Table of Contents
ISishaya-mthetho sisebenza njengegatsha lomthetho kahulumeni wase-United States, sisebenzisa igunya lomthetho-mthetho ukuba lidale, liphikisene, futhi limise imithetho ebusa isizwe. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo futhi zihileleke ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi, ziqonde ukufakwa kwemithetho yokushaya izinqumo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola zonke izigaba zenqubo yomthetho, izici ezithonya amavoti, nezindlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngazo ekulolongeni imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.
Ukuqonda Ingqungquthela: Isimiso Negunya Lomthetho - sisekelo
I-United States Congress isebenza njengendlu yomthetho ye-bimaramaral, okusho ukuthi inezikhungo ezimbili ezihlukene: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo samiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo ukuze kulinganiswe ukumelelwa kwezindawo ezinabantu abahlukene futhi kusungulwe isimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso phakathi kwegatsha le-productal ngokwalo.
Indlu yabameleli inamalungu ayizi-455 okuvota, okumelelwa uhulumeni ngamunye kunqunywe inani labantu bayo. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, bewenza alandise ngokuqondile kumavoti ngokhetho oluvamile. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iSigele sihlanganisa amalungu ayikhulu avela ezweni ngalinye (angu-2) kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liphi inani labantu abaneminyaka eyisithupha. Lo mklamo uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezwi elilinganayo okungenani egumbini elilodwa kuyilapho amazwe amakhulu anethonya elilinganayo kwelinye.
ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla awo okubeka umthetho, kuhlanganise negunya lokulawula izintela ze-levy, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi senze yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha imibuso yayo ebaliwe. Lo myalo obanzi wenza iSishaya-mthetho sibe yindikimba eyinhloko ehlela imithetho kuhulumeni kahulumeni, nakuba amandla ayo elinganiselwe ngenxa yokuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni.
Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Engqondweni Kuya Esingenisweni
Lapho Izincwadi Zivela Khona
Imibono engokomthetho ingavela emithonjeni eminingi. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ngokwawo avame ukuveza izikweleti ezisekelwe ezinhlondleni zawo ezingokwenqubo eziza kuqala, ezithembisweni, noma ezikhathaza abameleli. Amagatsha aphethe angahlela iziphakamiso zemithetho ezivumelana nezinhlelo zikaMongameli. Amaqembu asizayo, izinhlangano zezezezimali, kanye namanhlangano ezimboni ngokuvamile asondela kubahluleli abanezikweleti ezibhaliwe ezidingiswayo. Izakhamuzi zingasungula umthetho ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo ngezinhloso noma ngezicelo.
Nokho, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho kuphela angamisa umthetho ngokomthetho. Endlini, abameleli bamane bafake isaziso sabo ku-"Isikhokhi," ibhokisi lokhuni esiphansi endlu. ESigeqeni, abaphathi-cala kumelwe baqapheleke ngesikhulu esiphetheyo ukuba bamemezele isibambiso sabo phakathi nehora ekuseni noma ngemvume evumelanayo. Imali ngayinye ithola isiqu esithi "H.R" esilandelwa yinombolo yemali yendlu, noma "S" elandelwa yinombolo yezindleko zegelethi.
Izinhlobo Zomthetho
I-Congress icabangela izinhlobo eziningana zezinyathelo zomthetho. Imithetho iyindlela evame kakhulu futhi ingaba umphakathi (uthinta umphakathi wonke) noma ingeyomuntu siqu (ithinta abantu abathile noma izinhlangano). Izinqumo ezihlangene zinamandla omthetho futhi zidinga ukuvunyelwa umongameli, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa noma ukuhlobisana komthetho-mthethweni. Izinqumo zamanje zithinta izindaba ezithinta womabili amathambo kodwa azidingi ukusayinwa komthetho futhi azidingi ukusayinwa komongameli. Izinqumo ezilula zithinta igumbi elilodwa kuphela futhi zisingatha izindaba zangaphakathi.
Isabelo Sekomiti Nokubukeza: Ukugcinwa Kwamasango Okubucayi
Lapho sekwamukelwe, izikweleti zibhekiswa emakomitini anye noma ngaphezulu asekelwe endabeni yazo. Lesisabelo senziwa nguSpeaker of the House noma iSigele Majority Monist, ngokuvamile silandela imithetho yamandla ekhetha ukuthi yimaphi amakomiti asingatha izindawo zesimiso. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela uKhomishane ukuba ihlukanise umsebenzi wayo futhi ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile emikhakheni ehlukene.
