo ethile ekwakheni izakhiwo zikahulumeni waseMelika. Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indlela izinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlukene ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwazo nemiphakathi yazo.

Isethulo: Ukubala Imigomo Yomthetho-sisekelo

Isethulo, nakuba sifushane, sisho izinjongo eziyisisekelo uMthetho-sisekelo ohlose ukuzifeza. Amagama awo okuvula adumile ```Tho People"' `Thina simisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zithola ukuvunyelwa ababuswayo, hhayi ekunqobeni kwaphezulu noma impi. Lesimiso sobukhosi obuthandwayo sihlala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Isiqalo siveza izinhloso eziyisithupha eziqondile: ukwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe, ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo esivamile, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, nokuthola izibusiso zenkululeko. Lemigomo iyaqhubeka iqondisa ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo futhi yazise izimpikiswano ngobukhulu obufanele nendima kahulumeni. Uma izinkantolo zicabangela inqubo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma izikhulu zenkulumo - mpikiswano, lezinjongo zesisekelo zivame ukusekela ekucabangeni kwazo.

Izihloko Eziyisikhombisa: Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Ezichaza Uhulumeni

Indikimba yoMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala inezihloko eziyisikhombisa ezimisa uhlaka lukahulumeni waseMelika ngokucophelela. I-Agate I, ende kunayo yonke, yakha igatsha lomthetho futhi ibala amandla alo. Isho indlela abameleli nabasizi abakhethwa ngayo, iziphi izimfanelo okumelwe bahlangabezane nazo, kanye naziphi iziKhongolo eziphethe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula ezentengiselwano zezwe, ukumemezela impi, futhi senze imithetho "efanele nefanele" yokufeza imibuso yayo ehleliwe.

ISiphakamiso II simisa igatsha eliphethe, lichaza indima kaMongameli, inqubo yokukhetha, nemibuso. UMongameli ukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile, uxoxa ngezivumelwano (othobela ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho), umisa amajaji nomphathi-khulu, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza uMongameli uMongameli futhi simisa inqubo yokulandelana komongameli.

ISiphakamiso III sidala igatsha lokwahlulela, simisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sigunyaza iSishaya-mthetho ukuba sisungule izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Sichaza izinga lamandla okwahlulela kahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuqulwa icala yijaji emacaleni obugebengu, futhi sichaza ukuvukela umbuso. Ukufushaniswa kwalesi sihloko kuvumele ukuvumelana okukhulu komthetho ekuthuthukiseni indima yayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuhlanganise namandla abalulekile okuhlola.

Isihloko IV sihlanganisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe nombuso nohulumeni. Kudingeka ukuba kunikezwe "ukholo olugcwele nokuboleka" ezenzweni zomphakathi zombuso kanye nabezokwahlulela, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezifunda, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umbuso ngamunye ungumbuso weRepublic. Lesi sihloko sisiza ukulondoloza ubunye besizwe uma sihlonipha ubukhosi bombuso.

ISiphakamiso V simisa inqubo yokulungisa, idinga ama-3-3 ezindlu zombili ze-Congress noma ama-3 ombuso wesizwe ukuba ahlongoze izinguquko, okumelwe ziqinisekiswe ngama-3-sine ezindawo. Lenqubo enzima ngamabomu iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kuyilapho isavumela le mbhalo ukuba uzenzeke ngokushintsha kwezikhathi.

ISiphakamiso VI siqukethe iSiphakamiso sika-Supremacy Claus, siveza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano zihlanganisa umthetho wezwe ophakeme. Leli lungiselelo lixazulula izingxabano phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso ezisekela igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwesigaba salo esifanelekile. Lesi sihloko futhi senqabela ukuhlolwa kwesikhundla sikahulumeni, isivikelo esibalulekile sakuqala senkululeko engokwenkolo.

ISiphakamiso VII sichaze inqubo yokuhlunga uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, idinga ukuvunyelwa yimibuso engu-9 kweyishumi nantathu. Nakuba lesi sihloko safeza injongo yaso ngo-1788, siseyingxenye yencwadi njengomlando wokwamukelwa koMthetho-sisekelo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Eyisisekelo

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, zagunyazwa ngo-1791 ukuxoxa ngezinkinga zokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawungenazo izivikelo ezanele zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lezi zinguquko ziye zaba izingxenye eziphawuleka kakhulu futhi ezingokomdabu, ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu eyisisekelo: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Lenkululeko yakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulekele ngokuvumelana nonembeza wazo, ziveze imibono engathandeki, ukwaziswa okungathandeki, ziqoqe izikhalo ngokuthula, futhi zifune izikhalo kuhulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka izikhalo engosini zezokuxhumana, ufunda inkonzo yenkolo, ukufunda iphephandaba elizimele, noma uhlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokuthula, usebenzisa amalungelo okuHlalisa Isinqumo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ilungiselelo elibangela impikiswano eqhubekayo ngobukhulu baso nangokusebenza kwaso emphakathini wanamuhla.ISichibiyelo Sesithathu sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba amasosha ahlala emakhaya abantu ayingxenye eyodwa kwezine ngaphandle kwemvume, isivikelo esingavamile ukuvela namuhla kodwa esibonisa ukukhathazeka okubalulekile esikhathini sokuqalisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyisweni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, sidinga amanxusa kahulumeni ukuba athole izimvume ezisekelwe endongeni okungenzeka ukuthi zibangelwa yisizathu ngaphambi kokuhlola umuntu wakho, ikhaya, noma impahla.

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiningi kulabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzilahla (ilungelo lokuthula), isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo), kanye nesiqinisekiso senqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni akuncishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga futhi ukukhokhelwa uma uhulumeni ethatha indawo yakhe ukuze asebenzise umphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa amalungelo ezigebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, isaziso samacala, ikhono lokubhekana nofakazi, nosizo lweseluleko.

