UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona insalela enothuli egcinwe kuyi-National Archives; iyincwadi ephilayo ehlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwesakhamuzi ngasinye. Kusukela esikhathini esikhuluma izingqondo zethu emhlanganweni wasobala endleleni esiphathwa ngayo ngokugcinwa komthetho noma sivikelwe emakhaya ethu, amalungelo omthetho wanika uhlelo lwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ubulungisa, nokulingana. Lesivikelo siphonswe endwangwini yomphakathi waseMelika, sithonya imfundo, umsebenzi, imfihlo, kanye nendlela yokuxhumana kwethu nohulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela lamalungelo omthetho aguqulela ngayo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela ezweni kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nabo bonke abantu abafisa ukuvivinya futhi bazise inkululeko eqinisekiswe kubo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayizisivikelo esiyisisekelo kanye namalungelo anikezwa abantu ngabanye ngoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngokuyinhloko ngeBill of Rights (ukulungisa) kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo okunjengeSichibiyelo se 144 seSinqumiso no-Ulwelwe-Cemente. Lamalungelo aklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziphathwa ngokufanele, ngokulunga, nangesithunzi. Ayikho ukusikisela okusemthethweni; ayikho izimiso eziqiniswayo ezingokomthetho ezisekela izinkantolo lapho zibekwa inseleleka. Umthetho umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni ekuphutheni inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Isibonelo, iSimiso sokuqala sivikela kuphela ukubonakaliswa kwenkulumo yezombangazwe kodwa nezobuciko, ukukhulekela kwezenkolo, nokuhlenga ngokomthetho. Izena izikhulu zikahulumeni zivikela ukuvikelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho egunyaza ngokusemthethweni, kufaka iziqondiso ezintwayo ezintwayweni zezentengo yomphakathi, futhi ziveza izinselele zezentengongongongoso ezingokomthetho zezentengoso ezivamile, ziphinde ziphinde ziphumele, ziphume

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo ubala amalungelo amaningana ayisisekelo athinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile.

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ - Siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yemihlangano, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Lokhu kuvikela yonke into ekuvezeni imibono yezombangazwe nasekuboniseni ukholo lomuntu siqu, ekugxekeni izikhulu, nasekubutheleni ekubhikisheni.
  • Isichibiyeli seNguquko yesine[ -] - Ivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuvamile amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuhlola ikhaya lakho, imoto, noma imishini yobuchwepheshe, futhi noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokungemthetho bungakhishwa ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith – Inikeza amalungelo ahlobene nenqubo ehambelanayo yomthetho, isivikelo ekuzibekeleni ngokwakho (ilungelo lokuthula), ingozi ephindwe kabili, kanye nokukhokhwa uma impahla yomuntu siqu ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini.
  • Isichibiyeli se-ixth [ - - Iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangaleli abanecala balungile.
  • Isichibiyeli se-eghth [ – Ibheyili yentambo ephakeme, izihlawu, izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Lokhu kuthonya iziqondiso, izimo zasejele, nenkulumo yesigwebo sokufa.
  • ISichibiyelo seshumi nane - ihlanganisa izivikelo eziningi zamalungelo ombuso nohulumeni bendawo ngemfundiso ehlanganisayo. Isivikelo sawo esilinganayo u-Claus senqabela imithetho yokucwasa, futhi i-Status Procession Claus ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo njengomshado, ukukhulisa, nokubamba, nokuba yimfihlo.