Isimiso Sekomiti Nesinqumo
Indlu isebenza amakomiti amile angaba ngu-20, kuyilapho iSigele silondoloza cishe i - 16. La makomiti ayizikhondlazelo achaza izindawo ezinjengezolimo, izinkonzo ezihlomile, uhlelo lwemali, imfundo, amandla, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, amajaji, kanye nezinto zokuhamba. Kuleyo naleyo komiti emile, amakomiti amancane amaningana agxila ezindaweni ezikhethekile, avumela ngisho nokuba kwenziwe izakhiwo ezikhethekile.
Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithola ukunakwa. Bamisa uhlelo lwekomiti, banqume ukuthi ukuqulwa kwamacala kuzoba khona nini, futhi banqume ukuthi iziphi izimali zekomiti nezisebenzi ezilawulayo. Izihlalo ngokuvamile zingamalungu eqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke ekomitini, nakuba abaholi beqembu ngezinye izikhathi bephambuka emithethweni eqinile.
Inqubo Yokubukeza Yekomiti
Lapho ikomiti ithola isikweleti, isihlalo singayibhekisa ebhodini elingaphansi ukuze libukeze okokuqala noma liyigcine isesilinganisweni esigcwele sekomiti. Ikomiti encane iphenya, ithatha ukuqunga, iqoqe ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, abagcini-mathikithi, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namaqembu athakazelayo. Laba bantu balalelayo bafeza izinjongo eziningi: bakha umlando womphakathi, bafundisa amalungu ekomiti, bavumele imibono ehlukahlukene ukuba ihlolwe, futhi babangele ukunaka kwezindaba.
Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti iba nesimiso "sokuphawula" lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngamalungiselelo emali futhi ehlongoza ukuhlelwa kwemali. Lesisigaba sihilela ukubukezwa kwemigqa nge-layini futhi singabangela izinguquko ezinkulu kumthetho wokuqala. Amalungu ekomiti avota ekulungiseni ngakunye, bese evota ukuthi angayibika kahle yini lencwadi egumbini eligcwele, ayibike kabi, noma athenge ngaphandle kokutusa.
Izikweleti eziningi azikwenzi kubukezwe kwekomiti yangaphambili. AmaKomiti asebenza njengezihluzi, avumela kuphela umthetho osekelwa ngokwanele ukuba uqhubeke. Lomsebenzi wokugcina isango uvimbela ukugcwala kwendlu noma iSigele ukuba sigcwale izikweleti kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi ithonya lekomiti nobuholi eliphawulekayo izihloko ezithola ukunakekela kwemithetho.
Ukucabangela Okubalulekile: Impikiswano Nesichibiyelo Esigudwini Esiphelele
Izincwadi ezihlola indlela yekomiti ngokuphumelelayo zithuthela phansi egcwele endlini noma eSigeqeni ukuze zihlolwe. Izinqubo zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili, ziveza ubukhulu bawo obungafani namasiko awo.
Izindawo Ezisendlwini Eziyimidwebo
I House Proving Committee ifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izindleko zithathwa kanjani esitezini sendlu. Le komiti enamandla ikhipha i-"rule" kumthetho ngamunye ochaza isikhathi sempikiswano esivunyelwe, ukuthi zingabuyiselwa yini, futhi yiziphi izinguquko ezivumelekile. Imithetho ingavuleka (ivumela noma isiphi isici esikhucululwayo), ivalwe (ukungavumeli ukuqedwa kwezivumelwano), noma ukuhlelwa (ukuvumela kuphela iziphendulo).
Indlu kumelwe iqale ithathe umthetho ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezimali ngokwayo. Uma umthetho usudlula, i House inquma iKomiti ye-Whole, ithuluzi lephalamende elivumela izinqubo zengxoxo ezivumelanayo futhi lidinga amalungu ayikhulu kuphela enxanxathelanisweni ye-tomum esikhundleni se-218 evamile. Phakathi nalesisigaba, amalungu aphikisana ngempikiswano futhi acabangele ukubuyiselwa ngokomthetho ngokwezilinganiso.
Isikhathi sempikiswano sihlukaniswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi, ngesikhathi esilawulwa yibaphathi bekomiti yaphansi kanye nelungu leqembu elincane eliphethe. Ngemva kwengxoxo nokulungisa isiphetho, iKomiti ye-Bonke incincuka, nendlu yonke ivotela ohlwini lokugcina. Kudingeka iningi lalabo abakhona nabavotayo ukuze kudluliswe.