ISichibiyelo seSembetic silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo enkantolo ehilela isilinganiso esikhulu semali. ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili eqile, amafa eqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile, sivimbela amandla kahulumeni okukhipha izijeziso.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sicacisa ukuthi ukubalwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo abekwe obala.ISichibiyelo Seshumi sigcinwe ezifundazweni futhi abantu abagunyazwanga kuhulumeni, kugcizelelwa isimiso segunya likahulumeni elilinganiselwe.

Izichibiyelo Ezilandelayo: Ukusebenzelana Nesizwe

Ngaphandle kweBhili yamalunge, izinguquko ezengeziwe eziyishumi nesikhombisa ziye zagunyazwa phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, zibonakalisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso. Lezi zinguquko ziye zadingida izimpikiswano ezibucayi kusukela ebugqilini kuya ekuvoteni kumalungelo ohulumeni.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, seshumi nane neseshumi nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saqeda ubugqila, saqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okulinganayo nenqubo efanele, futhi sanqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sesizwe, ikakhulukazi, siye saba ngenye yezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho - sisekelo, sisebenzisa iziphetho eziningi zeMikhathi Yamalungelo Ohulumeni futhi sisebenza njengezisekelo eziphawulekayo zamalungelo omphakathi, izindaba zomuntu siqu, nokulingana.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, saqinisekisa ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu sagunyazwa ngo- 1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba yishumi elinesishiyagalombili. Lokhu kulungisa kwandisa ukuthatha isigaba sentando yeningi futhi kwaqaphela ukulingana kwezombangazwe kwamaqembu ayengasamukeleki ngaphambili.

Ezinye izinguquko ziye zaguqula imisebenzi kahulumeni, njengeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesikhombisa esamisa ukukhetha okuqondile kwabasizi, iSichibiyelo Esingu - Amashumi Abili neSinqumo silinganisela amongameli ukuba babe yizinkulumo ezimbili, neSichibiyelo Samashumi Abili nanhlanu esicacisa ukulandelana kukamongameli nezinqubo zokukhubazeka.

Ithonya Eliqondile Ezakhamuzini: Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Okuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ithonya loMthetho-sisekelo lidlulela ngalé kwezinkantolo nezakhiwo zikahulumeni − lithinta isisekelo sokuphila kwansuku zonke kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile futhi ezivame ukungaqashelwa. Ukuqonda lemiphumela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ifa lazo lomthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo esengozini.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokukhulumisana

Njalo lapho nivumelana ngombono wezenhlalo, nibhalela umhleli incwadi, noma nibonisa uphawu lwezombangazwe egcekeni lenu, nisebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lenkululeko yenza ukuba izinkulumo zasobala zibe namandla, ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke izikhulu zikahulumeni, zisekele izinguquko zezimiso, futhi zihlanganyele ezigcawini zemibono ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko yezindaba iqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli zingahlola futhi zibike izindaba zomphakathi, zinikeze izakhamuzi ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze zikwazi ukuzilawula ngolwazi. Lesivikelo sidlulela emaphephandabani angokwesiko, emithonjeni yezindaba, ezincwadini ze - Internet, nakubantu ngabanye abaqamba ingosi, zibangele ukuba kube nezindawo ezihlukene zokuxhumana ezibangela izinhlangano ezinamandla ukuba zilandise.

Inkululeko yomhlangano ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlangane ngokuthula ngenxa yokubhikisha, imibuthano, imihlangano yomphakathi, nezinye izinto ezihlanganyelwayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyaya ehholo ledolobha, uhlanganyela ekumasheni, noma ujoyina inhlangano yomakhelwane, usebenzisa lelilungelo eliyisisekelo lokusebenza nenkulumo yeqembu.

Inkululeko Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo Kanembeza

ISichibiyelo senkolo sokuQala − ukuveza izigaba zenkolo kuhulumeni omisa inkolo nokuvikela ukusebenzisa inkolo ngesihle(-*) qinisekisa ukuthi ungalusebenzisa ukholo lwakho (noma ukhetha ukungasebenzisi noma yiluphi ukholo) ngokwe-unembeza wakho. Uhulumeni awunakukuphoqelela ukuba uhlanganyele emisebenzini engokwenkolo, uthande inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwabanye, noma uthwese izintambo zenkolo yakho ngokungadingekile.

Lezi sivikelo zithinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekhonweni lokugqoka izingubo zenkolo noma izimpawu ezifanele ukugcinwa kwamaholide enkolo, kusukela enkululekoni yokukhulisa izingane ngokwesiko lenu lokukholwa kuya emakhonweni okufuna ukukhululeka okungokwenkolo ezimfunweni ezithile ezingokomthetho. Ziphinde ziqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi njengezikole namahhovisi kahulumeni azithathi hlangothi ezindabeni zenkolo, zikhonza zonke izakhamuzi zenkolo nezingazodwa.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka Komuntu Siqu

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeli nokuquleka sivikela imfihlo yakho ekhaya, emotweni, nasemiphumeleni yomuntu siqu. Izikhulu zomthetho ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuphenya impahla yakho, ukufunda iposi yakho, noma ukungena imishini yakho yamanani ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esisekelwe ekubangeleni okungenzeka. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela ekuvuleni kobuchwepheshe, nezinkantolo eziphazamisa indlela izimiso zeSijikelezo sesine ezisebenza ngayo emininingwaneni ye-makhalekhukhwini, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, kanye nokwaziswa kolunye ulwazi lwezinombolo.

