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Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Isiqondiso Esiwujuqu Samalungelo Nemithwalo Yakho Yemfanelo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo abantu aziswa kakhulu nayisisekelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lenkululeko edingekile ivumela abantu ukuba baveze imicabango yabo, imibono, izinkolelo, nemibono ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni, ukucusumbula, noma izijeziso ezingokomthetho. Ngaphezu nje kwesivikelo esingokomthetho, inkululeko yokukhuluma isebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yasobala, ibeka abaholi bazo ukuba balandise, futhi banikele ekuthengisweni kwemibono ebangela intuthuko yezenhlalo nentuthuko.

Ukuqonda izinga, ukulinganiselwa, kanye nezici eziwusizo zamalungelo okukhuluma kubalulekile kuleso naleso isakhamuzi esifisa ukusebenzisa lenkululeko ngokufanelekile kuyilapho sihlonipha amalungelo abanye.

Ukuchaza Ilungelo Eliyisisekelo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma, eyaziwa futhi njengenkululeko yokuveza, inelungelo lokuveza imibono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma ukujeziswa uhulumeni. Lenkululeko eyisisekelo ihlanganisa okungaphezu nje kwegama elikhulunywayo(ihlanganisa ukuxhumana okubhaliwe, amazwi obuciko, inkulumo engokomfanekiso, ngisho nezindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ezidlulisela isigijimi noma umbono.

Ekujuleni kwayo, inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ikhono lakho lokuhlanganyela imibono yakho, izinkolelo, nemibono obala ngezindawo ezihlukahlukene zabathakathi. Uma ubhala i-locate, uhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula, wenze imidwebo ebekela inselele inqubo yezenhlalo, ukugqoka izigijimi zezombangazwe, noma umane ungene engxoxweni nabangane nomakhelwane, lemisebenzi ivame ukuwela ngaphansi kwesivikelo samalungelo okukhuluma.

Umqondo wenkululeko yokukhuluma uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando, ulolongwe amasiko efilosofi, izenzakalo zomthetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Imiphakathi yentando yeningi yasendulo enjenge-Athens yayikwazisa ukuxoxa nokukhuluma okuvulekile, kuyilapho izihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Stuart Mill noVoltaire zasekela ukubaluleka kokuvumela imibono ehlukahlukene ukuba incintisane nomphakathi. Namuhla, inkululeko yokukhuluma iqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengelungelo lomuntu, elihlanganiswe ezincwadini ezinjengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu futhi elivikelwe yizinhlelo zomthetho emazweni amaningi.

Izinhlobo Zokubonakaliswa Okuvikelwe

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma, ngamunye enendima ebalulekile endleleni abantu abakhuluma ngayo futhi bahlanganyele ngayo emphakathini:

  • Ukuxhumana kwe-Verbal:[ kwakhuluma ezingxoxweni, izinkulumo, izinkulumo, izimpikiswano, nemicimbi yomphakathi
  • Incazelo yeWRItten:[ Izincwadi, izihloko, izigqebhezana zebhukwana, okuqukethwe yiwebhusayithi yezokuxhumana, izinhlamvu, nezinye izinto ezibhaliwe
  • Inkulumo ye-actal: Izimpawu ze-alphaging, izithombe, umculo, umdanso, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, amafilimu, nezinye izinto zokwakha
  • Inkulumo ye- Isenzo nezimpawu ezidlulisa imilayezo, njengemiboniso yefulege, izibopho, noma imiboniso enokuthula
  • [ Inkulumo eyisikhangiso: Ukukhangisa nokuxhumana kokuthengisa, nakuba ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwemithetho eyengeziwe
  • Inkulumo eyisici:[ Ukubonakaliswa okuhlobene nohulumeni, kwezombangazwe, nezindaba zomphakathi, ngokuvamile uthola izinga eliphakeme lesivikelo

Ukuqonda ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa lemisebenzi eminingi evezwayo kusiza ukuba kucaciswe ukuthi kungani leli lungelo libaluleke kangaka ekuhlanganyeleni komuntu ngenkululeko nangentando yeningi. Akukona ukuvikela imibono ethandwayo noma evumayo kuphela, ukuvinjelwa kwangempela kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kubangelwa ukuvikela imibono engathandeki, ephikiswayo, noma eyinselele engase yenze abanye bangakhululeki.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Engalawuleki E - United States

E-United States, inkululeko yokukhuluma ithola isivikelo esicacile ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo, esithi "Icala alisoze lenza umthetho... uvala inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba." Lenkulumo ebonakala ilula iye yaveza ukuchazwa okungokomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu nangemingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela ngokuyinhloko ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi sivimbela uhulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo ekuhloleni noma ekujeziseni inkulumo. Lokhu kuwumehluko obalulekile abantu abaningi abangawuqondi kahle: iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asisebenzi kubantu ngabanye, emabhizinisini, noma ezinhlanganweni. Inkampani yomuntu siqu ingamisa ezayo izimiso zayo siqu, iqophe ipulatifomu lezokuxhumana linganquma ukuthi ubani okhuluma empahleni yakhe − lezizenzo, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi impikiswano, ayizishayi isivikelo sokuHlaziya Kokuqala ngenxa yokuthi ihilela izinhlelo zomphakathi ezizimele kunezezezobuhulumeni.