Izindlela Zokulungisa Indlu Yezigele
ISigele sisebenza ngezinqubo ezivumelana kakhulu nezivumelanayo nezingokomuntu siqu kunendlu. Amashena anamalungelo angenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba alinganiselwe ngemvume ehlangeneyo noma ukuvunywa kwe-asenaster. Lelisiko livumela i-nfalbuster, lapho abameleli bangakhuluma khona ngokungenasiphelo ukuba babambe noma bavimbele umthetho. Ukuqeda i-palbuster, ama-senea angu-60 kumelwe avote ukuze athole indawo yokuquleka, okulinganisela impikiswano engeziwe emahoreni angu-30.
Abasizi banganikeza izinguquko kunoma isiphi izindleko eziningi, ngisho noma ukulungisa kungasihlanganisi isihloko somthetho. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi ukunikeza "abashayeli," uvumela abasizi ukuba baphoqelele amavoti ezindabeni ezingase zingafiki phansi. Ubukhulu obuncane beSigebengu namasiko okugcina umthetho kusho ukuthi ibhizinisi elikhulu liqhutshwa ngezivumelwano zemvume evumelanayo, lapho bonke abasizi bevumelana khona ngezindlela ezithile zokucabangela isimemezelo.
ISigele iMajority Monist ifeza indima eyinhloko ekuhleleni isikhathi esisesitezini sokuhlala futhi izwane ngezivumelwano zemvume ezivumelanayo, kodwa izigele ngazinye zinamandla amakhulu okuthonya noma ukuvimbela inqubo yomthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukwakha isakhiwo kanye nokuxoxisana kube baluleke kakhulu eSigeqeni.
Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: Inqubo YeKomiti Yengqungquthela
Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe kudlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo. uma lamakamu amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, umehluko kumelwe uxazululwe. Lokhu kungenzeka ngezinqubo eziningana.
Indlela elula kakhulu ingeyokwamukela inguquko yenye indawo ngaphandle kokushintsha. Enye ingashintsha inguquko, ngokuvota ngakunye kushintshe enye kuze kufike isivumelwano. Izikweleti eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphikisana kakhulu, amagumbi akha ikomiti yengqungquthela.
Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili, ngokuvamile amalungu amakomiti asemadala ayecabangela izivumelwano zemali. Laba abanikezi izimvume baxoxa ngenguqulo evumelanayo ezama ukuvala ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu neSigele. Umbiko wengqungquthela olandelayo kumelwe uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa okuqhubekayo, [1] amalungu angavota yebo noma cha kuso sonke iphasela.
Amakomiti engqungquthela aye abhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokusebenza ngokubona okulinganiselwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganise namalungiselelo angavunyelwe ngokuqondile. Eminyakeni yamuva, abaholi bomhlangano ngezinye izikhathi baye badlula amakomiti angokomthetho engqungquthela, kunalokho baxoxisana ngokwethukela bese bedlulisa igumbi elilodwa elivuselelwe elinye inguqulo elamukelwa elinye ikamelo.
Isenzo Somongameli: Isignesha, I - Veto, Noma I - pocket Veto
Uma amagumbi esedlulise izimvume ezifanayo zencwadi yesivumelwano, ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze ihlolwe. UMongameli unezindlela eziningana lapho enikezwa umthetho.
UMongameli angasayina isikweleti, asenze umthetho ngokushesha. Noma, uMongameli angasibuyisela isikwele ngokuphikisa. Khona - ke uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto ngokuthola amavoti ayizi-3 ezimbili kuwo womabili amagumbi. Amavoti anqabile ngokwesilinganiso ngoba adinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kwe-bipartisan, kodwa kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ngezindaba ezivumelanayo.
UMongameli futhi unokungathatha nyathelo. Uma uMongameli engasayiniki izimpawu noma ekhipha isimemezelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi (ngeSonto elidlulele) ngesikhathi uMkhandlu useqenjini, umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa nguMongameli. Nokho, uma uMkhandlu uthatha izikhawu phakathi nalenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi futhi uMongameli engasayinanga incwadi, ufa ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-packet inveto". Ngokungafani ne-veto evamile, i-veto ekhukhwini lingenzeki ngoba i-Hulumend ayiselwanga ukuvota.
Ngezinye izikhathi abaholi bakhipha izinkulumo zokusayina lapho bevumela umthetho, bechaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho noma bezwakalisa ukukhathazeka kwabo ngamalungiselelo athile.
Izici Eziphoqelela Isinqumo Senhlangano
Ukuqonda indlela isikweleti esihamba ngayo ngeKhongolo kuchaza amakhenika awezemikhankaso, kodwa akuyichazi ngokugcwele ukuthi kungani amalungu evota ngendlela akhetha ngayo. Ukwenza isinqumo somphakathi kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwezici ezihlukahlukayo ngempikiswano, ilungu, kanye nemongo yezombangazwe.