Uma amaphoyisa ekumisa emgwaqweni noma ekudonsa lapho ushayela, kudingeka asolwe ngokunengqondo ngezenzo zobugebengu ukuze akuvimbele futhi mhlawumbe akwenze ufune izinto zakho. Ukuqonda la malungelo kukusiza ukuba ubhekane nalezi zimo kuyilapho uvikela izithakazelo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Inqubo Efanele Nokwelashwa Ngokufanele

Iziphakamiso zenqubo yeNguqulo yesihlanu neyeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukukuncisha ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezilungile. Lesivikelo sisebenza ezindaweni eziningi, kusukela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu kuya ezimpikiswaneni zombango, kusukela ekuqulweni kwecala lokuphatha kuya ezinqubweni zesikole.

Uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu, inqubo efanele ihlanganisa ilungelo lokwazi amacala obekwe wona, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi ekuvikeleni kwakho, ilungelo lokunqamule ofakazi abathwele i-examine, nelungelo kummeli. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ecaleni lobugebengu, uhulumeni kumelwe akunike elinye.

Inqubo elindelekile ivikela futhi amalungelo empahla, idinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uthathe impahla yakho endaweni edumile, ubeke inhlawulo noma ulahle inzuzo kahulumeni. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta izithakazelo zakho zilandela imithetho emisiwe futhi zinikeze amathuba okuzwakala.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokungavumelani

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo se-Unimeth Ulwenziso luka-Claus sidinga uhulumeni ukuba uphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo, unqabe ubandlululo olungokomuntu. Nakuba leli lungiselelo ekuqaleni ligxile ekulinganani ngokohlanga, izinkantolo ziye zandisa isivikelo sazo ukuze ziqaphe ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezihlukahlukene futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokungakhethi kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela zithinta yonke into kusukela ezabelweni zesikole kuya ekulungiseni izinqumo, kusukela emisebenzini yemisebenzi kahulumeni kuya ekusakazeni izinkonzo zomphakathi.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Amalungiselelo amaningi omthetho-sisekelo avikela ilungelo lakho lokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe. IGawulayo yeshumi elinesihlanu, yeshumi elinesishiyagalolunye, yeshumi elinesine nelamabili neyamashumi amabili nane Iziphendu ze-Sixhwele zenqabela ukucwaswa kokuvota okusekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, ukwehluleka ukukhokha izintela zokuvota, kanye nobudala (kuzakhamuzi eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili nangaphezulu). Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingahlanganyela ekukhetheni abameleni bazo nokunquma izinyathelo zokuvota.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe nenhlangano, sikuvumele ukuba usekele abazobhapathizwa, ujoyine amaqembu ezombangazwe, unikele emikhankasweni (ezithoba ezimisweni ezinengqondo), futhi usekele izimbangela zokukholelwa kuwe. Lamalungelo enza ukuba ukuhlanganyela okunenjongo kwentando yeningi kungabi nje ukuvocavoca.

Ithonya Lomthetho - sisekelo Emiphakathini Nasekubusweni Kwendawo

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ngokuyinhloko ubusa uhulumeni kahulumeni, amalungiselelo awo ayithinta ngokuphawulekayo imiphakathi yabantu abavela emazweni nasezindaweni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

U-Claus onamanyala no-Federal-State Relations

I - Supremace Claus imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uyachuma lapho ungqubuzana nomthetho kahulumeni noma wezwe ezindaweni zegunya likahulumeni.

Lapho imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni ingqubuzana, imiphakathi ingazithola ibambeke phakathi kwezimfuneko eziphikisanayo zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imibuso iye yagunyaza insangu ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha noma ekuzijabuliseni, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni uyibheka njengento engekho emthethweni. Lokhu kudala izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokugcinwa komthetho wendawo, amabhizinisi, nezakhamuzi zisebenzisa izisekelo ezingqubuzanayo zomthetho.

Isinyathelo Sokuhloba Nombuso

NgeSichibiyelo se 14 seSikhawulo seSimo soMboniso sika-Claus, izivikelo eziningi zeBhili lamaLungelo manje zisebenza kohulumeni bezwe nakuhulumeni wendawo, hhayi nje uhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso. Le mfundiso "yokuhlanganisa" isho ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe lakho, uhulumeni wesifunda, kanye nohulumeni wedolobha kumelwe uhloniphe amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo njengoba kufanele.

Lesimiso sinemiphumela ejulile ekuqondiseni kwendawo. Umkhandlu wedolobha lakho awunakulinganisela inkulumo esekelwe embonweni, amaphoyisa endawo awukwazi ukwenza ukuphenya okungenangqondo, isikole sakho somphakathi asikwazi ukumisa inkolo, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni wakho kumelwe zinikeze inqubo efanele. Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho sihamba nawe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni okhuluma naye ungakanani.

Izakhiwo Nombuso Wendawo

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokuqondile nenhlangano kahulumeni wendawo, kudinga ukuba kugcinwe uhlobo "lohulumeni," futhi kubekwe imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile idlulisele lemfuneko kuhulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi inezinhlangano ezimelelayo nezinqubo zentando yeningi zokwenza izinqumo ezihlangene.

Ohulumeni bendawo bathola igunya labo kumthetho-mthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nezimiso, besebenza phakathi kwesimiso sobuzwe esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Bangasebenzisa lawomandla anikezwa yizwe kuphela, kodwa phakathi nalelozinga, bakhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile kakhulu-ngokwaso sonke isikhathi ($_izingalo, ukuphepha komphakathi, izikole, izakhiwo, izisekelo, nezinkonzo zendawo.