Lamalungelo awaphelele; angangaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni enengqondo efeza izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo, njengokuphepha komphakathi noma ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Ithonya Emfundweni

Isikole singesinye sezinkundla ezishesha kakhulu lapho amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo eqala khona. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. sekuyisikhathi eside iqaphela ukuthi abafundi a "bewachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole" (] i-Tinker v. Des Moindement Community School Dis , 1969). Lendaba ephawulekayo ehilela abafundi abafake izikhali ezimnyama ukuze baphikise i-Vietnam, futhi iNkampethelela ukuthi izikole zingaciphisa inkulumo yabafundi kuphela uma ingabangela ukuphazamisa okuqinile kwenqubo yemfundo. Namuhla, lesi simiso sezezezomphakathi sisebenza ezincwadini zabafundi, i-craams ethinta indawo ezungezile isikoleni, izigqoko noma izinkinobho zezezombangazwe. Nokho, izikole zezezezezezenzwe zezentekwe, noma izikole ezingekho emthethweni zezemthetho,[FFodvot] [3],[3][3],[3][3], namuhla]

Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nawo afeza indima ebalulekile ezikoleni. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abafundi ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli kwezikhulu zesikole. [[FL:0] New Jersey v.T.L.[FL.] (1985), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izikhulu zesikole zidinga ukunyuswa okunengqondo kuphela ngokunokwenzeka ngokunokwenzeka zenza abafundi bafune izinto zomfundi, kodwa ukuphenya kumelwe kuthetheleleke ekusungulweni kwazo nasekulinganiseni kwazo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-mthumeli noma i-sekisi lokuhlola ngaphandle kokusola kobucala abafundi. Muva nje, izinkantolo zidinga ukuphenyaza kocingo lwabafundi, ngokuvamile zidinga isiqinisekiso noma ukuboniswa okunamandla kokunikezwa kwemininingwane egciniwe yalo mishini. Lokhu kuvikela ukulinganisela ukuphepha kwezehlongokwa phakathi kwesikole nenkululeko esemthethweni esemthethweni, abafundiniza ezindaweni ezisekukhundleni lomthetho, lapho abafundi abasandana befunda khona amalungelo abo.

Inkululeko Yokubonakaliswa Ezikoleni

Inkulumo yabafundi ithatha amafomu amaningi, kusukela ekufakeni ama-t-shirt ezombangazwe kuya ekuqaleni ama-club noma ekunyatheliseni izihloko ezisemaphephandabeni esikole. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi izikole azikwazi ukucubungula imibono yabafundi ngenxa nje yokuthi bayaphikisana noma abathandwa. Ngokwesibonelo, e Bong Hats 4 Jesus [[ ([FLT]]]] [[FOLT]]]]] [Morsev] v. Frederick[], 2007), iNkakhulu leNkantolo ivumela isikole ukuba sinikeze isikole isiyalo sokubonisa ibhandelo elingasekusebenziseni izidakamizwa, kodwa kwagcizelelwa ukuthi inkulumo ayibanga inkulumo yeze yeze yezombangazwe. Muva nje, izinkantolo eziphansi zikhulume ngengozi zeze izikhungo zeze zeze zeze, zifake izikhundla zeze izikole uma zisongela noma zisongela izikhundla zeze zezezezezezezezezelelwa kakhulu izikole zezezwe zesikole

Amalungelo Abafundi Abodwa

Ngaphandle kokuhlola, abafundi banamalungelo obuso bezindaba zomuntu siqu. Amalocket asesikoleni ngokuvamile ayizindawo zesikole, kodwa abafundi balindele ngokunengqondo ukuba izinto zomuntu siqu zigcinwe ngaphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma benikeza izihluthulelo zabo siqu. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba izikhulu zesikole zingathembisi kahle ngaphambi kokuhlola, okusho ukuthi kumelwe zibe namaqiniso aqondile abonisa ukuthi umfundi kungenzeka ukuthi uphule umthetho noma umthetho wesikole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni wezidakamizwa kwabafundi abasebenza ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yesikole kusekelwe njengomthetho ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ( [Board yemfundo v. ], kodwa ngokungenawokucabanga okungaqondile, 2002], kodwa ukuhlola okungenawo amasuntwethusi okuthelela okungenawo wonke amasu. Laba babafundi bafundisa ukuthi i-Greastruption i-Expressywor, kodwa okungekhona okuthi, uma kushiwo sizathu esingulowo.

