Okufanelekele Nesizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke

Amalungelo enqubo afanele angokomthetho aqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni baphatha abantu ngokungakhethi ngaphambi kokuba bathathe ukuphila kwabo, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lezisivikelo ziboshelwe emfundweni womthetho waseMelika ngoMthetho-sisekelo futhi zisebenza ezimweni eziningi zansuku zonke . Ukusukela ekutheni imoto ifakwe esitokisini sesikole kuya ekuxabaniseni okunganqamukiyo ngokomthetho wendlu yakubo yothile. Ukuqonda inqubo efanele akuyona nje eyabameli noma abahluleli; kuthinta wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nabafundi nothisha, abasebenzelana nezimiso zikahulumeni nsuku zonke.

Inqubo efanele imelela isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile nezimisiwe ngaphambi kokuba athwese umuntu umthwalo. Lombono uye wavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka futhi ulokhu ungenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu izakhamuzi okumelwe zigcine iziphathimandla zinesibopho sokulandisa.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wokuthi ngisho namakhosi kumelwe alandele umthetho usukela emuva eMagna Carta ngo-1215. Lowomthetho-sisekelo wenkathi ephakathi wamemezela ukuthi “akekho umuntu okhululekile ozobanjwa noma aboshwe... ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kwabalingana naye noma ngomthetho wezwe.” Lenkulumo ethi, “umthetho wezwe,” kamuva yaqala yangena enqubeni yesimanje eqinisekisiwe.

E-United States, inqubo efanele ivela ezinzimeni ezimbili eziyinhloko zomthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791, sivimbela uhulumeni: “Akekho umuntu... oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyisine (1868) esasebenzisa imingcele efanayo kohulumeni bezwe. Ndawonye, lezi zigaba ezimbili zimisa inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela iprocedtura ne-sutactration.

Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme lilolonga indlela la malungiselelo achazwa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kumaMathews v. Eldiridge [77], iNkantolo yamisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo kokuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo: izinkantolo zilinganisa isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa okunephutha ngaphansi kwezimiso zamanje, futhi isithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yokuphatha. Icala lesisekelo, Goldberg v. Kelly [1970]), , lalikholelwa ukuthi abamukela inhlalakahle kumelwe bamukele ukuzwa ngaphambi kwezikhathi ngaphambi kokuba bakhululwe, ukuqaphela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yinzuzo.

Amagatsha Amabili Enqubo Elindelekile: Inqubo Engokwemvelo Neyibhungane

Izazi ezingokomthetho zihlukanisa inqubo efanele ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko, kokubili kubalulekile, kodwa kuvikela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamalungelo.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile ingeyohlobo olufanele lwesenzo sikahulumeni. Kudingeka ukuba ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uthathe okuthile okwazisayo, wamukele: (1) isaziso esanele salokho uhulumeni afuna ukukwenza nokuthi kungani, (2) ithuba elinenjongo lokuzwa nokunikeza icala lakho lendaba, kanye (3) nomenzi wesinqumo olungile nongakhethi. Lezi zimfuneko zisebenza emongweni osukela ekulingweni kobugebengu ukuya ekunikezeni imvume yokulalela isikole.

Isibonelo esivelele ukuvalwa kwecala kumfundi. Isikole kumelwe sitshele umfundi ukuthi umthetho waphulwa, sinikeze ithuba lokuchaza, futhi sinikeze ukuzwa okuyisisekelo. Izinqubo ezithile ziyahlukahluka kuye ngobukhulu bemiphumela, phela izinsuku eziyishumi kunikeza ukuvikelwa kakhulu kunezinsuku ezintathu.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile engathi yiyiphi `] j[yokuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uhulumeni akanakuwalinganisela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo zilungile kangakanani. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawaveza njengamalungelo “asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni namasiko esizwe,” kuhlanganise nomshado, ukuvimbela inzalo, nokuzimela. Ngokwesibonelo, bergefell v. Hodges (20)], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi umshado ofanayo uyisivikelo esiyisisekelo senqubo efanelekile efanelekile.

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo ngokuvamile ibangela impikiswano ngoba idinga ukuba abahluleli bachaze ukuthi ayini amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke: Kungaphezu Kwezinkantolo

Abantu abaningi bahlobanisa inqubo efanele nokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, kodwa ukufinyelela kwalo kudlulela ngalé kwenkantolo. Nazi izindawo eziningana lapho isivikelo esifanelekile sithinta abantu nsuku zonke.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Kusukela ngesikhathi uboshwa, inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi ngokushesha, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi. Ukuzisholo ukuthi awunacala (ukuze utholake unecala), yona ngokwayo iyinqubo efanelekile. Uma amaphoyisa ephula lamalungelo, ubufakazi bungacinywa, futhi ukuqunjelwa kungagumbuqelwa.