Imithetho Yomphakathi Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho sihlela ngokuphawulekayo indlela ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo okusebenza ngayo. Iminyango yamaphoyisa kumelwe iqeqeshe izikhulu zeSichibiyelo sesine futhi ithathe imithetho yokuthatheka, izixwayiso zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu Miranda, iSichibiyelo sesithupha nelungelo lokwelulekwa, nezinye izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuphulwa kwalamalungelo kungaphumela ekufakani ubufakazi bokungaqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, ukulahlekelwa kwemithetho yezikhulu neminyango, nokungenela kukahulumeni ezimweni zokwephulwa komthetho.

Izinhlangano zifuna ukuba iminyango yamaphoyisa ingagcini nje ngokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo kodwa futhi ithathe izinqubo ezibonisa izindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho zesithunzi, ukulunga, nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekushintshweni kwezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla, ukunqanda inqubo, amakhamera, nezindlela zokwengamela umphakathi.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nezimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izikole zomphakathi zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokufundisa nokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho. Abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo esikoleni, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zishintshwa ukuze kuchazwe indawo ezungezile yemfundo. Izikole azinakuphoqelela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini engokwenkolo, azikwazi ukujezisa inkulumo ngaphandle kokuba iphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yesikole, futhi kumelwe inikeze inqubo ngaphambi kokuba ibeke imiphumela engathi sína yokuyala.

Izikole futhi zinendima ebalulekile emfundweni yomphakathi, ukufundisa abafundi ngomlando womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, isimo, nezimiso. Lemfundo ilungiselela intsha ukuba ibe isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyaliqonda futhi ziyalazisa ifa lazo lomthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sezinkantolo sinikeza ingcebo yemfundo [ ukusiza othisha nabafundi ukuba bahlole izihloko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe, Amalungelo Empahla, Nokuthathwa Kwalo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuthatha u-Claus, esidinga imbuyiselo nje kuphela lapho uhulumeni ethatha indawo yomuntu ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, sithinta kakhulu izinqumo zendawo. Uma idolobha lakho lifuna ukuthola impahla yomgwaqo omusha, ipaki, noma isakhiwo somphakathi, kumelwe likhokhe imali engcono. Ngisho nemithetho engahileli ukuthatha izinto ezingokomzimba ingadinga imbuyiselo uma iphuca impahla yonke imisebenzi esebenzayo engokomnotho.

Lezi ziqondiso zomthetho - sisekelo zisiza umphakathi ukuba ulondoloze izakhiwo zemvelo kanye nezindawo ezisetshenziswa ekuhleleni amalungelo empahla ngayinye.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho - sisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela, ukuhileleka ekuphileni komphakathi kuyasiza ekuvikeleni nasekuthuthukiseni lamalungelo wena nomphakathi wakho.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Ukuqamba kumelela indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlanganyela komphakathi, ekukuvumela ukuba ukhethe abameleli abazokwenza izinqumo ezithinta ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo nokusetshenziswa. Ngaphandle kokhetho lukahulumeni, uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo ngokuvamile kunethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, ukunquma ukuthi ubani okhonza njengemeya, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, izikhomishane, amalungu ebhodi yesikole, abameli, nabahluleli.

Ukuhlanganyela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlala waziswe ngezikhundla zabazohlolwa, izilinganiso zombango, kanye nezindaba zomphakathi wakho. Amarekhodi nezitatimende zokucwaninga, abazofunda ama-counts, futhi bacabangele indlela izindlela zabo ezihambelana ngayo nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ozithandayo. Khumbula ukuthi izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo ziphakama kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zendawo ezihlanganisa ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho kuya kumthetho wemithetho esemthethweni elawula ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nabameleli Abaqanjiwe

Isicelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokuthintana nezikhulu zikahulumeni futhi ufune ukuxazulula izikhalo. Sebenzisa leli lungelo ngokuxoxa nabameleli bakho ngezindaba ezibaluleke kuwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezincwadi, ama-imeyili, izingcingo, noma emihlanganweni yokuxhumana, ithonya imibandela yemithetho nezinqumo zezimiso.

Lapho uthintana nabameleli, khuluma ngokuqondile ngalendaba, chaza ukuthi ikuthinta kanjani wena nomphakathi wakho, futhi usho ngokucacile ukuthi yisiphi isenzo ofuna ukuba basenze. Ukuxhumana okungokomuntu siqu ngokuvamile kunesisindo esikhulu kunezinhlamvu. Khumbula ukuthi abameleli basebenzisa izici zezombangazwe, ngakho ukuhlanganisa izinkathazo zakho ngokwezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlanganyelweyo kungakha ukusekela okukhulu.

Ukuba Khona Emihlanganweni Yeningi Nasemacaleni

Imihlangano kahulumeni wendawo inikeza amathuba okuqaphela izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, ukukhathazeka ngezwi, futhi yenza izikhulu zibone icala. Imihlangano yomkhandlu wedolobha, iziqephu zesifunda, imihlangano yebhodi yesikole, nokuhlelwa kwezindaba kuvulekele umphakathi, nezikhathi ezimisiwe zokukhulumela umphakathi.

Ukuba khona kulemihlangano kukusiza ukuba uqonde indlela eyenziwa ngayo izinqumo, okuthonya ngayo lezo zinqumo, nokuthi yini ethinta umphakathi wakho.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwesigaba sezombangazwe. Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union, iNhlangano Yobulungisa, iBrennan Center yezobulungisa, kanye nezinye eziningi zisebenza ngokucacisa amacala omthetho-sisekelo, zisekela izinguquko zezimiso, futhi zifundise umphakathi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Orgations ezigxile empucukweni [ ngokuvamile zinikeza imithombo yokuqonda amalungelo akho nokuthatha isinyathelo lapho zisongela.