Ithonya Emsebenzini

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo adlulela nasemsebenzini, nakuba izinga lesivikelo ngokuvamile lixhomeke ekutheni umqashi uyisifekethiso sikahulumeni (ingxenye yomphakathi) noma inkampani ezimele. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela izisebenzi zomphakathi ekuphindiseleni ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo azo okukhuluma ngomphakathi ezindabeni zomphakathi. [i-Garcetti v. I-Ceballos [[FLT] [[200:1]] [iNkakhulu] [200], iNkantolo ephethe ukuthi lapho izisebenzi zomphakathi zikhuluma njengengxenye yemisebenzi yazo engokomthetho, azivikelekile njengezakhamuzi; kodwa, inkulumo eyenziwa njengezakhamuzi ezizimeleyo ezindabeni zomphakathi. Isibonelo, uthisha ogxeka obala izinqubo zokuhlola abafundi ukuthi abafundi bangase bavikeleke, kuyilapho ummeli obhala icala lemisebenzi yabo engokomthetho. Izisebenzini ezisebenza ngaphandle kwezezentengomthetho, uma kungenamthetho womthetho wokuqala.

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo Sesihlanu iSinyathelo sika-Claus sithinta futhi umsebenzi, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi zomphakathi ezinesithakazelo sempahla emisebenzini yazo (umz., ngesivumelwano noma ngentambo). Ngaphambi kokuba zixoshwe noma zijeziswe, zinelungelo lokuqaphela amacala nethuba elibalulekile lokusabela, njengoba iSiphakamiso sezemfundo i-Createand Board of Education [[[FLD]]][[FLT]] [1985]. Lokhu kuvimbela ukukhishwa ngokungenangqondo noma ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni emsebenzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigwebo zeSiphaka-Gintshiso semisebenzi esekelwe ekuhlolweni kwesizwe esisekelwe ekuhlanganeni, ebulilini, enkolweni, enkolweni, noma emzalweni wesizwe, nakwezinye isivikelo esifanayo kusetshenziswa abaqashi bomphakathi phakathi kwemithetho ye-General Act. Ngenkathi yonyaka ye-196 yemithetho yomthetho engokomthetho ye-1946 yeze yakwabela ukuba imiswe kanye neyo, imiswe ngokugunya neyo

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Emsebenzini

Kubantu abazimele, abaqashi banomthetho ovulekile wokulawula ukukhuluma kwezisebenzi, ikakhulukazi uma ziphazamisa imisebenzi yezisebenzi, zilimaza idumela lenkampani, noma ziphula izimiso. Nokho, izisebenzi zinelungelo lokukhuluma ngezimo ezithile emsebenzini . Njengalokho ukuphulwa kwekhwelo − nokushaywa kwemikhala nemithetho kahulumeni. I-National Labor Relations Act futhi ivikela amalungelo ezisebenzi ukuba zihlanganyele emsebenzini ohlangene wokusizana noma ukuvikela, okuhlanganisa ukuxoxa ngeholo, izinzuzo, nezimo zokusebenza. Okwamanje, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zijabulela isivikelo esiqinile ngenxa yokuthi umqashi wazo uhlonipha imingcele yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu samandla angeke sixoshwe ngenxa yokuvota ngendlela ethile noma ukukhuluma emkhandlwini yedolobha ngendaba yomphakathi, njengoba nje ukuxoxa okude kuphazamisa umsebenzi.

Inqubo Efanele Kulomsebenzi

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba abaqashi bakahulumeni banikeze isaziso nokuzwa phambi kokuba bancishe isisebenzi esinenzuzo yempahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isisebenzi somphakathi esinesivumelwano noma imvume kumelwe sinikezwe izizathu eziqondile zokuxoshwa kanye nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nokuphikisa icala laso. Imfuneko ayilona ikhambi eliphelele, kodwa kumelwe ukuba ilungile ngokuyisisekelo. Izisebenzi zomuntu zingasitholi lesi sivikelo somthetho-mfakela, kodwa zingaba namalungelo afanayo ngaphansi kwesivumelwano noma umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efanele isebenza ekuncipheni amalayisense ochwepheshe, engathinta ukuphila komuntu. Le mishini iqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni esithinta umsebenzi asikho ngokwezenzile, kodwa sisekela isimiso sokulunga esiyinhloko somthetho.

