UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungenye yezincwadi zomthetho ezihlala njalo nezinethonya kakhulu emlandweni wezwe. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwawo ngo-1788, uye wanikeza uhlelo lwentando yeningi yaseMelika ngesikhathi esifanayo ukulondoloza ukuvumelana nokushintsha kwezikhathi ngenqubo yokulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ongalungiswa ngayo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifisa ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzinza nentuthuko echaza ukubusa kwaseMelika.

Inqubo yokulungisa imelela indlela eklanywe ngokucophelela evumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uzenzeke ngaphandle kokudela izimiso zawo eziyisisekelo. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukushintsha umthetho wezwe ophakeme kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, kunqande izinguquko ngokuphamazela kuyilapho zisavumela izinguquko ezidingekile. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhileleka ngokubaluleka nohulumeni wazo futhi ziqonde amalungelo azo, ulwazi ngenqubo yokulungisa lubalulekile.

Ukuqonda Isiphakamiso V: Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sezinqumo

ISiphakamiso V simisa izinqubo zokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sihloko simisa inqubo yamabomu nenzima elinganisela isidingo sokuzinza komthetho-sisekelo kanye nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha nokulungisa izinkinga ezingalindelekile. Abasunguli baqaphela ukuthi akukho mbhalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufakwe kahle kangakanani, ongalindela noma uhlale ufanelana ngokuphelele nazo zonke izimo kuze kube phakade.

UJames Madison wamemezela ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa "iqaphe ngokulinganayo kuleyondawo engathiwa kakhulu eyonikeza uMthetho-sisekelo i-transmistry i-traptable; futhi lobubunzima obukhulu obungaqhubekisela phambili amaphutha ayo atholakele." Lokhu kulinganisela kuye kwabonakala kubalulekile ekuphileni koMthetho-sisekelo isikhathi eside nasekuqhubekeni kwawo.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zokukhipha Izinqumo

Iziphakamiso zingahlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho esinamavoti amabili-mithathu kokubili eNdlu yabameleli naseSigeqeni; noma ngomhlangano wokuhlongoza izinguquko ezibizwa yi-Congress ngesicelo sezimemezelo ezimbili kwezintathu zezindlu zomthetho. Lezi zindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zibonisa isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika, zinikeza kokubili izinhlelo ezisesilinganisweni sombuso nesombuso zokuqalisa ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho.

Indlela Yokusungula Inhlangano

Indlela yokuqala nevame kakhulu ihilela ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala sokuhlongoza ukuhlongozwa kwe-congress. Indlela yokuqala idinga kokubili iNdlu neSigele ukuba kuhlongozwe ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho ngokuvota amalungu amabili-ntathu akhona (ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwe-volutionrum − futhi hhayi ukuvota amalungu angamashumi amabili anesithathu alo lonke ilungu, manje nangekho. Lemfuneko ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuguquka okuhlongozayo kusekelwe kakhulu kubameleli abakhethiwe abameleli abakhethiwe kuwo wonke amaqembu ezombangazwe.

Lena ukuphela kwendlela yokulungisa eye yasetshenziswa kuze kube manje. Ngempela, zonke izinguquko ezingu-33 ezibekwe ezizweni zokuhlungwa kwemifantu zaqalwa eKhongomeni. Indlela ye-coralioneal iye yaba indlela engokwesiko, ejwayelekile kubenzi bomthetho nakumphakathi ngokufanayo.

Isici esibalulekile salenqubo ukuthi isinqumo esihlangene esimisa ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho asidingi ukuvunyelwa ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe umongameli ezindaweni, ngakho umongameli akanawo umsebenzi ongokomthetho kule nqubo. Lokhu kukhishwa kwegatsha eliphetheyo enqubweni yokulungisa kumelela ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwenqubo evamile yemithetho futhi kugcizelela isimo esikhethekile sokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo.

Indlela Yomhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo

Indlela yesibili yokulungisa ayizange isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo emlandweni waseMelika. Indlela yesibili yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ingavela uma iziphakamiso ezimbili-ntathu zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zicela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba simise umhlangano ozohlanganisa izihambeli ezivela ezweni ngalinye, manje ezidinga ukusekelwa ezingu-34 kwezingu-50 ze-Congress ukuba kufuneke kubizwa i-Akhirty V Convention.