Phakathi neminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlola nezimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ukuze inqume ukuthi inkulumo ithola nini isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo futhi uhulumeni ubeka imingcele engokomthetho.

Izimfundiso Eziyinhloko Zenkantolo Ephakeme Zenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Izimiso zomthetho eziningana ezibalulekile ziqondisa indlela izinkantolo eziwahlaziya ngayo amacala akhululekile ukukhuluma:

Imithetho evimbela ukukhuluma ngokusekelwe ekuqukethe-okanye nokungahlanganisiwe: ivimbela ukukhuluma okusekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni wayo ibhekene nokucubungula okuqinile futhi ngokungenamfashini. Okuqukethwe kulinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma ngaphandle kokucabangela isigijimi sayo, uma ifeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphawulekayo futhi ishiya ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile.

Imfundiso yokuthiya ukuvinjelwa: ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inkulumo inqatshwe kakhulu futhi ayivunyelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe imithetho iphethe imibandela enzima emelene nokufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo, ifuna uhulumeni ahlangabezane nomthwalo onzima kakhulu wokulunga.

Ukuhlaziya iPublic forum: Izinga lesivikelo sokukhuluma ngokuvamile lixhomeke endaweni lapho inkulumo ivela khona. Izindawo zomphakathi ezivamile njengemigwaqo namapaki zithola isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu, kuyilapho inkulumo engekho emphakathini noma entweni kahulumeni engavuleki ngokwesiko ingaba ngaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo.

[ Izimfundiso ezifiphele nezingacacile: iMithetho evimbela inkulumo kumelwe ibekwe ngokuqondile. Imithetho ebanzi kakhulu, ekhukhumala enkulumweni evikelekile kanye nenkulumo engavikelekile, noma engaqondakali kakhulu kangangokuba abantu abakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenqatshelwe, ingashaywa njengengavumelani nemithetho.

Ukulinganiselwa Okubalulekile Nezinga Elikhethekile Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma iyilungelo eliyisisekelo, ayiphelele. izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezithola isivikelo esilinganiselwe noma esingenaso iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba zibangela umonakalo othile noma zifeza izinga eliphansi emphakathini. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo okukhuluma ngokufanele futhi ziqaphele lapho inkulumo idlula imingcele engokomthetho.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Inkulumo eqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi cishe eyoshukumisa noma iveze isenzo esinjalo ayivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lendinganiso, emiswe endabeni ephawulayo idinga izici ezintathu: inkulumo kumelwe ikhuthaze ngokuqondile noma ikhuthaze ngokuphelele isenzo sokungabi namthetho, isenzo sokungabi namthetho kumelwe sibe sesiseduze kunokuba senzeke esikhathini esithile esizayo esinganqunyiwe, futhi isenzo sokungabi namthetho kumelwe senzeke.

Lesi isiqobo sokuhlangabezana, esiklanyelwe ukuvikela impikiswano eqinile yezombangazwe kuyilapho sivimbela inkulumo ebangela ukulimala okusheshayo. Ukuthatheka kobudlova noma ukwephula umthetho esikhathini esithile esizayo ngokuvamile kuhlala kuvikelekile, kodwa ukugqugquzelwa ngokuqondile ekuziphatheni okungavunyelwe okusheshayo akukuvikeli.

Usongo Lwangempela Nokwesaba

Izinkulumo eziwusongo lweqiniso, − izinkulumo ezingathi sína zenhloso yokuphatha ngobudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma eqenjini elithile (_ayizivikeli). Umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kwehaba lezombangazwe noma ukukhuluma okushubile, okuthola isivikelo, kanye nezinsongo zangempela ezifaka izisulu ngokwesaba okunengqondo ukulimala komzimba noma ukufa.

Izinkantolo zihlola umongo, indlela abasabela ngayo abantu abamukela le ndaba, nokuthi umuntu ocabangelayo angawachaza yini amazwi abonisa ukuthi ahloselwe ukulimaza lapho kunqunywa ukuthi inkulumo iwusongo lwangempela yini.

Ukuvukela: Ukukhululeka Nokunyundela

Izinkulumo ezingamanga zeqiniso zokuthi ukulimaza idumela lomuntu kungase kube ukuhlanjalazwa, okungavikelwa ngokugcwele yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ukulahlwa kunezici ezimbili: i-lishel (ukuhlambalaza okubhalwe phansi) nokunyundela (okushiwo ngokungenasihloko). Nokho, umthetho wokuhlambalaza kumelwe ulinganisele ukuvikela idumela ezithakazelweni zokukhululeka, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Izikhulu zomphakathi nezikhulu zomphakathi zibhekene nomthwalo ophezulu lapho zimangalela ukuhlanjalazwa, vele kumelwe zifakazele ukuthi izinkulumo ezingamanga zazenziwa ngesandulela sonya," okusho ukuthi isikhulumi sasazi ukuthi inkulumo yayingamanga noma yayenze ngokunganaki iqiniso. Abantu abaqulisana ngezindaba zomphakathi ngokuvamile badinga ukubukelwa phansi, kuyilapho labo abamangalela izindaba eziyimfihlo babhekana nomthwalo ophansi kakhulu.