Iqembu Lezombangazwe Liyavumelana Futhi Lihole
Ukujoyina isigaba kungenye yezibikezelo ezinamandla kakhulu zendlela amalungu avota ngayo. Amaqembu e-Congregational aye ahlukana kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, lapho amaDemocrates namaRepublicans evota njengamaqembu ahlangeneyo emthetho omkhulu. Abaholi beqembu basebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukukhuthaza ubunye, kuhlanganise nokulawula izabelo zomkhankaso, ukuxhasa, nethonya phezu kwezimo eziphambili zemithetho yamalungu.
Iqembu elikhulu lilawula uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, linqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola isikhathi esiphansi kanye namavoti. Lamandla ahlelayo avumela iningi ukuba liqhubekisele phambili izinto zalo eziza kuqala kuyilapho livimbela iziphakamiso zedlanzana. Ukuhola kweqembu kuxoxa noMongameli futhi kuxhumanisa ukuma okunobunye komphakathi ezindabeni eziyinhloko.
Nokho, isiyalo seqembu asisona esiphelele. Ngezinye izikhathi amalungu ahlukana neqembu lawo ezindabeni ezibalulekile ezisemkhankasweni wawo noma ezinkolelweni zomuntu siqu. Amalungu aphakathi ezifundeni ezincintisanayo angase avote neqembu eliphikisayo kaningi kakhulu ukuze afake isicelo sokuvota. Abaholi beqembu kumelwe balinganisele isifiso sobunye nesidingo sokuvikela amalungu angenazisulu kumavoti anzima ezombangazwe.
Izithakazelo Ezithakazelisayo Nombono Womphakathi
Amalungu eSishaya - mthetho akhethwa ukuba amelele izikhawu ezithile ezingokomhlaba, futhi okuthandwayo yiwo kuthonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwabo kokuvota. Abameleli nabameleli banikeza ukunakekela okuseduze emphakathini ezifundeni nasezifundazweni zabo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphezulu ezibangela ukuxhumana okuhlanganyelwe.
Amalungu athola ukwaziswa okuhlangene ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: izincwadi, ama-imeyili, izingcingo, imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, ne-webhsayithi yomphakathi. Nakuba amalungu engakwazi ukusabela ngokomuntu siqu kukho konke ukukhulumisana, izinhlelo ze-radiom nezindaba zefulegi zibangela ukunaka okukhulu. Imiqulu emikhulu yokuxhumana kwe-Accompism engxox ishoshosholo yayo yezombangazwe futhi ingathonya isimo selungu.
Ukucabangela okulandelayo futhi kuhlela ukwenza izinqumo. Amalungu asezindaweni ezincintisanayo azwela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi futhi makhulu amathuba okuba athathe izikhundla ezilinganiselwe. Labo abahlala ezihlalweni ezilondekile banenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuvota ngokusekelwe emfundisweni noma eqenjini. Ukusondela kokhetho olulandelayo kuthinta izibalo eziyingozi, ngezinye izikhathi amalungu agwema amavoti aphikisanayo njengendlela yokukhetha.
Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuzilibazisa
Amaqembu anesithakazelo afeza indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zobuhlanga ngokunikeza ukwaziswa, ukuqoqa izinhlangano, nokunikela emikhankasweni. Abaphangi bamelela izinkampani, izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zezempango, nezinye izinhlangano ezifuna ukuthonya umthetho.
Ngokuphambene nombono ovamile, ukunxusa kuhilela okungaphezu nje kweminikelo yomkhankaso. Abaxhasi bale mithetho banikeza amalungu oMkhandlu izinkonzo eziwusizo, kuhlanganise nobuchwepheshe bezimiso, ukucwaninga, ulimi lwemithetho, nokuhlakanipha kwezombangazwe ngezikhundla ezilinganiselwe zezisebenzi futhi abanakuba ochwepheshe kuyo yonke impikiswano, ngakho ngokuvamile bathembela kubantu abafuna ukwaziswa nabafuna ukuhlaziywa.
Amaqembu anesithakazelo abuye athonye i-Congress ngokuqoqa izintambo zotshani, adala ukuxhumana nokucindezela komphakathi ezindabeni ezithile. Aqhuba imikhankaso yokukhangisa, ahlela imibuthano, futhi asebenzise imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze alolonge umbono womphakathi futhi abonise ukusekela kwezombangazwe noma ukuphikiswa. Amaqembu amaqembu avotayo futhi afaka amalungu awo emadolobheni ukuze abeke icala lawo asekela awo.