Amalungelo Empahla Nokuqamba Okuvelele

Ikhaya lakho liyimpahla yakho, futhi uhulumeni akanakuwuthatha, futhi ngesakhiwo somphakathi esifana nomgwaqo omkhulu((______ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo efanele. ISichibiyelo seFindre "Izikhokhelo zika-Claus” sidinga ukuba uhulumeni akhokhe imbuyiselo nje futhi anikeze ikhambi elifanele uma ubekela inselele ukuthatha. Ukulahla inzuzo yempahla ngokuvamile kuholela ekuthatheni inzuzo yempahla isikhathi eside, kodwa umqondo oyisisekelo usele: Unelungelo lokulithola ngaphambi kokuba ulahlekelwe indawo yakho.

Izinzuzo Zomsebenzi Nezomphakathi

Kuzisebenzi zomphakathi, inqubo efanele ingavikela ekuqedweni okungalungile. ku-Board of Regent v. Roth (1972], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uprofesa wasekholiji onesivumelwano seminyaka eyodwa wayengenasithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo futhi kanjalo akukho nqubo efanele yokulalela phambi kokuba angabi khona kabusha. Nokho, izisebenzi ezinamathuba angaphezulu kakhulu noma labo abanezivumelwano ezisikisela ukuba umsebenzi uqhubeke unenzalo yempahla yezenhlalakahle. Izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle, njengoba Gold v. [P] uKelly [FLD] wasungula, abamukela inzalo yempahla eqhubekayo, kanjalo uhulumeni kumelwe unikeze inzuzo yokulalela ngaphambi kokuba kuqondwele.

Umthetho Womkhaya Namalungelo Obuzali

Inqubo eyisici efanelekile ivikela kakhulu amalungelo abazali. Umbuso awunakukhipha umntwana ekondleni ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuxhashazwa noma ukunganakwa enkantolo. Abazali banesithakazelo esiyisisekelo sokunakekela, ukuwinwa kwezingane, nokulawulwa kwazo. Lokhu kuyasebenza emshadweni: uhulumeni akanakulinganisela ukuthi ushada kanjani ngaphandle kwesizathu esiphoqelelayo.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokuthutha

Ngisho nabantu abangebona abantu e-United States banezindlela ezithile zokuvikela ezifanele. Izenzakalo zokuthutha kumelwe zilandele izinqubo eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo, njengesaziso nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezisemthethweni ezibhekene nokudingiswa zinelungelo lokuqulwa ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwe-Curreate Process Claus. Nokho, izinga lesivikelo kwabafuduki abangabhalwanga umthetho nelezo ezinqunyiwe zisekwenziwa ngokusemthethweni zinciphileka futhi zifanelwe ukukhishwa.

Izindlu Nezindawo Zokuhlala

Abasebenzi ababhekene nokuxoshwa kwezindawo zomphakathi − ikakhulukazi labo abahlala ezindlini zomphakathi noma abathola usizo lwezindlu olufanele. Abaholi abafuna ukuxoshwa kumelwe balandele imithetho kahulumeni edinga isaziso esifanele necala lenkantolo. Amanye ama-gasme afuna ukuba abaqashi banikezwe ummeli ngezindleko zomphakathi uma bengenayo imali, beqaphela ukuthi kukhulu ukulahlekelwa yikhaya.

Inqubo Efanele Yemfundo: Ukuvikela Abafundi Nothisha

Izikole zingenye yezindawo ezivame kakhulu lapho amalungelo afanele enqubo esetshenziswa khona entsheni.

Ukuyala Abafundi

Ku Gos v. Lopez [1997], iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuthi abafundi besikole somphakathi ababhekene nokuthuthwa kwezinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi kumelwe bathole okungenani inqubo efanelekile: umlomo noma isaziso esibhaliwe samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo. Ukusuka kokushenxiswa okufushane, nokungakhonzi umthetho kudingekile, kodwa isimiso sokulunga naka. Ukuxoshwa, okususa imfundo isikhathi eside, ukuhlanganisa nemicimbi ebanzi yezenziwa ngokusemthethweni, kuhlanganisa nokuzwa okufunwa umthetho nezimiso zesikole.