Icebo lomhlangano, ithuluzi lezombangazwe u-Alexander Hamilton aphikisa ngalo laliyokwenza izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba "zivimbele ukuvinjelwa kwegunya lesizwe," kusadingeka zisetshenziswe. Nakuba lendlela ingasetshenziswa, imelela ukuhlola okubalulekile okucatshangelwayo kwamandla kahulumeni, ivumela amazwe ukuba adlulise iziKhongolo uma kudingekile ukuveza ukunqandwa.

Izikhathi ezintathu ekhulwini lama - 20, abasekeli bezinguquko ezithile benza imizamo ebumbene ukuze balondoloze inani lezicelo ezidingekayo ukuze kumiswe iSiphakamiso V. Naphezu kwalemizamo, umnyango awukaze ufinyelelwe, futhi kusalokhu kunemibuzo ngokuthi umhlangano onjalo wawuyosebenza kanjani.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zezichibiyelo Ezinhle

Uma nje isilungiso sesiye sahlongozwa ngendlela ngayinye, kumelwe sigunyazwe ngaphambi kokuba sibe ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. NgokweSiphakamiso V, inqubo yokulungisa ivunyelwe ngezindlela ezimbili: ukulungisa kungagunyazwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, noma ngemihlangano yesifundazwe. ISishaya-Mkhandlu sinquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokulungisa inqubo ehlongozwayo eyosetshenziswa ekulungiseni inqubo ngayinye.

Ukukhishwa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni

Indlela evame kakhulu yokulungisa ihlanganisa ukuvunyelwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokushesha lapho ugunyazwa abantu abathathu kwabane base-United States (ama-38 kwamashumi amahlanu). Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinguquko ngaphandle koyedwa, iyenza ibe indlela ejwayelekile yokulungisa.

Amavoti esishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni ahlongozwa ukuba kulungiswe izinqubo zawo siqu. Imfuneko yesithathu kwezine iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zisekelwa endaweni enkulu futhi ngokwezombangazwe kulo lonke izwe, hhayi nje ukuvunyelwa amazwe agcwele abantu noma isifunda esisodwa.

Ukunqanyulwa Komhlangano Wezwe

Ukuze kube yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, ukulungisa kumelwe kuvunyelwe yimihlangano e-acconson eqhutshwa ezingxenyeni ezintathu zezifundazwe, inqubo eyasetshenziswa kanye kuphela emlandweni waseMelika ngo-1933 ngokukhuliswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala samashumi amabili. Lendlela yokulungisa yakhethwa ngoba abasekeli bemihlangano yombuso bakholelwa ukuthi ingenzeka ukuba ivume ukuphinde iphele kunemithetho yombuso.

Le ndlela yomhlangano ivumela ukuba kucatshangelwe ngokuqondile ukulungiswa yizihambeli ezikhethelwe ngokukhethekile leyonjongo, okungase kunikeze ukuhlaziya okugxile ngokwengeziwe nokumelelayo kunokusetshenziswa kwemithetho.

Umlando Ophelele Wezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu kuMthetho-sisekelo ziye zahlongozwa yi-United States Congress futhi zathunyelwa ezizweni ukuze zihlanekezelwe kusukela uMthetho-sisekelo waqanjwa ngoMatshi 4, 1789, futhi amashumi amabili nayisikhombisa alezo, njengoba ziqinisekiswe inani elidingekayo lezifunda, manje ziyingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lelinani elincane ngokuqhathaniswa lokulungisa okuphumelelayo emakhulwini angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili libonisa ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa nokuqina kwenqubo kanye nokuqina okuyinika umthetho wemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

I - Bill of Rights: Iziphetho 1 - 10

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zamukelwa futhi zathunyelwa ezifundeni njengeqembu, futhi kamuva zagunyazwa kanyekanye; lezi zaziwa njengeSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu njengeqembu. Lezi zinguquko zagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, eminyakeni emithathu nje ngemva kokuba uMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo ugunyaziwe.