Iminikelo yomkhankaso evela kumakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (ama-PAC) kanye nabantu abanikelayo ngamanye amaqembu enzalo banikeza omunye utalango wethonya. Nakuba ukushintshisana okuqondile okuhambisana nezindawo okukhona kuzo kungekho emthethweni, iminikelo isiza abakha amaqembu ukuba bangene futhi bakhe ubuhlobo. Amalungu avame kakhulu ukuhlangana futhi alalele amaqembu asekela imikhankaso yawo, nakuba lokhu kungaqinisekisi ukuvota.
Imibono Nezindinganiso Zomuntu Siqu
Amalungu e-Congress aletha izinkolelo zawo, izindinganiso, nezimiso ekuthatheni izinqumo zawo. Imibono yomuntu siqu ihlela indlela amalungu achaza ngayo izimpikiswano, ahlaziya ngayo izinketho zesimiso, futhi abeke phambili izinto ezikhathazayo. Amanye amalungu ashukunyiswa ngokuyinhloko izibopho zemibono futhi azimisele ukuthatha izikhundla eziyingozi kwezombangazwe ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izimiso zawo.
Isizinda kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kuthonya futhi imibono. Amalungu enkonzo yezempi angabheka izindaba zokuzivikela ngokungafani nalezo ezingenakho okuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo. Ababenebhizinisi bangase babe nemibono engafani ngomthetho wezezomnotho. Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kokunakekela impilo, imfundo, noma ezinye izinhlangano zezimiso kungakha izisekeli ezinamandla zezinguquko ezithile.
Ukholo olungokwenkolo nezinkolelo zokuziphatha kuqondisa ezinye amalungu ezindabeni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukuphela kokunakekelwa kokuphila, nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Lezi zinkolelo ezigxile kakhulu zingawadlula amabala ezombangazwe, ziholele amalungu ukuba avote unembeza wawo ngisho nalapho uphikisana nezikhundla zeqembu noma izikhundla ezithandwayo.
Iseluleko Nokuhlolwa Kwezimiso Eziphambili
Amalungu eKhongolose ayakwazi ukuthola imithombo ehlukahlukene yezeluleko ezingochwepheshe zokuzisa izinqumo zawo. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekucwaningeni izindaba, ekuhloleni umthetho, nasekucebiseni amalungu esimiso nakwezombangazwe. Amalungu ezisebenzi zasezikhundleni eziphakeme avame ukuba nobuchwepheshe obujulile ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo futhi asebenze njengabasizi abathembekile.
I-Congregational Research Research Service inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso ezingekho necala nokucwaninga kuwo wonke amalungu e-Congress. Lenhlangano yegatsha yemithetho isebenzisa ochwepheshe cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo futhi iveza imibiko, i-metalranda, nokufushaniswa kwesicelo. i-Congregational Ballet Office ihlaziya imiphumela eyimfihlo yemithetho, inikeza izilinganiso zezindleko kanye nezinqumo zezomnotho ezinikeza izinqumo zemali.
IRovement Accounting Office yenza uphenyo nokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni, isiza iSishaya - mthetho ukuba siqondise futhi siphawule izinkinga ezidinga amakhambi omthetho. Amalungu futhi athintana nochwepheshe bezemfundo, izinqola zengqondo, nezinhlangano zezimiso ezisezindaweni ezihlukene ukuze kuqoqwe izimo ezihlukahlukene ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Izindaba Nokunakwa Omphakathi
Izindaba zihlela isimo sezombangazwe lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo. Ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba ephezulu kungaphakamisa izimpikiswano ezihleliwe zemithetho, kubangele ukucindezela kokuthatha isinyathelo, futhi kuthonye umbono womphakathi. Amalungu athambekele kakhulu ekubekeni imibandela ehambisana nezindaba eziqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi uma leso sihloko sibangela ukukhathazeka.
Imithombo yezokuxhumana iye yashintsha indlela amalungu axhumana ngayo nabantu abazimele futhi aphendule ngayo ezindabeni. Amalungu asebenzisa iziteshi ezifana ne-Twitter, i-Facebook, ne-Instagram ukuchaza izikhundla zawo, aphendule ekugxekeni, futhi aqoqe abasekeli. Imikhankaso yezenhlala - kahle ingabangela ukucindezela ngokushesha ezindabeni ezithile, iphoqelele amalungu ukuba aphendule ngokushesha ezimpikiswaneni eziqubukayo.
Amalungu acabangela futhi indlela amavoti awo ayoboniswa ngayo ekuhlawulweni kwemithombo yezindaba, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zasekhaya nasemazweni. Abaphikisi bangase basebenzise amavoti ekukhankasweni okuphambene, ngakho amalungu azama ukugwema amavoti angachazwa kabi noma angathathwa kalula ngaphandle komongo. Lokhu kuhlola kokuzivikela ngezinye izikhathi kuholela amalungu ekuvoteni ngokumelene nezikweletu azisekelayo ukuze agweme ukuthonyeka kwezombangazwe.
Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile: Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokuhlolwa Kwayo
Umthetho wohlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali nowokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ulandela izinqubo ezikhethekile ezihlukile kwinqubo yasikhathi sonke yomthetho. Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali engokomthetho iqala ngokunikeza uMongameli isicelo sokusetshenziswa kwemali ekuqaleni kukaFebruary, echaza imali esetshenziswayo nezicelo zemali zonyaka ozayo.
Khona - ke iSishaya-mthetho sithuthukisa isinqumo saso sokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, isinqumo esivumelanayo esihlela izisulu zemali nemali ekhokhwayo yonke kodwa esingadingi ukuvunyelwa umongameli. Isinqumo semali sihlanganisa iziyalezo zokubuyisana, inqubo ekhethekile evumela umthetho othile ohlobene nemali ukuba udlulise iSigele ngeningi kuphela, udlulise i-banverbuster.
Amakomiti okuhlola kuwo womabili amakamu abe esehlukanisa izikweletu eziyishumi nambili ezihlukene ngokwezimali izingxenye ezihlukene zikahulumeni. Lezizikweleti kumelwe zidlule kuwo womabili amakamu futhi zisayinwe nguMongameli ngaphambi kokuba unyaka we-fiscal uqale ngo-October 1. Lapho i-Congress ingakwazi ukuqeda ukudlulisa izinqumo ngesikhathi, idlulisa izinqumo eziqhubekayo ukusekela uhulumeni okwesikhashana emazingeni amanje.
Ukwehluleka ukudlulisa iziphakamiso noma izinqumo eziqhubekayo ziphumela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni, lapho kunqamuka khona imisebenzi kahulumeni engekho ngokomthetho. Usongo lokuvala ludala imishini yezingxoxo zemali, nakuba bobabili befuna ukugwema ukuvinjelwa ngenxa yokungathandwa kwezombangazwe nokuphazamisa okuwusizo.
Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni
Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iSishaya - mthetho siqondisa igatsha eliphethe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa kahle futhi amandla okuphatha awasetshenziswa kabi.
Ukuzwa ngokuqondisisa kuvumela amalungu ezikhulu zezinhlangano ukuba abuze ngezimiso zazo, izinhlelo, nokusebenzisa izimali ezifanelekile. Lokhu kuthethwa kungaba ukubukeza okuvamile kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano noma ukuhlola okugxiliselwe ekuhlulekeni okuthiwa ukuhluleka kwezimiso. Izindlebe zobucukubhede obuphezulu zidonsa ukunaka okuphawulekayo kwemithombo yezindaba futhi zingathonya umbono womphakathi mayelana nokusebenza kukahulumeni.
UKhongolose unamandla angaphansi kokuphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi nezincwadi, nakuba izikhulu zegatsha ngezinye izikhathi zimelana nama - componionpoena ngokuthi zinelungelo eliphezulu. Lezimpikiswano zingakhula zize zifike ezinkantolo, lapho abahluleli kumelwe balinganisele igunya lobuphathi ngokumelene nezithakazelo eziyimfihlo zegatsha.
Ukuphatha kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kusiza uMkhandlu ukuba uphawule izinkinga ezidinga amakhambi emithetho, kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwegatsha elikhulu, kutshela umphakathi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, futhi kuvumela iningi ukuba lihlole futhi ligxeke ukuphatha. Ukuqina okukhulu ngokuvamile kuyakhula lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula uKhongolo-mfutho nomphathi, njengoba iqembu eliphikisayo lisebenzisa ukuqondisa ukubekela inselele izimiso zobuphathi kanye nekhono.
Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingathonya Ngayo Izinqumo Zobumbano
Ukuqonda ukuthi uKhongolose usebenza kanjani kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yomthetho.
Ukuxhumana Nabameleli Bakho
Indlela eqondile yokuthonya i-Congress iwukuthintana nabameleli bakho nabameleli. Amalungu anaka ukuxhumana okuhlangene, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezibangela inqwaba ephakeme yokuxhumana. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kuqondile, kungokomuntu siqu, futhi kuchaza ngokucacile ukuma kwakho nezenzo ozifisayo.