Okubalulekile ukuthi amazwi ayiqiniso awayona inhlamba, futhi imibono yawo kunokuba isho amaqiniso ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo esigcwele seSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ukukhohlakala Nokungahlanzeki

Izincwadi ezicwebezelayo azivikelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nakuba ukuchaza ihlazo kuye kwabonakala kuyinselele. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuhlolwa okunezingxenye ezintathu eMiller v. California: izinto zingcolile uma umuntu ovamile, esebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi wamanje, engathola ukuthi zikhanga isithakazelo esiphezulu; zibonisa noma zichaza ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela enengekayo; futhi ayinalo inzuzo engathi sína, yezobuciko, yezombangazwe, noma yezesayensi.

Lena inombolo encane, futhi ukwaziswa okuningi okuveza ubulili okungahambisani nencazelo engokomthetho yenhlamba. Inkulumo engcolile, nakuba ivikelekile emongweni omningi, ingaba ngaphansi kwesikhathi, indawo, nendlela, ikakhulukazi emithonjeni yezindaba noma ezimweni lapho kukhona khona abantwana.

Ukulwa Namazwi Nenkulumo Evusa Inkanuko

"Amazwi alwayo" imfundiso ibambelele kuleyo mfundiso yokuthi amazwi abangela ukulimala noma athambekele ekuvuseleleni ukuphulwa ngokushesha kokuthula awavikelwe. Nokho, lokhu kuthathelwa eceleni emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, futhi izinkantolo azivamile ukusekela imingcele esekelwe emazwini alwayo kuphela.

Ukukhuluma kumelwe kungabi okucasulayo, okuhlambalazayo, noma okuvusa inkanuko ukuze umuntu aphume ngaphandle kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala — kumelwe kube amazwi okuhlambalaza aqondiswe kumuntu othile lapho ebhekene nobuso cishe okungabangela ukusabela kobudlova.

Ukukhwabanisa Nokumemezela Kwamanga

Uhulumeni angase anqande ukukhangisa noma ukudukisa okungamanga ukuze avimbele ukukhohlisa kwabathengi, nakuba imithetho enjalo ihloselwe ukufeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziyinhloko.

Izithombe Ezingcolile Zezingane

Izinto ezibonisa izingane ezihileleke ekuziphatheni okuxekethile ngokobulili azivikelekile ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyahlangabezana yini nencazelo engokomthetho yechilo.

Inzondo Nokukhuluma Okucasulayo: Ukubukeka Okuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezomthetho

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa ukuzonda inkulumo — ukucindezelwa okululaza, ukuhlambalaza, noma okubangela inzondo kubantu noma amaqembu asekelwe ezicini ezinjengesizwe, inkolo, ubuzwe, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Ukuphathwa okungokomthetho kwenkulumo yenzondo kuyahluka kakhulu emazweni ahlukene futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokulinganisela ukugqashuka ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nesithunzi, ukulingana, nesivikelo ekucwaseni.

E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo uma ingena kwenye yezigaba ezimisiwe ezingavikelekile, njengokusongela kweqiniso, ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, noma amazwi okulwa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke ayinqande inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi ibonisa imibono enenzondo, ecasulayo, noma ewukulahla. Lendlela ibonisa ukuzimisela ukungathathi hlangothi nesimiso sokuthi ikhambi lenkulumo elimazayo liyinkulumo eyengeziwe, hhayi ukuthulisa.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi inkulumo yenzondo ayinayo imiphumela. Nakuba uhulumeni ngokuvamile engeke aphule incazelo yenzondo esekelwe embonweni wakhe, inkulumo enjalo ingasaphumela ekusolweni kwezenhlalo, imiphumela yomsebenzi, noma ukulahlekelwa komphakathi emongweni othile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho inkulumo enenzondo iwela ekuhlukunyezweni, ekusongeleni, noma ekushukumiseni, ilahlekelwa isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Amanye amazwe amaningi entando yeningi enza ngendlela ehlukile, emisa imithetho ephula imithetho ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo yenzondo.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Ngezimo Ezingafani: Lapho Amalungelo Akho Esebenza Khona

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani okuhambisana nomongo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi amalungelo okukhuluma asebenza nini futhi kanjani ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Izindawo Zomphakathi Nezakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Umphakathi wesiko wezindawo zokuhlangana zezindawo ezivamile − njengemigwaqo, imigwaqwe, namapaki — ngokomlando kuye kwasetshenziselwa imihlangano yomphakathi nenkulumo, futhi inkulumo kulezizindawo ithola isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nezimiso ezibekelwe imingcele, kodwa kumelwe kube okungadingeki okugcwele, okuhlotshiwe kakhulu ukuze kusetshenziswe izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphawulekayo, futhi kushiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana evulekile.