IBill of Rights yaphuma ezinkathazweni ezaphakanyiswa phakathi nezimpikiswano zokudukisa. AmaMelika amaningi ayesaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wombuso ungaba nonya ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu siqu. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zinikeza inkulumo eyisisekelo ehlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nezindaba; ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali; ukuvikelwa ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nasekudumazekeni; amalungelo abamangalelwayo ekumangalelweni ngezenzo zobugebengu; kanye nokubekwa kwemibuso ezifundazweni nakubantu.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu: ukukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo. IsiHlanzi Sesibili sikhuluma ngelungelo lokuphatha izikhali. IsiHlanzi sesithathu senqabela ukuphoqelelwa kwamasosha ukuba angene emakhaya abantu. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungenangqondo. ISichibiyeli sesihlanu simisa amalungelo afanele nesivikelo ekuzichaseni ngokwaso kanye nasengozini okuphindwe kabili.

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngokushesha, ikomiti yabahluleli abangakhethi, neseluleko somthetho. ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yombango. ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela isijeziso sonya nesenqaba nebheyili engavamile. IsiHlanziso seNinth asiwa ukwahlulela amalungelo athile abekwe abantu. Izisekelo zeSichibiyelo seTenth Aziphathiswe uhulumeni noma abantu.

IziNguqulo Zokuvuselela: Okwe - 13, okwe - 14 nokwe - 15

Izinguquko ze - 13, 14, ne - 15 zisingatha ubugqila, isivikelo esilinganayo namalungelo athile omthetho - sisekelo; zonke lezi zaziwa ngokuthi iziNguquko. Lezi zinguquko, zagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ngokuyisisekelo zaguqula umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo-1865, saqeda ubugqila nobugqila ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kulungisa kwamelela isiphetho somthetho-mthetho seMpi Yombango kanye nokuphela kwesono sokuqala sobugqila baseMelika.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singenye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu nezivame ukucashunwa. Simisa ukuba isakhamuzi kubo bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe e-United States, siqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi sivimbela ukunqabela noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho. Lokhu kulungiswa kuye kwaba isisekelo sezinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo evelele ekhubazekayo ezandisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1870, sivimbela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ukuba banqande ilungelo lokuvota izakhamuzi ezisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kwamelela isinyathelo esibalulekile sokulingana kokuvota, isithembiso saso sasingeke sifezeke ngokugcwele cishe cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ngenxa yemikhuba yokulahla ubugebengu njengentela yokuvota nokuhlola ukufunda.

IziNguqulo ZeNkathi Eqhubekayo: Ngo - 16, ngo - 17, ngo - 18, nango - 19

ISichibiyelo Seziphendu seSinyakatho seSinyakazo seSinethi, sagunyazwa ngo - 1913, sagunyazwa uMkhandlu ukuba ukhokhe intela yeholo yelevy ngaphandle kokwabela imibuso esekelwe ezakhamuzini. Lokhu kulungisa kwanikeza uhulumeni wezwe umthombo wenzuzo ozinzile owawuzobonakala ubalulekile ekusekeleni izinhlelo zikahulumeni wanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le - 17 siveza amagama okukhetha abameleli be-senet, sinika abantu base-US amandla okukhetha abameleli babo futhi bamise izikhundla zokuthatha isikhundla. Ngaphambi kwale sivumelwano, izimemezelo zakhethwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. ISimemezelo seSimemezelo seshumi Nesikhombisa, esagunyazwa ngo - 1913, samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabameli be-senator, okwenza iSigele sibekele ishedemori.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nesishiyagalombili, esagunyazwa ngo - 1919, sanqabela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala obudakayo. lokhu kulungisa kwaqala inkathi yeProhibition, inkathi eyimpikiswano emlandweni waseMelika eyayiyophendulwa ekugcineni yiSichibiyelo samashumi amabili okuqala.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, savimbela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ukuba banqande izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kulungisa kwamelela isiphetho samashumi eminyaka sokulwa kwenhlangano yabesifazane yokulwa futhi kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi eMelika.

Izinqumo Zanamuhla: Ngo - 20 Kusukela Ngowama - 27

ISichibiyelo Sama - Twentieth, esagunyazwa ngo - 1933, sashintsha izinsuku lapho kuqalwa khona izinkulumo zomongameli nezinkulumo zobubhishobhi, siqeda inkathi ende "yedada elimnyama" eyayikhona ngaphambili phakathi nokhetho nokumiswa kwesikhundla.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala samashumi amabili, esagunyazwa ngo-1933, saphinde sakhipha iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, saqeda iProhibition. Lokhu kulokhu kukuphela kwesibonelo sokulungisa omunye umthetho-sisekelo, okubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa ingalungisa amaphutha omthetho-sisekelo angaphambili.