Umphumela Wenkululeko Yomuntu Siqu

Mhlawumbe ithonya elikhulu kakhulu lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke lisemkhakheni wenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ikhono lokwenza izinqumo eziyisifuba ngomkhaya, ubuhlobo, kanye nokunakekela kwezokwelapha ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni okungenasizathu. IsiGatshalo sesine seSiphendulo siyisivikela esiyinhloko sokuhlola okungacabangeliyo emakhaya, izimoto, futhi ngokwandayo, imishini yezobuchwepheshe. [[FLT]] [FLT] v.[FLT] [12] [12] [2] [iNkakhulu leNkantolo yeNkantolo] ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo secell ukuze aboshwe, eqaphela ukuthi lezi ziqukethe izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yemfihlomelo. Ngokufanayo, iNkakhulu leNkakhulu lesine lithinta i-PPGPGPS [F] [F] [F] [2], i-FFF], futhi iqoqo yemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane yomthetho kahulumeni yezindawo, i-E.[4]

ISichibiyelo se-14th Claus sitoliwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nenkululeko, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada (bergefell v. Hodges, 2015), ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo ([]] ukunqanda ukuvimbela inzalo. [[FLT]]Grillold v.[FLT]][FLT]]][6]] [6]], 1965] [inhlangano yezempilo [67], kanye nelungelo lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu ([[[FLT:]]Roev.[[FLT] v.] v, [[FLT]], i-fulth , ingumthetho owenziwe ngokwezimo ezikamelwe, futhi uvini lomthetho womthetho omthetho oqinile, uvikela izinqumo zeze, izimo eziyinhloko zezentengo, izimo eziwubonelwe kakhulu, izimo eziwubonelo eziyinhloko, eziwuhloni, eziwuveza kakhulu.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo alishiwo ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ivela ku "penumbras" yeSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu nenkululeko evikelwe yiSichibiyelo se 14ne. Lelilungelo limboza izindawo ezihlukahlukene njengendawo yendabuko yekhaya, ukufihla izimali zobulili, nenkululeko yokuhlanganyela ebuhlotsheni obuseduze. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLY:0] [kuyiSigebe] ngeze-i-Leance v. iTexas [2003] [iNkakhulu leNkanto], ishaya imithetho ephazamisa ukungemthetho yocalula isimilo sobulili phakathi kwabantu abadala, iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokwenza izinqumo ezisondeleneyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nohulumeni. Enkathini yonyaka, kuhilela nokulawula ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. [[FLT.] [2001] [indlela yokuhlola izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, ukuvikela lomthetho womthetho wokuvikela ukufinyelela kohulumeni, ukuvikela abantu, ukuvikela, ukuvikela abantu, ukuvikela, ukuvikela, umphakathi

Isivikelo Ekujezisweni Ngonya

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili senqabela izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile, ezithinta yonke into kusukela eziqondisweni zokugwetshwa ukuya ezimweni zokuvalelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi izigwebo ezingalinganiyo zecala elingenabudlova zingaphula iSiphetho se-Eighth, njengaku Sholem v. [ [[193]], lapho ukuphila okungenaso isigwebo sokuhlola okubi kwabekwa phansi khona. Ngokufana, iNkantolo ivimbela khona isigwebo sokufa sezingane ([[FLT]]] RGRG] v. Smonds[FLT][3]], 2005], futhi abantu abakhubazekile ([FLT:]]]] isilinganiso sobuhluphayo.[5], izihloko zenani elivamile, i-flk [Foct.]][5] izihloko ezinikezwa yizehlupho yokwehluzo eliqinile ukuze igwebe inzuzo yomphakathi, futhi inzuzo yomphakathi.[4], inikeza iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, iziqondiso

Isiphetho

[[FF], [FF], futhi i-FEN] iyakuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala elinganiselwe futhi abekelwe isibopho. [[F][3] [F]