Izindawo zokubuthwa ezikhethwe umphakathi yizakhiwo zikahulumeni ezivulekele ngamabomu ukwenza imisebenzi ewumbukwane, njengamahholo omphakathi noma izindawo zokuhlangana zaseyunivesithi.

Izindawo zomphakathi ezilinganiselwe yizakhiwo zikahulumeni ezivulelwe izinjongo ezithile noma amaqembu athile. Uhulumeni angalinganisela inkulumo ehambisana nenjongo ye-folum, kodwa ubandlululo lwemibono lusanqatshelwa.

Izindawo zomphakathi ezingezona ezendawo kahulumeni ezingasungulwanga ngokwesiko noma ngamabomu ukuze zizwakaliswe umphakathi. Uhulumeni unenkululeko enkulu yokulinganisela inkulumo kulezindawo, uma imingcele inengqondo futhi ingenangqondo.

Izinhlangano Zemfundo

Amayunivesithi omphakathi, njengezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kumelwe ngokuvamile awahloniphe amalungelo okuQothulela izigwegwe, nakuba engase abeke isikhathi esilinganiselayo, indawo, nendlela yokulawula imingcele nokukhuluma okuphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yemfundo.

IK-12 izikole zomphakathi zinegunya elikhulu lokulawula ukukhuluma kwabafundi, ikakhulukazi lapho kwenzeka emakolishi noma phakathi nemisebenzi yesikole. Izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi izikole zidinga ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze zilondoloze isiyalo futhi zivikele indawo ezungezile yemfundo, nakuba abafundi benga "wachithi malungelo abo angokomthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole."

Izikhungo zemfundo zangasese aziboshelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nakuba abaningi ngokuzithandela bezinikela ezimisweni zokukhuluma ezikhululekile nakwezinye izindawo zinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe sokukhuluma kwabafundi emakolishi angawomuntu siqu.

Emsebenzini

Abaqashi bomuntu siqu ngokuvamile banegunya elikhulu lokulawula inkulumo yezisebenzi, futhi iSichibiyelo sokuqala asizivimbeli izinkampani ezizimele ekuyaleni noma ekuqedeni izisebenzi ukuze zikhulume. Nokho, imithetho ehlukahlukene inikeza isivikelo sokukhuluma emsebenzini, kuhlanganise nokunqatshelwa kokuphindisela ukufutha ikhwelo, izivikelo zokuxoxa ngeholo nezimo zokusebenza ngaphansi komthetho wezisebenzi, nemithetho evimbela ukusabela kwezisebenzi ezithile.

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zijabulela isivikelo esikhulu sokukhuluma lapho zikhuluma njengezakhamuzi ezindabeni zomphakathi, nakuba lamalungelo kumelwe alinganiswe ezithakazelweni zikahulumeni njengomqashi ekuthuthukiseni ukuphumelela nokulondoloza ukuzwana emsebenzini.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinhlayiya Ze - Internet

Izinkampani zezokuxhumana, ngokuvamile aziboshiwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi zingase zimise ezazo izinqubo ezikuqukethe, izikhundla ezilinganiselayo zokusebenzisa imishini, nokususa noma ukuvimbela ukulandisa okungqubuzana nemisebenzi yazo.

Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ingabe izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kufanele zisebenze yini ezikhungweni zomphakathi zanamuhla ezisebenza njengezinkundla zezinkulumo nezimpikiswano.

Izenzakalo zamuva ezingokomthetho ziye zahlola ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyawephula yini uMphetho Wokuqala ngokuvimbela izakhamuzi emithonjeni yezokuxhumana, ukuthi iziteshi ziyahlanganyela yini ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni lapho zikhipha ukwaziswa okuqukethwe isicelo sikahulumeni, nokuthi zingazilinganisela kanjani iziqu zesikhulumi ngokumelene namalungelo abantu abasebenzisa i - Internet.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngenkululeko Yokubonakaliswa

Nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma iqashelwa njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo emhlabeni wonke, amazwe ahlukahlukene alinganisela lelilungelo ngokumelene nezithakazelo zokuncintisana ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1949, siqaphela ukuthi "wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga neyokukhuluma" nokuthi leli lungelo lihlanganisa "inkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa namasiko nganoma yimuphi umthonga wezindaba nanoma yimiphi imikhawulo." Ngokufanayo, iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke esiphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho sivuma ukuthi singaba ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile edingekile ehlonipheni amalungelo abanye noma ekuvikeleni ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma impilo yomphakathi.