Izingcingo ngokuvamile ziyindlela yokuxhumana ephumelela kakhulu, njengoba zidinga ukusabela kwamanje futhi zibhalwe kabanzi nsuku zonke. Ama-imeyili nezincwadi nakho kuyafinyelelwa, nakuba zingathola ukunakwa ngokushesha ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu. Lapho uthinta ilungu lakho, zisho ukuthi ungumsizi, umthetho oqondile ngenombolo yezinombolo zemali uma kungenzeka, chaza ukuthi indaba ikuthinta kanjani wena ngokwakho, futhi usho ngokucacile ukuthi yini ofuna ilungu eliyithatha.
Ukuya emihlanganweni yedolobha kanye neminye imicimbi yomphakathi kunikeza amathuba okuxhumana nowakho ngokubhekene nobuso nabameleli. Amalungu ayakwazisa lokhu kusebenzelana okuqondile futhi avame ukulungisa izimo zawo ngokusekelwe ekutholeni inzuzo etholakala emahholo edolobha. Ukubuza imibuzo enolwazi nokuxoxa ngezindaba zomuntu siqu kungaba nethonya elikhulu.
Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla
Inkomba yemithetho yokuziphendulela enqunyweni yamaKhongolo. Amalungu angakunaki njalo ukukhetha okuhlanganyelwayo alahlekelwa yizihlalo zawo. Ukuzwa kokubili okhethweni oluyinhloko noluvamile kukuvumela ukuba ukhethe abameleli abanezici ezifana nezakho nezinto eziza kuqala.
Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingavota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, zinikele kwabazohlolwa, futhi zikhuthaze abanye ukuba bavote. Okhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba lunquma ukuthi obani abazongena kukhetho oluvamile. Ezifundeni eziningi, ngokuyinhloko umbangi onqumayo ngokuphumelela ngenxa yokuqanjwa kwabameleli, okwenza ukuhlanganyela kube okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthonyeni izimpawu.
Ukuzihlanganisa Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo
Izinhlangano zezempango zandisa amazwi ngazinye ngokuhlela ukuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlanganyela izinto eziza kuqala kuwe kukuvumela ukuba uhlanganyele emikhankasweni ehleliwe, ubuchwepheshe bokuthola izinhlelo, futhi unikele ekukhuthazeni imizamo. Izinhlangano zinikeza izixwayiso lapho amavoti abalulekile ehlelwa, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho ngezikhathi ezinzima.
Izinhlangano eziningi zezempango zinikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela ezinsukwini zokuthola izihambi, lapho izakhamuzi zihamba khona ziyohlangana khona ngokuqondile nabameleli bazo nezisebenzi zabo. Lemihlangano ehambisana nezisebenzi ingaphumelela kakhulu, njengoba ibonisa ukuthembisana izinhlangano futhi inikeza amathuba ezingxoxo zezimiso eziningi.
Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Futhi Ngifundisa Abanye
Ukuqamba izivumelwano okunempumelelo kudinga ukuqonda omagazini nenqubo yomthetho. Ukulandela izindaba zobungqungquthela ngemithombo ethembekile, ukufunda imibhalo yezingcaphuno nemibiko yamakomiti, nokuqonda imibono ehlukene ezimpikiswaneni zenkambiso kuvumela ukuthatha iqhaza kolwazi. Ama-websethi anjenge [FLT] [[1]] Ikhonvolve.gov[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] inikeza ukufinyelela kombhalo, amarekhodi okuvota, nokwaziswa kwekomiti.
Ukuxoxa ngezindaba zomphakathi, ukuxoxa ngezindaba zomphakathi, nokubhalela amaphephandaba endawo izincwadi kungasiza ekuqapheni umphakathi futhi kucindezele abantu ukuba bathathe isinyathelo.
Ukunikeza Izimpendulo Ezifakazelayo Nezizithobayo
Ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti e - Congress amukela ubufakazi basobala lapho kuqulwa icala, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezithinta imiphakathi ethile noma izimboni ezithile. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi olufanele noma okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu zingacela amathuba okunikeza ubufakazi, zinikeze ukulandisa okuzinikeza zona ngokwazo izimpikiswano ezingokwezimiso zomuntu futhi zizise izinqumo ezithathwa amalungu.
Amakomiti amaningi ayakwamukela nokuzithoba okubhaliwe kwerekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala, avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikele ngemibono yazo ngisho noma zingenakukwazi ukunikeza ubufakazi ngasese.
Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sezishaya - mthetho
Ukuqonda iqiniso elibangelwa yilemibono eyiphutha kunikeza umbono onembile mayelana nokwenziwa kwesinqumo somhlangano.