Ukuhlanganyela noma ukusekela izinhlangano ezinjalo kwenza izwi lakho libe nesizotha futhi kusize ekuvikelweni kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukukhonza EJuries

Inkonzo kaJury imelela indlela eyingqayizivele yokuhlanganyela komphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zisebenzisa khona ngokuqondile izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. AmaJurie asebenza njengesehlo egunya likahulumeni, eqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zobugebengu nezinqumo zomphakathi ziveza izindinganiso zomphakathi nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo. IziNguqulo Zesithupha nezeSeptein ziqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngokunembile ngoba abahleli bemithetho baqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile, hhayi izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela, kufanele zinqume imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho.

Nakuba umsebenzi wokwahlulela ungase ubonakale unzima, unikeza ithuba lokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile esimisweni sobulungisa futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo avikelwe ekusebenzeni, hhayi nje ngencazelo. Lamukele lomthwalo wemfanelo ngokulalelisisa ubufakazi, ulandele iziyalezo zomthetho zomahluleli, futhi uthathele phambili ngokucabangela kunoma izikhulu ezikanye nabo.

Ukusekela Imfundo Yesibalo

Ukufunda ukufunda nokubhala kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo, kokubili wena nomphakathi wakho. Sekela izinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi ezikoleni, emitatsheni yezincwadi, nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Ikhuthaza intsha ukuba ifunde ngomlando nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ihlanganyele ekuqulweni kwecala noma ekuncintisaneni kwenkantolo okungagunyaziwe, futhi ihileleke ezimpikiswaneni zamanje zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imiphakathi eminingi inezenzakalo zoSuku Lomthetho-mthetho ngango-September 17th (umkhosi wokugubha isibonakaliso soMthetho-sisekelo) onikeza uhlelo lwemfundo namathuba okuthembisa umphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela noma ukuhlela izenzakalo ezinjalo kusiza ekwakheni impucuko yokuqaphela nokwazisa komthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Ngentuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngencazelo yokwahlulela, izenzo zomthetho, nokuqonda okushintshayo kwezenhlalo. Ukuhlala wazi ngalezi zenzakalo kukusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho amanje futhi uhlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngomqondo womthetho-sisekelo.

Ukulandela Izinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, futhi izinqumo zayo zingawathinta ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo akho nomphakathi wakho. izinkulumo zeNkantolo Enkulu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa amacala akhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo yobugebengu, amalungelo okuvota, nezinye izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo ezinemiphumela ebanzi.

Awudingi ukufunda imibono egcwele eNkantolo Ephakeme (nakuba ikhona obala) ukuze uhlale unolwazi. Imithombo yezindaba eqanjiwe inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezinqumo ezinkulu, ichaza ukuthi ziphetheni kanye nokuthi zisho ukuthini. ingosi engokomthetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme yezeNkantolo [ ikhipha imibono, iziphakamiso zomlomo, nezinye izinto zalabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni okujulile.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zifinyelela iziphetho ezithile kukusiza ukuba ulindele ukuthi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zingasebenza kanjani ezimweni ezintsha futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwentuthuko Yemithetho

Izishaya-mthetho nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zicabangela njalo umthetho ohilela izindaba zomthetho-mthetho, kusukela ekuhloleni nasemithethweni eyimfihlo kuya ekuvoteleni isivikelo samalungelo omthetho womthetho owenqabela ubugebengu. Ukulandela intuthuko yomthetho kukusiza ukuba uqonde indlela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezisingatha ngayo izinkathazo zomthetho-mthetho futhi zinikeze amathuba okuthonya lezi zinqumo ngokulawula.

Izinhlangano eziningi zilandela imithetho ephathelene nezindaba ezithile zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zinikeze izixwayiso lapho kucatshangelwa izikweletu ezibalulekile. Ukuqaphela lezi zixwayiso noma ukulandela amakomiti ahlobene nemithetho kukusiza ukuba uhlale wazi ngentuthuko ezindaweni ozikhathalelayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Nemibono Ehlukahlukene

Incazelo yomthetho ihilela ukungavumelani kwangempela phakathi kwabantu abacabangayo ngamafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene, imibono engokwezombangazwe, nezibopho zokwazisa. Ukuhlanganyela nemibono engafani kukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo futhi uthuthukise izikhundla ezicatshangelwe kangcono.

Funda ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe, uhlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni noma ezingxoxweni zezindawo ezibonisa izikhulumi ezinemibono ehlukile, futhi uhlanganyele ekuxoxisaneni ngenhlonipho nalabo abanemibono ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sithembiso asidingi ukulahla izimiso zakho, kodwa kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula nokuthi abantu abanokholo oluhle bangaphikisana.

Ukusebenzisa Imicebo Yemfundo

Imithombo eminingi elinganayo ingajulisa ukuqonda kwakho komthetho-sisekelo. INational Constitution Center inikeza imibukiso ehambisanayo, izinhlelo zemfundo, nemithombo ye-inthanethi ehlola umlando womthetho-sisekelo nezincwadi zamanje. Izikole zomthetho waseyunivesithi zivame ukunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi, iziteshi ze-practic, nezifundo ze-inthanethi ngezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo. Imitapo yomphakathi ivame ukuqoqa izincwadi ngomlando womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izenzakalo zengqophakano yezenzakalo zanamuhla.

Izihloko ezicushwayo ezinjengethi "Thina bantu" ukusuka eNational Constitution Center, "Ephelele kakhulu" e WNYC Studios, ne "Msombuluko Wokuqala" inikeza izingxoxo ezifinyelelweyo zezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo. Iziteshi ze-Online njenge C-SPAP zihlanganisa izimpikiswano zeNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nokuqulwa kwezigijimi ze-'miyalo-mthetho-siseko.