Amazwe aseYurophu avame ukunikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma kuyilapho eqaphela nezizathu ezibanzi zokuvimbela ukukhuluma kunokuba iUnited States ikuvumela. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anqabela inkulumo yenzondo, ukunqatshelwa kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, nokubhebhethekiswa kobandlululo, ukuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando kobushiqela nokuqothulwa kohlanga. I - European Convention on Human Rights ivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kodwa ivumela imingcele edingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka noma ubugebengu, ukuvikela impilo noma ukuziphatha, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo nedumela labanye.

Indlela yokuveza iCanada ilinganiswa ngokukhululekile amalungelo ngaphansi kwe-Charter of Rights and Freedoms ngokulinganisela okungathethelelwa "kungathethelelwa ngokungenakuphikwa emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi." umthetho wase-Canada unqabela izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo yenzondo futhi unikeza izivikelo zokuhlambalaza kakhulu kunomthetho wase-U.S., uveza izahlulelo ezihlukene mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela inkulumo nezindinganiso.

Amazwe amaningi angasasebenzisi ntando yeningi abeka imingcele ephawulekayo ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile, ekuhloleni ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe, ekulawuleni imithombo yezindaba, nasekujeziseni ukugxekwa kukahulumeni noma izinhlangano zenkolo.

Okwenza Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ibaluleke: Indima Ebalulekile Yokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani inkululeko yokukhuluma ifanelwe isivikelo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo kuyasiza ekuchazeni izinkantolo nezinhlangano ezilinganiselayo ezizama ukugadla phakathi kwenkululeko eyimfihlo nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emiphakathini yentando yeningi, ngayinye inengxenye enkulu enkulumweni yomuntu ngamunye, ukuzenzela izinto ngokwenhlalo, nentuthuko yezenhlalo.

Ukuzama Ukuzibusa Ngokwakho

Idemokrasi ixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kwesakhamuzi esinolwazi ekwenzeni izinqumo ezihlangene. Inkululeko yokukhuluma yenza abavoti bakwazi ukuzwa imibono ehlukene ezindabeni zomphakathi, bahlole iziphakamiso eziphikisanayo, bagxeke izikhulu zikahulumeni nezenzo, futhi benze izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle ebhokisini le-colot. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esikhulu sokukhuluma, izakhamuzi azikwazi ukubeka abameleli bazo icala noma ukuthatha iqhaza elibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Inkulumo yezombangazwe − ukucindezelwa okuhlobene nohulumeni, nokhetho, kanye nezindaba zomphakathi — kwamukela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngenxa nje yokuthi sibalulekile ekusebenziseni intando yeningi. Ikhono lokugxeka labo abaphethe, ukusekela ushintsho lwezombangazwe, nokuphikisana ngesiqondiso somphakathi lumelela injongo eyisisekelo yamalungelo okukhuluma.

Ukuthola Iqiniso Ngempikiswano Esobala

"Ithenama yemibono" inkolelo-lwazi isho ukuthi iqiniso livela ekuncintisaneni kwemibono ngenkululeko, esobala. Uma imibono engafani ingavezwa futhi ibekelwe inselele, imiqondo enengqondo ivame ukuvelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho izimpikiswano ezinamaphutha zidalulwa futhi zenqatshwa. Ukuzimela, ngokwehlukile, kuvimbela lenqubo yokuhlola nezingozi ezifaka izingozi emangeni noma kuvimbele ukutholakala kwamakhambi angcono ezinkinga zomphakathi.

Lokhu kucabanga ngenkululeko yokukhuluma kuqaphela ukuthi akukho muntu noma inhlangano ephethe iqiniso kuphela nokuthi ngisho nemibono ecasulayo noma ebonakala ingalungile ingaba nezinga lokuqonda noma ukucatshangelwa kabusha kwezinkolelo ezamukelwayo okungokokubaluleka. Njengoba uJohn Stuart Mill aphikisa ngokuthi "eNkululeko," ephuca noma imuphi umbono ithuba lokushintshana neqiniso noma ukuzuza umbono ocacile nosukhona ngephutha layo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuzitika Nokuzitika Ngokwakho

Ngaphandle kwenzuzo yayo yentando yeningi nefuna iqiniso, inkululeko yokukhuluma inenzuzo eyisisekelo njengesici sesithunzi nenkululeko yomuntu. Ikhono lokuveza imicabango, izinkolelo, kanye nokuzichaza liyisisekelo sokuziveza komuntu siqu nokuthuthuka. Ukubeka imingcele ephethe abantu njengezinto ezizimele ezikwaziyo ukwenza nokuxoxa ngemibono yabo.

Lokhu kulunga okusekelwe ekuzinqumeleni okusekelwe ekuzinqumeleni kugcizelela ukuthi abantu kufanele bakhululeke ukuba bakhulume hhayi nje ngenxa yokuthi ukwenza kanjalo kufeza imigomo yabo bonke, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inkululeko eveza lokho kubalulekile ukuze umuntu aphile ukuphila okuphelele futhi ahlakulele amakhono nekhono lakhe.