Othisha nabaphathi besikole kumelwe baqaphele ukuba balandele lezi zinqubo. Uma umfundi enqatshelwa inqubo efanele, isikole singazifaka engozini yokumangalelana nesiyalo. Izibonelo zezwe langempela zihlanganisa izenzakalo lapho abafundi babelekiswa khona ngaphandle kokuzwa noma lapho izikhulu zesikole zenqaba ukulalela incazelo yomfundi kuze kube ngemva kokuba isigwebo sibekwe.

I - IDEA Ingaphansi Kwamalungelo Emfundo Ekhethekile

Abafundi abakhubazekile bathola iziqondiso ezifanele ngenqubo engeziwe ye-Aressom for Diseculture Education Act (IDEA). Ngaphambi kokuba isikole sishintshe ukufakwa komfundi, simenze ahlale izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyishumi, noma sishintshe ngokuphawulekayo i-Aniversal Education Program yabo (IEP), isikole kumelwe sibe nomhlangano futhi ngokuvamile kumelwe sinikeze “ukuzimisela kokukhubazeka” ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabangelwa yini ukukhubazeka. Abazali banelungelo lokulalela ngokungakhethi ukuze baphikise izinqumo zesikole, futhi bangase balethe ummeleli ongokomthetho noma abameleli.

Lezi sivikelo ezithuthukisiwe ziyaqaphela ukuthi abafundi abakhubazekile basengozini ngokukhethekile yokuthola isiyalo esingafanele nokuthi izidingo zabo zemfundo zidinga izinqumo ezicophelelayo nezihloselwe abantu ngabanye.

Inqubo Efanele Kothisha Nabaqashi

Othisha besikole somphakathi nezinye izisebenzi ngokuvamile banezivumelwano ezibenza babe nesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba uthisha axoshwe noma aphinde athole imvume (ngesizathu), isifunda sesikole kumelwe sinikeze isaziso ngezizathu, ukuzwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, nethuba lokudlulisa izicelo. Othisha ababoshiwe ngokuvamile banesivikelo esiqinile, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa noma isivumelwano sonyaka owodwa sothisha kungaba namalungelo afanele. UGrievancences ngenxa yesiyalo, ukukhokhela, noma izimo zokusebenza kubangela ukuba baqale inqubo efanele lapho bedinga inzalo evikelekile.

Izinselele Namaqiniso: Lapho Inqubo Efanele Iphela

Nakuba amalungelo afanelekile enqubo ebanzi ngokucatshangelwa, izithiyo eziwusizo ngokuvamile zivimbela abantu ukuba bawasebenzise ngokugcwele.

Ukuntuleka Kokumelelwa Ngokomthetho

INkantolo Ephakeme ayiliqaphelanga ilungelo elivamile lokweluleka ezicaleni zomphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuxoshwa, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu, nokuqulwa kwecala, abantu kumelwe bazimelele. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abashicileli abangamele babhekene nemali bangaphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho bebhekene nabameli bakahulumeni abanokuhlangenwe nakho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge ACLU kanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zisebenza ekuvaleni leligebefu, kodwa izigidi zabantu baseMelika zisahamba ngaphandle kommeli uma amalungelo abo ayisisekelo esengozini.

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Sezinto Nemizimba

Umehluko wezinhlanga nokwezomnotho ungabhuntshisa inqubo efanelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abamnyama nababhishobhi balenga futhi baxoshwe ngamazinga aphakeme kunabafundi abamhlophe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ukuzwa ngezakhono zokuyala kulungile ngempela yini. Esimisweni somthetho wobugebengu, abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela ibheyili bangagcinwa ngaphambi kwamasonto amaningi, bajeziswa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphambi kwanoma isiphi isiqinisekiso. Lokhu kulunga kunciphisa isithembiso senqubo efanele.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Ngalé kobuncane obuyisisekelo bomthetho-sisekelo, izifundazwe nezindawo zinendlela enkulu yokuchaza izinqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, isaziso sangaphambi kokuxoshwa kwezindlebe singaba sifushane njengezinsuku ezintathu kwezinye izindawo futhi sibe ngama-30 kwezinye. Indinganiso yobufakazi ezicashile ezimweni zezokuvikela izingane ingase ihlukahlukane. Lo msebenzi owenziweyo udala ukudideka futhi usho ukuthi amalungelo omuntu afanele enqubo angaxhomeke kakhulu ekutheni ahlalaphi. i-Cornell Legial Information Institute [ inikeza ukucacingcucwe kwezinga zenguquko zenqubo yomthetho efanelekile.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Izindlela zokuphepha zangemva kwe-99/11 ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahlola imingcele yenqubo efanele. Ukungabanjwa kobuphekula kusola, ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuyimfihlo ezicaleni zokufuduka, futhi akukho uhlu olunezindlela zokubukeza ezilinganiselwe kuye kwaphakamisa zonke izinkathazo zokuthi ukulondeka kwesizwe kusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izinqubo ezilungile. Kwezinye izimo izinkantolo ziye zahlehlela emuva kodwa zavumela ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezinye.