Ukufunda Imithombo Eyisisekelo

Nakuba imithombo yesibini inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubalulekile, ukufunda imithombo eyinhloko kunikeza ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile nemibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo nokucabanga. UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo mfushane futhi ufundeka kahle-kancane. Ungafunda lonke leli dokhumende ngesikhathi esingaphansi kwehora. I-Federalist Papers, eyabhalwa ngu-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay ukusekela ukuhlelwa koMthetho-sisekelo, inikeza ukuqonda ezinhloso zabahleli be-ftware nefilosofi yomthetho-mthetho.

Imibono yeNkantolo Enkulu, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ithatha isikhathi eside futhi isebenza ngobuchwepheshe, yembula indlela amahluleli asebenzisa ngayo izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezicatshangelweni ezithile.

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Umthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa ngekhulu le-18, kodwa kumelwe ukhulume ngezinselele zamashumi amabili nanhlanu abakhi bomthetho-mthetho ababengeke bazicabange. Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezindabeni zamanje kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo nokusebenza.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni, kodwa lokhu kusho ukuthini enkathini yokugcinwa kwamakhalekhukhwini, yokuxhumana, nokuqashelwa kwezindaba ezivamile? izinkantolo zigcwele imibuzo enjengokuthi amaphoyisa ayaludinga yini imvume yokuthola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nocingo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni angakuphoqelela ukuba uvule ucingo lwakho ngokuqaphela umnwe noma ubuso, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imfundiso yesithathu (engakuvikeli kangako ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa namaqembu amathathu) kufanele isetshenziswe ekuxhumaneni ngemishini.

Izinkantolo zinikeza izimpendulo eziyonquma ukuthi ingakanani indawo yakho eyimfihlo ongayilindela ekuphileni kwakho kwazinombolo nokuthi imingcele ekhona ekwazini ukuqapha uhulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Enkathini Yezokuxhumana

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ekucushweni kukahulumeni, kodwa izinkampani eziningi zezokuxhumana aziboshelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala sezokuxhumana. Lokhu kudala imibuzo enzima ngenkulumo ye-inthanethi: Ingabe izinkampani zezenhlalo zingasusa lokho abakuqukethe noma zivimbele abasebenzisi bezokuxhumana abasekelwe embonweni? Ingabe uhulumeni angalawula izinqumo zezokulinganisela ezingokwezenhlalakahle? Ingabe izikhulu zomphakathi ziyazephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala uma zivimbela abagxeki bezokuxhumana?

Izimpendulo ziyohlela indawo yomphakathi esetshenziswa i - computer futhi zinqume ukuthi iziphi izikhungo zokuvikela izinkulumo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezikuyi - Internet lapho kuxoxwa khona ngempikiswano enkulu.

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nobuqotho Obuyintandokazi

Amalungelo afuna ukuvota asaphikiswana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nezimfuneko zokuveza umvoti, ukufika kokhetho kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, ukulahla i-felon, ukulahla, nezinye izindaba ezithinta ukuthi ubani ongavota nokuthi inani kangakanani. Lezimpikiswano zihlanganisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nesivikelo esilinganayo.

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaguqula umthetho wamalungelo okuvota, kuhlanganise nokulinganisela ukuqondisa kukahulumeni imithetho yokhetho nokukhuluma nabashokobezi. Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zikhipha imithetho ethinta ukungenela kokhetho, abasekeli bephikisana bathuthukisa ukulondeka kokhetho nabaphikisi abazama ukuvimbela ukuvota.

Ubumbano Nezinkathazo Zesizwe

Umqedazwe we-COVOID ka-19 waqokomisa ukungezwani kwe-unistism yaseMelika, iphakamisa imibuzo ngezindima zikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nezindawo ekusabeleni eziphuthumayo zezwe. Ubani onegunya lokubeka imingcele yempilo yomphakathi? Ingabe uhulumeni ungayigunyaza imijovo noma ukuhlola? Ikhona yini imibuso evimbela ukuhamba kwezwe phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo?

Indlela esiphendula ngayo ayigcini ngokuthinta ukusabela okuwumqedazwe kodwa nendlela uhulumeni asingatha ngayo ezinye izinkinga ezinjengezinhlekelele zemvelo, izimo eziphuthumayo zezomnotho, nezinsongo zokulondeka.

Ukulingana Nezimiso Ezimelene Nobandlululo

Izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela ziyaqhubeka zishintsha, lapho kunezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuthi yini ebangela ukuba ubandlululo olungakholeki nokuthi iziphi izenzo zikahulumeni ezidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule. Izindaba zangesikhathi esizayo zihlanganisa ukuvuma emfundweni nasemsebenzini, ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhetheni ubulili, ukukhulula ezinkolweni emithethweni emelene nokucwasana, kanye namalungelo okukhubazeka.

Lezi zingxoxo zibonisa ukuqonda okungafani kokulingana ngokwako, kodwa futhi kudinga ukuphatha wonke umuntu ngokufanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zinjani noma ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukwelashwa okungafani ukuze kufinyelelwe imiphumela elinganayo. Izimpendulo zithinta ukutholakala kwemfundo, umsebenzi, izindlu, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinkonzo zikahulumeni.

Izimiso Zokufundisa Ngomthetho - sisekelo Zesizukulwane Esizayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyaziqonda futhi ziyazazisa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo kudinga imfundo nohlelo lomthetho - sisekelo lwamabomu.