Ukubhekana Nokushintsha Kwezenhlalo Nentuthuko

Kuwo wonke umlando, intuthuko yezenhlalo iye yaxhomeka ekhonweni labashisekeli benguquko, abashisekeli, nabaphikisi ukuba baphikise amaprothodosi akhona kanye nabasekeli benguquko. Izivikelo zenkululeko yokukhuluma zivumela amaqembu ahluzekile ukuba akhulume izikhalo, asungule izinhlangano zobulungisa, futhi ekugcineni aguqule umphakathi. I-Ideas eyake yabonakala inamandla noma iyingozi njengokungathi iqeda ubugqila, ukuvota amalungelo omphakathi kwabesifazane, noma ukuqaphela amalungelo e-LBBTQ (abantu ngabanye) ukuvunyelwa ngokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma ngokumelene nesigaba sikahulumeni.

Ukuvikela inkulumo ephikiswayo nengathandwayo kubalulekile ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlubuka kwanamuhla kungaba inkolelo yakusasa. Ama-socience acindezela ukuphikisana nokuphoqelela ukuvumelana, kuyilapho leyo evikela inkululeko eyimfihlo yenza indawo yokusungula, yokuguqula, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni Nokuvimbela Ubudlova

Inkululeko yokukhuluma isebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni nokuxhaphaza. Ikhono lokugxeka izikhulu, ukudalula inkohlakalo nokuhlela ukuphikiswa kuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya elingalawulwa futhi kusiza ekulondolozeni ukulandisa. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibuso yempoqo ivimbela ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko ngokungaguquki njengendlela yokuqinisa amandla nokuphikiswa.

Lokhu kuhlola umsebenzi kuchaza ukuthi kungani isivikelo sokukhuluma esikhululekile sigxile ngokuyinhloko ekuvimbeleni ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni kunokuqondisa ukuziphatha komuntu siqu.

Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okukhuluma Ngobuwula

Nakuba kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo okukhuluma angakanani nokuthi abaluleke kangakanani, ukusebenzisa la malungelo ngobuqotho kudinga ukuba ucabangisise ngakho kokubili imingcele engokomthetho nezibopho zokuziphatha. Ukuba nelungelo elingokomthetho lokusho okuthile akusho ukuthi kuhlakaniphile, kuyakha, noma kulungile.

Yazi Imingcele Engokomthetho

Zijwayelanise nezigaba zenkulumo engavikelekile futhi uqonde ukuthi iphi inkulumo engadlula enkantolo. Gwema ukwenza izinsongo zeqiniso, ukubhebhethekisa isenzo sokungabi namthetho, noma ukuhlazisa. Qaphela ukuthi umongo owenziwe epaki lomphakathi ungase ungavikelwe emsebenzini noma esikoleni.

Cabanga Ngethonya Lamazwi Akho

Ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwenkulumo akuwuqedi umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha okuhle ngemiphumela yokukhuluma.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuxoxisaneni Ngokholo Oluhle

Lalela imibono ephikisanayo, hlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ezinamandla ophikisana nazo, futhi uzimisele ukushintsha ingqondo yakho lapho unikezwa ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda noma ukucabanga. Imakethe yemibono isebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho abahlanganyelayo behlanganyela behlanganyela emizamweni emihle yokholo beqonda futhi bethonya kunokuba bamane banqobe izimpikiswano noma bathule abaphikisi.

Khusela Amalungelo Abanye Okukhuluma

Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuvikela amalungelo aveza imizwa yalabo ongavumelani nabo.

Qonda Imithetho Ehlukahlukene

Nakuba lezi ziteshi zingenakuwephula amalungelo akho okuHlaziya ISichibiyelo Sokuqala, zingaphoqelela izimiso zazo siqu eziqukethwe yile mithetho, futhi ukwephula lemithetho kungase kuphumele ekususweni noma ekuxoxisweni.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ibhekene nezinselele eziningi namuhla, ezidinga ukuqapha nokusabela ngokucabangela ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko esobala kuyilapho kuxoxwa ngezinkinga ezingokomthetho ngenkulumo elimazayo nemiphumela yayo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka ngokushesha kokwaziswa okungamanga ngemithombo yezokuxhumana nangama - Internet kuletha inselele enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yentando yeningi nasempilweni yomphakathi.

Izindlela zokukhuluma kabi zihlanganisa ukukhuthaza ukufunda izinto zemithombo yezindaba, ukusekela ukuqapha amaqiniso, ukukhuthaza ukuba indawo yesikhulumi iveze ukulinganisela okuqukethwe yilokho okuqukethwe, nokumelana nenkulumo engamanga ngokwaziswa okunembile kunokuhlaziya.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nokuxhashazwa Nge - Internet

Ukuxhumana ngezinombolo kuye kwenza ukuba izinhlobo ezintsha zokuhlukunyezwa, kuhlanganise nemikhankaso ehlelelwe ukuxhashazwa, ukuxhashazwa (ukusakaza ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo), nokuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo kwabantu abangathulisa izisulu ngokuphumelelayo futhi bazixoshe ezindaweni ze - Internet. Ukusingatha lokhu kuhlukunyezwa kuyilapho kuvikela inkulumo engokomthetho kudinga ukucophelela ukuze kuhlukaniswe phakathi kwenkulumo evikelwe nezinsongo zangempela, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukugqugquzelwa.