ISichibiyelo esingamashumi amabili nane se-Suned, esagunyazwa ngo-1951, salinganisela omongameli emagameni amabili asehhovisi. Lokhu kulungisa kwahlongozwa ngokuphendula kuFranklin D. Roosevelt ekukhetheni kumagama amane futhi kwahlanganisa isiko lezinsuku ezimbili elamiswa uGeorge Washington.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Ambili Esinesithathu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1961, sanikeza izakhamuzi zaseSifundeni saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni lukamongameli ngokumisa amavoti eSifunda.

ISichibiyelo Se - 25 esagunyazwa ngo - 1964, savimbela ukukhokhwa kwentela yokuvota kuhulumeni, sasusa isithiyo esibalulekile ekuvotelweni esasisetshenziselwa ukulahla abaNsundu baseMelika nabavoti abampofu.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili nama - 35, esagunyazwa ngo - 1967, samiswa izinqubo zokulandelana kukamongameli nokukhubazeka, sicacisa lokho okwenzekayo lapho umongameli efa, eshiya phansi, noma engakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yesikhundla.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota esukela ku - 21 kuya ku - 18, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezimpikiswano zokuthi labo abakhule ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe ukuze bahlanganyele empini kufanele bakwazi ukuvota.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seshumi nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1992, sinqabela imithetho eshintshayo yokukhokha impoqo ukuze ingaqhubeki kuze kube ngemva kokukhethwa kwabameleli. Ngokuphawulekayo, lolu shintsho lwasungulwa ngo-1789 njengengxenye yeBhili lamalungelo akuqala kodwa alwagunyazwanga kwaze kwaba ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, okubonisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo kungahlala kuhlala kungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu umise ikhawulo lwezimali.

Izigwebo Ezingaphumelelanga Nezinga lokushintsha

Izinguquko eziyisithupha ezihlongozwayo ziye zamukelwa yiSishaya-mthetho futhi zathunyelwa kumazwe, kodwa azizange zigunyazwe inani elidingekayo lezifundazwe. Lezi zinqumo ezihlulekile noma ezibekelwe isikhathi zinikeza ukuqonda ngeziphakamiso ezihlongozwayo ezisekela kakhulu kodwa ekugcineni azizange zifinyelele ukuvumelana okubanzi okudingekayo ukuze zikhuliswe.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo

Mhlawumbe ukulungiswa okudume kakhulu kwehluleka yi-Uncimect Rights Amelt Rights Amement Amendment (ERA), eyayingaqinisekisa ngokucacile amalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ubulili. Imiswe yiKhomishane ngo 1972 nonyaka weminyaka eyisikhombisa (kamuva owenziwe ngo1982), i-ERA yawa izifunda ezintathu zezifundazwe ezintathu ezifunekayo ukuze ithole i-ratiation. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ingabe izifunda zingayiqinisa i-ERA ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuba idlule futhi ukuthi ingabe i-ra ikhona yini leyo nkathi yokugcinwa kulungile.

ISifunda SeSichibi Samalungelo Abantu SaseColumbia

Uma kwahlongozwa ngo-1978, lokhu kulungisa kwakuyonikeza iSigodi saseColumbia izimpawu ezigcwele ezisemkhandlwini njengokungathi yisifundazwe. Ukulungiswa kwaphela ngo- 1985 ngemva kokugunyazwa yizifundazwe ezingu - 16 kuphela, okuncane kakhulu kwezindawo ezingu - 38.

Izinqumo Ezingokomlando Ezilungisayo

I-Congress Apporationment (okuvezwa ngo-1789, okwagunyazwa yizifundazwe ezingu-11) yayizovuna iNdlu yabameleli ngokwendlela ehlukile, ngokubala okubhekwa njengokungalawuleki ngezindinganiso zanamuhla ezaziyobeka amalungu endlu yanamuhla ezinkulungwaneni.

Iziqu zeSichibiyelo seNobility (esigunyazwe ngo - 1810, esagunyazwa yizifundazwe ezingu - 12) zingavele zibuphuce ngokuzenzekelayo ubuzwe banoma ubani owamukela isiqu sobukhosi kwelinye izwe noma, ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishayamthetho, ukwamukela noma yiluphi udumo oluvela kwamanye amazwe.