Imfundo Evumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo Ekhaya

Abazali bangasungula imiqondo yomthetho-sisekelo ngezingxoxo nangemisebenzi yobudala efanelekile. Xoxa nezingane ngezenzakalo zamuva ezihilela izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, bachaze izimo ezihlukene nokucabanga okukhuthazayo. Uma imithetho yomkhaya noma izinqumo zenziwe, xoxani ngemiqondo efana nokulunga, inqubo efanele, futhi nibe nezwi ezinqumweni ezithinta wena.

Izingosi ezingokomlando ezihlobene nomlando womthetho - sisekelo, njengeHholo Lenkululeko ePhiladelphia, iNational Constitution Center, noma izinkantolo zendawo nezakhiwo zikahulumeni.

Ukusekela Imfundo Yekhethelo Ezikoleni

Izikole zinikeza imfundo engokomthetho yomphakathi, kodwa izinga nokujula kwalemfundo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Izinhlelo ezisekela amathuba okufunda anikeza amathuba aphambili, njengokuqulwa kwecala, ukuncintisana kwenkantolo, uhulumeni wabafundi, nemisebenzi yenkonzo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwemicikilisho Yokulingisa

Izingane zifunda okuningi ngokubheka ukuziphatha kwabantu abadala njengemfundo ehleliwe.

Bonisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zinikeza izinqubo zokuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye futhi ngezinye izikhathi zikhungathekisa, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza izindlela ezifanele zokuxazulula izikhalo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Njengomsebenzi Ophilayo

UMthetho - sisekelo uye wakhuthazela amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngoba umisa izimiso ezihlala njalo kuyilapho uvumela ukuvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisana Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zigxile ekuncipheni phakathi kobu qalo (ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi) kanye nokuphila komthetho-sisekelo (ukuwuchaza ngokucabangela izindinganiso eziguquguqukayo nezimo). Izazi zoqobo ziphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kufanele ihlale iqinile ngaphandle kokuba ilungiswe ngokusemthethweni, inikeze ukubikezela nokulawula. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kwekhulu le-18 kwezinkinga zamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuveza imiphumela engalungile noma engasebenzi.

Lezi zinkulumo eziphikisanayo zibonisa imibono engafani ngohlobo lomthetho, indima yabahluleli, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamanje nasendulo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Noshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela eyodwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho-sisekelo, nakuba ubunzima bayo busho ukulungisa kungavamile. Izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela eziye zagunyazwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, futhi eziyishumi zalezo zavela kuyiBill of Rights. Lokhu bunzima buqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziveza ukuvuleka, ukuvumelana okuqhubekayo kunokuba kube yizikhulu zesikhashana zezombangazwe.

Uma ukulungiswa okungokomthetho kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo luvame ukwenzeka ngencazelo yokwahlulela, izenzo zomthetho-mthetho, nangokuhlanganisa imikhuba yezenhlalo. Ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo (izikhathi "inqubo yokuhamba," isivikelo esilinganayo" kanye "ukuphenya okungenangqondo""-_ukuvumela ukuchazwa okusabelayo ezimweni ezishintshayo kuyilapho kugcinwa izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Nemidanti Engavamile

Ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukubusa komthetho-mthetho kuxhomeke ezimisweni ezivamile nasekuqondeni okuhlanganyelweyo. Lezi zihlanganisa izinqubo zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe (ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha, ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya), inhlonipho yokuhlela (ukuvumelana ngokumelene nezinqumo zokwahlulela, ukusondela komthetho ekutholeni ulwazi lwezempathi-nkampano kwezinye izindawo), kanye nobuhle bomphakathi (ukwenza umphakathi ube nobuhle ngaphezu kokwenza inzuzo elinganiselwe).

Lemiqondo ayiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho, kodwa ibalulekile ukuba idemokrasi yomthetho-mthetho isebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Uma inqubo eqedwe, imithetho engokomthetho ingabonakala inganele ukugcina ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni impucuko engokomthetho-sisekelo ngokufuna ukuba izikhulu zihloniphe isimilo nangokubonisa ubuhle ekuhlanganyeleni kwazo siqu.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo: Izinyathelo Eziwusizo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile, kodwa ukwazi indlela yokuwavikela lapho esongelwa kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulondoloza izithakazelo zakho zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubhala Okungase Kuphulwe

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo aphulwe, bhala kahle ngangokunokwenzeka isenzakalo. Izinsuku eziqoshiwe, izikhathi, izindawo, namagama nezinombolo zamabhaji zanoma iziphi izikhulu ezihilelekile. Uma kungenzeka, thola ukwaziswa kobufakazi futhi ulondoloze ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Abantu abaningi manje basebenzisa ama-cell phone ukuze babhale ukuxhumana namaphoyisa noma nezinye izikhulu, ezinganikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile, nakuba kufanele uqaphele imithetho kazwelonke ngokuphathelene nokuqopha.

Ukufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Ukuphulwa komthetho kudinga ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho ukuze ukhulume ngokuphumelelayo. Uma ungakwazi ukunikeza ummeli, kungayikhona izindlela ezimbalwa. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zinikeza izinkonzo ezingokomthetho mahhala kubantu abathola imali ephansi. Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi zithatha izikhankaso eziphakamisa izindaba ezibalulekile zomthetho-mthetho. Imithola-lwazi yezomthetho inikeza usizo olungokomthetho lapho inikeza abafundi ulwazi olusebenzayo. Izinkampani zezezomthetho zivame ukusekela izinkonzo ezingahlanganisa abameli abasingatha izindaba zomthetho-mthetho.