Khansela Isiko Nemiphumela Yezenhlalo

Impikiswano mayelana "nempucuko" ibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile nokulandisa komphakathi. Nakuba abantu nezinhlangano benelungelo lokugxeka inkulumo abayitholi ingathandeki futhi benza izinqumo ngabani abangazihlanganisa naye noma abasekelayo, kuphakama ukukhathazeka lapho ukucindezela komphakathi kudala ithonya elicaphukisayo emazwini angokomthetho noma lapho ukulingana kulahleka phakathi kwenkulumo ecasulayo nemiphumela.

Ukuzigwema lezi zindaba kudinga ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokugxeka okungokomthetho nokulandisayo, nemizamo yokuvimbela inkulumo noma yokujezisa ngezindlela ezilulaza inkulumo evulekile kwenye.

Inzuzo Kahulumeni Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukuqapha okukhulu kukahulumeni kungathuntubeza abantu ngokubenza bangababaze ukuveza imibono ephikisanayo noma bahlanganyele nezimbangela ezingathandwa uma besaba ukugadwa. Ukuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile enkathini esetshenziswa amanani kudinga ukunaka amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nemingcele yokuqapha engase ivimbele ukukhuluma okungokomthetho.

Amandla E - platform Nokulinganisela Kokukuqukethe

Ukugxila kwenkulumo engosini ye - Internet eziteshini ezimbalwa ezivelele kwenza lezi zinkampani ezizimele zibe namandla aphawulekayo okuthuthukisa ukuphikisana komphakathi ngezinqumo ezikuqukethe ngokulinganisela.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokusekela Nokukhuluma Mahhala

Ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla nezakhamuzi, hhayi nje ukukwamukela isivikelo esingokomthetho. Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo zokusekela ukubonakaliswa kokukhululeka emphakathini wakini nokuphila kwansuku zonke:

  • Lala ulwazi ngezindaba zokukhululeka kokukhuluma: Landela izenzakalo zomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma, qonda izimpikiswano zamanje, futhi uzifundise wena ngokwakho kokubili izinga nemingcele yenkululeko eyimfihlo
  • Participe enkulumweni yeningi:[ Zilolonge amalungelo akho okukhuluma ngokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokufaka izwi lakho ezingxabanweni ezibalulekile
  • Ukusakaza amaphephandaba azimele nemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene: Umshini okhululekile ubalulekile enkulumweni yomphakathi enolwazi, ngakho usekela ukuthunyelwa kwamaphephandaba aphezulu ngezikhokhelo, iminikelo, noma ukuhlanganyela ukubika okukholisayo
  • Khuluma ilungelo lokukhuluma: khuluma uma ubona imizamo yokucindezela amazwi angokomthetho, ngisho noma ungavumelani nemibono evezwayo
  • Akha izikhala zokuxoxisana:[ Indawo zama-Fox lapho abantu abanombono ohlukile bengahlanganyela khona engxoxweni ehloniphekayo nasengxoxweni ekhona
  • fundisa izimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile:[ Siza abanye, ikakhulukazi intsha, ukuba iqonde ukubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nendlela yokusebenzisa lamalungelo ngendlela efanele
  • Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma: Izinhlangano eziningi zenkululeko yomphakathi zisebenza ukuvikela inkululeko eyimfihlo ngokunikeza inkululeko, ukuphambanisa, nemfundo
  • Lungisa ukuthobeka kokuhlakanipha: Yazi imingcele yolwazi lwakho siqu futhi uhlale uvulekele ukunxenxa, ulingisa uhlobo lwesithembiso esicatshangelwe ngokukhululekile esenza ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kube usizo
  • Inkulumo elimazayo ngenkulumo engcono: Kunokuba ufune ukuthulisa imibono oyitholile ephambene, uphendule ngempikiswano ephoqelelayo nobufakazi
  • Advocate ukuze ubone: Imizamo yokusekela ukwenza uhulumeni nepulatifomu kuqukethe izinqumo zokulinganisela ezicace kakhulu futhi ezilandisayo

Imithombo Yezinto Ezidingekayo Ukuze Sifunde Okwengeziwe Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokujulisa ukuqonda kwabo inkululeko yokukhuluma, imithombo eminingi inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo, ukuhlaziywa, nemibono ngalelilungelo eliyisisekelo.

Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ eSikhungweni seFreedom Forum Institute sinikeza imithombo yemfundo, izindaba, nokuhlaziywa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nezinye izindaba zeSichibiyelo sokuqala. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza izincazelo ezifinyeleyo zomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma nezimpikiswano zamanje.