I - Corwin Amendment (eyamiswa ngo - 1861, eyagunyazwa izifundazwe ezimbili) yayiyokwenqabela noma yikuphi ukubuyiselwa koMthetho - sisekelo okuvimbela noma okuvimbela ubugqila, futhi ngeMpi Yangaphakathi nangezinguquko ezihlobene nayo (eyesi - 13, eye - 14 neyo - 15), lenguquko iyaphela, ngisho nakuba isanikezwa kusengaphambili ngaphambi kwalemibuso.

Ubunzima Bokushintsha Umthetho - sisekelo

Cishe iziphakamiso ezingu 11 985 zokulungisa loMthetho-sisekelo ziye zamiswa eSixukwini kusukela ngo-1789, namalungu endlu neSigele afaka izinguquko ezicishe zibe ngu-200 phakathi nenkathi ngayinye yeminyaka emibili yeSishaya-Mkhandlu. Eziningi zalezi zihlongozo azisoze zadlulela phambili zidlulele ngalé kwesigaba sekomiti, futhi ezingu-33 kuphela ezithunyelwe ezizweni ukuba zihlanzwe.

Lelinani eliphansi kakhulu lempumelelo libonisa ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa ngenhloso. Izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu kokubili ekuhlongozeni nasemagabeni okulungisa imoto ziqinisekisa ukuthi inguquko kuphela ngokusekela okukhulu ngempela. Lokhu bunzima bufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo futhi kuvimbele ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungalungiselwa izinjongo zesikhashana noma zokwehlukana.

Izindlela Zokukhipha Izidakamizwa Ezifile

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20, iSishaya - mthetho siye sathi inguquko kumelwe iqinisekiswe inani elidingekayo lezifundazwe phakathi neminyaka eyisikhombisa kusukela osukwini lokuzithoba kwazo ezindaweni ukuze zibe ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo, negunya loKhongolose lokumisa isikhathi sokuhlelwa kwemidanti ngo - 1939 iNkantolo Ephakeme eColeman v.

Le misebenzi efinyelelweyo inezela omunye ungqimba lobunzima enqubweni yokulungisa, idinga ukuba ukuvumelana okudingekile kufinyelelwe phakathi kwe-frame yesikhathi esithile. Nokho, akuzona zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo ezihlanganisa izikhathi ezimisiwe, futhi lezo ezingenawo isikhathi kungathiwa zingagunyazwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi, njengoba kuboniswa iSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amahlanu namashumi amabili ngemva kweminyaka engama-200 sihlongoziwe.

Imibuzo Ngokuziphindiselela

ISiphakamiso V sithi ushintsho oluye lwahlongozwa kulezizindawo luyoba ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo uma izingxenye ezintathu zezifundakazi ziluqinisa, kodwa kuphakama imibuzo ngokuthi kwenzekani uma umbuso ubhoboza ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba ezinye izifundazwe eziningi zishintshe ingqondo yazo futhi zizame ukubuyisela (okungukuthi, thatha) ukuthandeka kwazo.

Abanye abahlaziyi bangathi cha (ayikho) umbuso ugunyaziwe, obhekene nezindawo ezidingekayo ezinezingxenye ezintathu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni wenzani kamuva, kodwa abanye abahlaziyi bangasho ukuthi umbuso ungasusa ukuthandeka kwawo uma nje wenza kanjalo ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yokulungisa iqedwe, ngakho ayikho impendulo eqinisekile yalombuzo. Lendaba engaphenduliwe ingadala ukungaqiniseki ukuthi inguquko ehlongozweyo iye yagunyazwa kahle yini.

Indima Yezinqolobane Zesizwe

Igunya lokulungisa uMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States lithathwe eSiphakamisweni V soMthetho - sisekelo, futhi ngemva kokuba isishaya - mthetho sihlongoza ukulungisa, uMbhishobhi Wezomlando waseUnited States, ophethe iNational Archives and Records Administration (NARA), unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa lenqubo yokusebenzisa ama - ratiation.