Izikhalo Ezibi Nezinsolo

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinezindlela zangaphakathi zokukhononda ngokukhuluma ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo. Ukukhononda kuveza umlando ongokomthetho futhi kungabangela uphenyo nokuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa. Nakuba izinqubo zangaphakathi zingavezi imiphumela eyanelisayo, ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka amakhambi okulawula akhandlayo ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Izikhambi Zokwephula Umthetho

Amakhambi ahlukahlukene angase atholakale uma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ephulwa. Emacaleni obugebengu, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekhona kwe-socialitist bungakhishwa ecaleni. Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi ngaphansi kwe-Cert 1983 kungavumela abantu ukuba bamangalele izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo omthetho, ezingase zilulaze ukuthola izindleko zemali. I-Injctionation zingavimbela ukuphulwa okuqhubekayo noma okuzayo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuqunjelwa ngecala kwezikhulu eziphula amalungelo ngamabomu kungase kwenzeke, nakuba lokhu kungavamile.

Ukuqonda amakhambi akhona kuyakusiza ukuba uhlole izindlela ongakhetha ngazo futhi wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ukuthi ungazisingatha kanjani izinto eziphulwa amalungelo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Nokungavumelani Nomphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho azivikeli amalungelo omuntu ngamunye kuphela, futhi zinikeza izisekelo zokwakha imiphakathi eqinile, evumelanayo ekwazi ukusingatha izinselele zomphakathi kodwa ihlonipha imibono nezithakazelo ezingafani.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nabantu Ababodwa Nezidingo Zomphakathi

Ukubusa komthetho-mthetho kudinga ukulinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nezidingo zomphakathi. Ilungelo lakho lokusebenzisa impahla yakho njengoba ufisa lingase lilinganiselwe ngemithetho evikela isimilo somphakathi. Inkululeko yakho yokukhuluma ayihlanganisi ilungelo lokukhuthaza ubudlova obuseduze. Inkululeko yakho engokwenkolo ayikuvumeli ukuba ulimaze abanye egameni lokholo.

Lokhu kulinganisela akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugadla, futhi abantu abanengqondo abaphikisani ngokuthi imigqa kufanele idonselwephi. Izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho zinikeza izinqubo zokusebenza kulokhu kungavumelani, ukuphenya, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, impikiswano yomphakathi--"ukuthi amashaneli angqubuzana kube yizici ezikhiqizayo kunokuba abhubhise.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuphelele Kwentando Yeningi

Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho zesivikelo esifanayo namalungelo okuvota zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu omphakathi angahlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo. Imiphakathi iyachuma uma ithola imibono ehlukene futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakalayo, hhayi nje awomuntu onamandla noma oxhunyiwe kahle.

Ukuhlanganyela okuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo kudinga ukususa imingcele ekuhilelekeni, ukwakha imikhondo eminingi yokufaka, ukufuna ngentshiseko imibono enganikezwanga, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kuguqula ithonya elinengqondo ezinqumweni. Lemikhuba ibonisa izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho yakha imiphakathi eqine ngokwengeziwe, eqinile.

Ukwakha Inhloko - dolobha Yomphakathi Ngesivumelwano Se - cobic

Isivumelwano somthetho sakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo----net zobuhlobo nokuthembana okwenza imiphakathi ikwazi ukusingatha izinselele njengeqembu. Uma uhlanganyela emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukhonza emabhodini endawo, usebenzela izinhlangano zomphakathi, noma umane uxoxe ngomakhelwane ngezindaba zomphakathi, uhlanganisa izibopho eziqinisa ukuqina komphakathi.

Isivikelo soMthetho - sisekelo sokukhuluma, ukuhlangana, nokuhlangana kwakha indawo yokuba lesivumelwano somphakathi sichume. Izakhamuzi eziphila ukuphila okuqinile komphakathi zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuxazulula izinselele, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wakho Wemfanelo Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni isisekelo sokuvikela amalungelo abantu, kodwa awunakuwasebenzisa ngokwawo. Ekugcineni, ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini eziwaqondayo amalungelo azo, eziwasebenzisa ngendlela enokwethenjelwa, futhi zibheka uhulumeni njengonecala lapho weqa imingcele engokomthetho.

Lomthwalo wemfanelo uhlanganisa okungaphezu kokwazi amalungelo akho siqu ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ngisho noma ungavumelani nendlela abawasebenzisa ngayo. Kusho ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, ukuhlala waziwa ngezindaba zomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ngokwakha nezakhamuzi ezikanye nazo phakathi kwemikhakha. Kusho ukufundisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo futhi ubonise ubuhle ekuziphatheni kwakho siqu.

UMthetho-sisekelo ungowawonke amaMelika, hhayi nje abameli, amajaji, noma izikhulu zikahulumeni. Izimiso zawo zilawula ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke nohlobo lomphakathi wakho ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokuqonda lezizimiso, ngokusebenzisa amalungelo akho, ukufeza imithwalo yakho yemfanelo yomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, nisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kuqinile futhi kuphumelela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvota okhethweni, ukhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta wena, ukhonza ejajini, uya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, noma umane nje uhamba nokuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke uqaphela amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo nemithwalo yemfanelo, uhlanganyela emsebenzini omkhulu oqhubekayo wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Lokhu kuhlanganyela akulula noma akusizi, kodwa kubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko namathuba uMthetho-sisekelo ohlose ukuwagcina.

Amagama okuqala oMthetho-sisekelo ``Ithi People"' `Ithi khumbula ukuthi ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo kuwumzamo ohlangene. Akudingi nje izinhlangano ezingokomthetho nemithetho engokomthetho kodwa futhi kuhilela izakhamuzi ezizinikele ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo futhi ezizimisele ukwenza umsebenzi wokuzibusa. Ngokuqonda ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthini kuwe nasemphakathini wakho, uhlonyiswe kangcono ukuze ufeze lendima ebalulekile yomphakathi futhi unikele kulendaba eqhubekayo yentando yeningi yaseMelika.