Indlela Othisha Nabafundi Abangawavikela Ngayo Amalungelo Abo Afanele

Ulwazi luwuhlobo lokuqala lokuvikela. Abafundi kufanele bazijwayelanise nesimiso sesikole sabo sokuyala futhi bazi ukuthi iziphi izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe ukuphatha. Othisha kufanele baqonde izinqubo zebhodi lesikole ngokunqanyulwa, izinqubo zokukhononda, nomehluko phakathi kwesimo sokulingwa nokugcinwa.

Noma nini lapho uthola isaziso esingathinta amalungelo akho `a slempse trust', isaziso sokuxosha, isaziso sokuqeda iposi (i-metary), funda ngokucophelela. Qaphela izikhathi ezifihlwayo, izikhalo ezicaciwe, nezinqubo ezichazweyo. Uma unesikhathi, hlola imithombo enjenge uMelikan Bar Association ukuhlolwa kwenqubo efanele [[ noma ihhovisi lakho losizo olungokomthetho. Ezindabeni ezingathi sína, qasha ummeli ongomnini-mthetho, umnini-mali, noma ulwembuthi womthetho, noma ubugebengu zokwenza umehluko phakathi komphumela ongafanele.

Kuthisha, ukubhala konke ukuxhumana okuhlobene nesiyalo noma ukwenza kubalulekile. Gcina amakhophi e-imeyili, ukuhlola, kanye namaphuzu omhlangano. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho afanele enziwa aphulwa, ungafaka isikhalo ngenyunyana lakho noma, uma kudingekile, uletha icala ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. . .PAR. 1983, umthetho kahulumeni osetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela amalungelo omthetho-mthetho ngokumelene nabadlali bombuso.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Inqubo Ezolandelana Ngayo Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe budala imibuzo emisha edinga inqubo. Imithetho-mthetho esetshenziswa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni − njengamathuluzi angaphambili amaphoyisa, izinqumo ezizuzisayo, noma ukuhlola okusekelwe engozini ye-AI(-a) ingenza abantu bangabi nankululeko noma impahla ngaphandle kokubona ngokucacile noma ukudlulisa amehlo. Izinkantolo ziqala ukuzama ukuthi abantu banelungelo lokwazi futhi baphikise imininingwane nokuhlakanipha okukhona ngalezi zinqumo ezizenzakalayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanele kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi “umuntu okhona ephathweni” uma amalungelo abalulekile ekhona.

Ngokufanayo, imithombo yezokuxhumana ivimbela abadlali bakahulumeni (ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu somphakathi esivimbela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala nenqubo efanele) iphakamisa izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo. Njengoba umthetho uguqula, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala singaguquki: noma yisiphi isenzo sikahulumeni esithinta ukuphila kwakho ngendlela ephambene kumelwe sibe esinengqondo, esisobala, futhi sibhekene nenselele.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwenqubo Edingekayo

Amalungelo okusebenza akuyona inqubo engekho emthethweni, ivikela ikhaya lakho, umsebenzi wakho, imfundo, umkhaya wakho, nenkululeko yakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi obhekene nentshebe, uthisha omangalelwe ngokuziphatha okubi, noma umninikhaya olwela icebo elidumile, ilungelo lokuqaphela nokulalela likunikeza izwi elimelene namandla amakhulu ombuso.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kukunika amandla okufuna ubulungisa. Kusikhumbuza nokuthi ukubusa komthetho akuxhomekile nje kuphela ezivikelweni ezibhaliwe kodwa nasezakhamuzini ezazi amalungelo azo futhi eziphikelela ngokuthi uhulumeni uphila ngokuvumelana nezithembiso zawo zomthetho - sisekelo.