Ukulungiswa okuhlongozwayo kuba ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo ngokushesha lapho kugunyazwa abantu abathathu kwabane be - United States (ama - 38 e - 50 States), futhi lapho iHhovisi Le - Federal Register liqinisekisa ukuthi liye lathola inani elidingekayo lezincwadi eziqongelelwe zokuhlanganisa, limisa isimemezelo esingokomthetho se - Archivist sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kuyasebenza futhi selibe ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo.

Le nqubo yokuqondisa iqinisekisa ukugcinwa okufanelekile nokuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho. Isiqinisekiso se- Archivist sinikeza isaziso esiqinisekile kuKhongolozeli nakuzwe ukuthi ukulungisa kuye kwagunyazwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi manje kuyingxenye yomthetho ophakeme wezwe.

Amalungiselelo Angenakubizwa Ngamagama

Imisho emibili ekupheleni kweSiphakamiso V yenza izihloko ezithile zingalungiseki, inikeza ukuthi akukho Zwe, ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwalo, lizoncishwa iSigele salo esilinganayo. Lelilungiselelo livikela isimiso sokumelelwa kwesizwe esilinganayo eSigeqeni, liqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane awanakuphucwa izwi lawo elilinganayo kulelogumbi ngaphandle kwemvume yawo.

Elinye ilungiselelo elingalungiseki, elenqabela ukubuyiselwa okuthinta ukuhweba ngezigqila ngaphambi kuka-18808, laphela ngalolo suku futhi alisabalulekile. Ilungiselelo elilinganayo lilokhu liwukuphela komngcele ohlala njalo emandleni okulungisa, nakuba ezinye izazi ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nalelilungiselelo lingalungiswa ngenqubo ethatha amanqamu amabili.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Iyasetshenziswa

Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukuhlola indlela esebenza ngayo kunikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe. Lenqubo iqala lapho amalungu oMkhandlu ethula izinqumo ezihloselwe ukuhlobana. Lezinqumo zibhekiselwa kumakomiti, lapho abaningi befa ngaphandle kwesenzo.

Uma ukulungiswa okuhlongozwayo kuthola ukusekelwa okwanele, kungathola ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti lapho ochwepheshe namalungu athakazelayo befakazela khona ngenzuzo yayo nemiphumela engenzeka. Izigwebo zokucabangela okucacile kwamakomiti zidlulela eMzini ogcwele naseSikhungweni sezingxoxo nasekuvoteni. Imfuneko yemvume yamahora amabili aphindwe kathathu kuwo womabili la makamu isho ukuthi ukubuyiselwa okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kujabulela ukusekelwa yi-bipartis.

Uma nje iSishaya-mthetho sivuma ukuvunywa kwesivumelwano, sidluliselwa ezifundazweni ukuze kuhlaziywe. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zicabangela ukulungisa ngokwezinqubo zazo siqu, ezinye izifundazwe zithatha ukuqulwa okukhulu nokuphikisana kuyilapho ezinye zithatha isinyathelo esishesha kakhulu. Inqubo yokulungisa ingathatha noma isiphi isiphi isilinganiso kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuya eminyakeni eminingana, kuye ngokwezinguquko zobunkimbinkimbi kanye nempikiswano.

Okwenza Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ibaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Inqubo yokulungisa yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje i-iphaso lemfundo noma elingokomlando − isho okukhulu emalungelweni ezakhamuzi nasekwakhekeni kukahulumeni waseMelika. Ushintsho ngalunye oluye lwagunyazwa luye lwaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezithinta indlela amaMelika aphila ngayo, asebenza ngayo, futhi ahlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili ukuqina nokuvumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ubunzima bokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo nezakhiwo zikahulumeni kuvikelwe ezifinyelelweni zesikhashana zezombangazwe noma ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukwazi ukulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungaziguqula ukuxazulula izinselele ezintsha nokulungisa amaphutha esikhathi esidlule.

Izakhamuzi Zihlanganyela Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Nakuba izakhamuzi zingenakuhlongoza noma zivumelane ngokuqondile nokulungisa umthetho- sisekelo, zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekulungiseni ngezindlela eziningana. Izakhamuzi zinganxusa abameleli bazo eSishaya - mthetho ukuba bahlongoze ukuxazulula izindaba ezizikhathalelayo. Izinhlangano ze-Grassroots kanye nezinhlangano zokuzingezwa zingakha ukusekela komphakathi ekulungiseni okuhlongozwayo, kuthonye ukuthi i-Congress izokwenza yini.