I- American Liberties Union (ACLU) inomlando omude wokuvikela amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko kulo lonke uhlelo lwezombangazwe futhi inikeza imithombo emikhulu yezindaba zamahttp s://wwww.aclu.org

I-Electronic Foundation igxila kwizindaba ezikhululekile zolimi, inikeza imithombo edluliswa nge-inthanethi, ukulinganisela kwesiteshi, nokuqapha kukahulumeni http://wwww.ff.org.

Izikhungo zezokukhomba kanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zinikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezazi kwezindaba zenkululeko yokukhuluma, kuhlanganise ne ebusuku iSichibiyelo Sokuqala eYunivesithi yaseColumbia, eqhuba ukucwaninga nokunikeza ukwaziswa ngezinselele zenkululeko yokukhuluma zamanje.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinikeza izincazelo ezinegunya zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, futhi ukufunda amacala avelele kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izimiso zokukhuluma eziye zavela ngayo. Amacala ayinhloko ahlanganisa iBrandenburg v.O.O., iNew York Times Co. Sullivan, iTexas u-Johnson, kanye nePnyder, phakathi kwezinye eziningi.

Ikusasa Lokukhuluma Ngenkululeko: Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Nezindaba Ezithakazelisayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, umphakathi nezindlela zokuxhumana zishintshashintsha, kungokufanayo nangezinselele nemibuzo ehlobene nenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo nemithombo yezindaba eyenziwe ngokwezemvelo kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela yokuphendula amakhekhe, ulwazi olufiphele oluyi-Al, kanye nokukhiqizwa komshini wendalo kuyilapho kuvikela ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwalobuchwepheshe ukuze kusetshenziswe izibonakaliso kanye nokwazi ukusungula izinto.

i-Internet ebusayo ye- iveza izinselele njengoba amazwe ahlukene egcizelela amazinga okulawula okuqukethwe kuyi-inthanethi ahlukene, adala ukungezwani phakathi kwemiyalo yokukhuluma nemizamo yokuphoqelela imithetho yendawo enqamula imingcele.

Ukwandiswa kokuqukethwe kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi amapulatifomu kufanele alandise kanjani ngemithetho-mithetho yawo yokukhuluma, ngisho noma engakhi noma engalinganisi ngqo leyo ekuqukethe.

[ Izindaba ezishukumisayo ziyaqhubeka ziguquka, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano ngokuthi ohulumeni bangafuna amapulatifomu yini ukuze bangenise okuqukethwe, ukuthi abantu bangaphoqeleka ukuba basebenzise izabizwana ezithile noma badlulise imiyalezo ethile, nokuthi bangalinganisa kanjani izimiso ezimelene nenkululeko yokuveza.

[ ukulondeka kwesizwe nobuphekula kubangela izingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nemizamo yokuvimbela ubudlova, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuphehla ugesi kuyi-inthane kanye nokushisekela izinto.

Lezizindaba nezinye ezisavelayo kuyodingeka zicatshangelwe ngokucophelela ukuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani izimiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma ezimweni ezintsha kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo ezenza inkululeko ewukubonakaliswa ifanele ukuvikelwa.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokuvikela Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlala ingenye yamalungelo abaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini yentando yeningi, okwenza umuntu ngamunye akwazi ukuzibusa, ukuzibusa, ukuphishekela iqiniso, nentuthuko yezenhlalo. Nakuba lelilungelo lingaphelele futhi kumelwe lilinganiswe nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile, isivikelo salo kufanele sivikeleke ngokuqapha kokubili ekucubulweni kohulumeni nemizamo yomuntu siqu yokuvimbela ukukhulumela okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda ukuthi iyini inkululeko yokukhuluma kuhlanganisa kokubili izinga layo nemingcele yayo, “‘ amandla abantu okusebenzisa lelilungelo ngokunakekela kuyilapho bewahlonipha amalungelo abanye. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinselele zezenhlalo, izimiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo ezivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ziyaqhubeka zisebenza, njengoba ukusebenzisa kwabo imininingwane ethile kuqhubeka kuzenzakalela.

Ngokuhlala ewazisiwe ngezindaba zokukhuluma, ukuhlanganyela ngentshiseko enkulumweni yeningi, ukuvikela amalungelo abanye, nokucabangela ngemibono ehlukahlukene, umuntu ngamunye angaba nengxenye ekulondolozeni umphakathi okhuthele, ovulekile okwaziyo ukukwazi ukuxoxa. Ilungelo lokukhuluma lihambisana nalo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa leyonkululeko ngokuhlakanipha, ukulalela abanye, nokuvikela isimiso sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kunzima noma kungathandeki.

Enkathini yoshintsho olusheshayo nokwehlukana okukhulu, ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga kokubili ukuzinikela okunezimiso eziyisisekelo nokuzivumelanisa nokucabanga nezinselele ezintsha. Ikusasa lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile lixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezikuqondayo ukubaluleka kwalo, ezikusebenzisa ngendlela enengqondo, futhi ezihlala zizimisele ukukuvikela kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, kungakhathaliseki umbono noma umbono.