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, izakhamuzi zingathintana nabamisi-mthetho bazo bamazwe ukuze zikhuthaze ukuhlaziywa noma ukwenqatshwa kokulungisa okuhlongozwayo. Umbono womphakathi nokuhlela ukuphatha izakhamuzi kuye kwafeza indima ebalulekile ngokomlando ekuphumeleleni noma ekuhlulekeni kwezinhlelo ezihlongozwayo. Umzabalazo wabesifazane, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi konke kuye kwathonya inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ngokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi okuqhubekayo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuba khona kwenqubo yokulungisa kunemiphumela ebalulekile endleleni izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungalungiswa, izinkantolo kufanele ziwuchaze ngokuqondene nencazelo yawo yokuqala, zishiye ushintsho enqubweni yokulungisa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ubunzima bokulungisa buvumelana nencazelo evumelanayo ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo uvumelane nezimo zanamuhla.

Le mpikiswano iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngomthetho - sisekelo nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Ukulungisa inqubo kunikeza ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo ngentando yeningi, kodwa ubunzima bawo busho ukuthi izinguquko ezithile ezifiselekayo zingase zingafinyelelwa ngokulungisa umthetho ongokomthetho. Lokhu kuqina phakathi koshintsho lwentando yeningi nokuqina komthetho - sisekelo kuyaqhubeka kulawula umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukufanisa Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Sase - United States Namanye Amazwe

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States unzima kakhulu ukuncishiswa uma uqhathaniswa nomthetho-sisekelo wamanye amazwe amaningi abusa ngentando yeningi. Amanye amazwe avumela ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho ngemithetho eyisisekelo elula noma iziqu zesizwe, okwenza ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo lube lula kakhulu ukufezeka. Amanye anezinqubo ezifana noma ngisho ezinzima kunesimiso saseMelika.

Inkinga elinganiselwe yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. inazo zombili izinzuzo nezingozi. Kwesinye isandla, inikeza ukuzinza okukhethekile futhi ivimbela izinguquko ezithathelwanayo noma ezingacatshangelwanga kahle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingenza uMthetho-sisekelo uphuze ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso zezenhlalo. Indlela yokungena kwaseMelika ibonisa ukukhathazeka kwabasunguli ngokudala uhlelo oluqinile lomthetho-sisekelo olungeke lushintshwe njalo.

Isinqumo SeSichibiyelo Sesikhathi Esidlule

Naphezu kobunzima benqubo yokulungisa, iziphakamiso zokulungisa ziyaqhubeka zibekwa njalo eSixhunyeni. Iziphakamiso zamuva ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengokuguqulwa kwezezimali komkhankaso, imingcele yamalungu oMkhandlu, izimfuneko ezilinganiselayo zemali, kanye nezindaba zezenhlalo. Nakuba zimbalwa kulezi zihlongozo ezithola indawo enkulu, ziveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngombuso womthetho-sisekelo namalungelo.

Ezinye iziphakamiso zangaleso sikhathi zizama ukugumbuqela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwasungulwa iziphakamiso zokugumbuqela izinqumo zezimali zomkhankaso, ukushiswa kwefulege nezinye izindaba eziphikisanayo. Lezi ziphakamiso ziveza ukungavumelani nendlela iNkantolo eye yachaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo futhi zibonisa ukuthi le nqubo yokulungisa isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla okwahlulela.

Ikusasa Lesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Uma ubheka phambili, imibuzo isele ngekusasa lokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo eMelika. Ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe zaseMelika okukhulayo kungenza ukuvumelana okubanzi okudingekile ekulungiseni kube nzima ngisho nangokwengeziwe kunangaphambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinguquko zezenhlalo kungadala ukucindezela kokuzivumelanisa nomthetho-sisekelo okungenakuphendulwa ngokuchaza kuphela.

Ithuba lomhlangano weSiphakamiso V obizwa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni liseyindaba yesithakazelo esiqhubekayo nempikiswano. Nakuba umhlangano onjalo ungakaze ubizwe, amanye amaqembu abefundisi ayaqhubeka ephoqelela ukuba aqhube imihlangano ukuze axazulule izindaba ezithile. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi umhlangano onjalo usebenza kanjani nokuthi imingcele engakanani egunyani lawo ingakaxazululwa.

Izihluthulelo Zezakhamuzi

Amaqiniso amaningana abalulekile ngenqubo yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo afanele agcizelelwe izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika:

  • Inqubo yokulungisa idinga ukuvumelana okungavamile, nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu kanye nezigaba ezintathu kwezine zezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni (noma imihlangano) ezazidinga impumelelo.
  • Kunezinguquko ezingu - 27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa eminyakeni engaphezu kuka - 230, okubonisa ukuthi le nqubo yayinzima ngamabomu.
  • Zonke izinguquko ezingu - 27 ezagunyazwa zahlongozwa uMkhandlu; indlela yomhlangano engokomthetho ayikaze isetshenziswe.
  • I - Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, ivikela inkululeko yomuntu eyisisekelo ehlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, namalungelo afanele.
  • IziNguquko Zokwakha kabusha zabuqeda ubugqila futhi zamisa isivikelo esilinganayo namalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki uhlanga.
  • Lenqubo yokulungisa ingawandisa kokubili amalungelo (njengamalungelo okuvota) futhi ilungise izakhiwo zikahulumeni (njengemingcele yezikhathi zikamongameli).
  • Izinguquko eziyisithupha ezahlongozwa uMkhandlu ziye zahluleka ukufinyelela ukuhlanekezelwa, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo.
  • Kuye kwahlongozwa izinkulungwane zezinguquko eMkhandlwini, kodwa kuthunyelwe ezingu - 33 kuphela ezifundazweni ukuze kuhlanzwe izigwegwe.
  • Umongameli akahlanganyeli enqubweni yokulungisa.
  • Ubunzima bokulungisa bunikeza ukuzinza komthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho busavumela izinguquko ezidingekile.

Imicebo Yemfundo Nokufunda Okwengeziwe

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo nenqubo yokulungisa ziyakwazi ukuthola imithombo eminingi yemfundo. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngoMthetho-sisekelo, umlando, nencazelo yawo. Izinqolobane zesizwe [[ zilondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala kanye nezinguquko futhi zinikeza izinto zokufundisa ngomlando womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

I- Library of Congress’s Consitution Anconoted inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwelungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nezinguquko, okunombhalo ezihambelanayo emacalani eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinto ezingokomlando. Amayunivesithi amaningi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zinikeza izifundo zesihle ze-inthanethi nemithombo yezomthetho-mthetho nomlando.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kuyi-endscription eqhubekayo kunento eqhubekayo yokufunda esikhathini esisodwa. Njengoba kuhlongozwa ukulungisa okusha, kuphikiswana, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kugunyazwa, izakhamuzi zinamathuba okuhileleka emibuzweni eyisisekelo ngamalungelo, ukubusa, kanye nesimo sombuso wentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo imelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zikahulumeni waseMelika. Inikeza indlela yokushintsha umthetho - sisekelo okulinganisela ukuqina nokuvumelana, kudinge ukuvumelana okukhulu kuyilapho kusavumela izinguquko ezidingekile. Izinguquko ezingu - 27 eziye zagunyazwa ziye zawuguqula umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika ngokuyisisekelo, kusukela kuyiBill of Rights kuya ekuqedweni kwezigqila kuya ekwandisweni kwamalungelo okuvota.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela idemokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo nendlela uMthetho-sisekelo ongazivumelanisa ngayo nezikhathi ezishintshayo. Nakuba lenqubo inzima ngamabomu, ihlala ikwazi ukungenela ekuthatheni intando yeningi ngokuqapha, ngenkulumo yomphakathi, nangokubophelana nabameleli abakhethiwe. Inqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka, ngokwamazwi kaMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall, "ozimisele ukukhuthazela iminyaka eminingi ezayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukujwayela ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene zezindaba zabantu."

Njengoba i-Melika iqhubeka iguqula futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, inqubo yokulungisa iyohlala iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuzivumelanisa nomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuthi izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zizozixazulula izinkinga zamanje noma ukuthi ushintsho olungokomthetho ngokuyinhloko luyokwenzeka ngokuchaza kusazobonakala. Okuqinisekile ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa izoqhubeka ifeza indima ebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika, inikeze isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi soshintsho oluyisisekelo olungokomthetho kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukuqina nokuqhubeka okuye kwaphawula uhulumeni waseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.