Umbono Oyiphutha: Amalungu Anakekela Iminikelo Yomkhankaso Kuphela
Nakuba izimali zomkhankaso ziwumsebenzi ofanelekile, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho asabela emathonyeni amaningi angaphaya kweminikelo. Ukwethembeka kweqembu, ukwethembeka, imibono yomuntu siqu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezimiso bonke badlala indima ebalulekile. Amalungu asezifundazwe ezilondekile ngokuvamile amisa imibono engcono kakhulu kunokuqoqa imali, kuyilapho lawo asezifundazweni ezincintisanayo agxila kakhulu enkonzweni ehlangene kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izibopho ezithandwa yiziphi. Iminikelo yomkhankaso inikeza ukungenela nokunakekela kodwa ayiqinisekisi ukuvota, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphakeme lapho amalungu ebhekene nezingcindezi eziphikisanayo.
Umbono Oyiphutha: Izakhamuzi Ngazinye Azinakwenza Umehluko
Ukuxhumana kwengxenye ngayinye kunendaba, ikakhulukazi uma amalungu amaningi eveza imibono efanayo. Amalungu alandela ukuxhumana okuhlangeneyo futhi alungise ukuma kwawo lapho ebona ukuthi azizwa enamandla endabeni ethile. Ezindabeni eziphansi ezingakhiqizi ukunakekela okubalulekile noma okusakaziwa kwemithombo yezindaba, ukufakwa kolwazi kungathatha isinqumo. Ngisho nasezindabeni ezinkulu, ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kungashukumisa amalungu, ikakhulukazi lawo asezindaweni ezincintisanayo angakwazi ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezinkulu zokhetho lwawo.
Umbono Oyiphutha: Wonke Amalungu Angcolile Noma Azikhonza
Nakuba amahlazo enziwa kakhulu emithonjeni yezindaba, amalungu amaningi eSishaya - mthetho ashukunyiswa izinkolelo zangempela nesifiso sokukhonza amalungu awo. Amalungu asebenza amahora amaningi, ahlale ehlolwa, futhi ngokuvamile angathola isikhathi esengeziwe eqenjini langasese.
Umbono Oyiphutha: Ingqungquthela Ayenzeki Nanini
Izindaba zigxila ezimpikiswaneni ezilwa abashokobezi nasemibangweni yemithetho, ziveza umbono wokuthi uMkhandlu awusebenzi ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, uMkhandlu udlulisa amakhulu ezikweletu isiqephu ngasinye, abaningi ngokusekela kwe-bipartisan. Umthetho weRoutine uphinde unikeze uhlelo, ukwenza izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, nokukhuluma ngezindaba ezingahambisani nemithetho yezezindaba kodwa umelela ukukhiqizwa okuphawulekayo. Umthetho omkhulu kunzima ukudlula ngokuklama nangezinga elilinganiselwe elidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezimiso zezinguquko zenqubo, okungakhungathekisa kodwa futhi okungavimbela ukushesha noma ukukhiqizwa kwemithetho ecatshangelwayo.
Izimo Nezinguquko Zamuva Emisebenzini Yama - congress
Inqubo yokuhlela izishaya - mthetho iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, kunezinguquko eziningana ezishintsha indlela okwenziwa ngayo izinqumo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahileleka ngayo enqubweni yomthetho.
Ukwanda Kokwanda Kokukhanya
Igebe lemibono phakathi kwamaqembu liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1970, enamalungu ambalwa alinganiselayo nangasahlukanisi kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kubonisa ukukhethwa okukhulu kwe-votorate, lapho amaDemocrates namaRepublican eba nemibono ehlukene kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni eziningi. Ukuhlinza kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuyekethisa futhi kube nengxenye ekubekeni umthetho ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu.
Ukuhlelwa kwezesayensi yezindawo kuye kwaqinisa ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo, izikhulu zasedolobheni namaRepublicans eziphethe izindawo zasemaphandleni. Lokhu kwakha izindawo ezimbalwa zokuncintisana lapho amalungu kumelwe anxuse khona ukuba athathe izikhundla ezimsulwa zemibono ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Izinselele eziyinhloko ezivela kwabashisekeli bemibono ziye zawaqeda amandla okuhlehla, njengoba amalungu asebenza ezindaweni ezisezindaweni zasemaphandleni engazifaka engozini yokukholeka ngokungenamandla.
Ukusetshenziswa Kakhulu Kwamandla Ekuholeni
Abaholi beqembu baye banqwabelana amandla angaphezulu ngokuphathelene namalungu aphezulu nawamafayela nezihlalo zamakomiti. Manje ukuhola kunendima enkulu ekunqumeni izabelo zamakomiti, ukulawula izimiso zephansi, nokuxoxa ngemithetho emikhulu. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba amalungu ahleleke kakhulu kodwa kunciphisa amathuba okuba amalungu athonye umthetho ngaphandle kokuhola.
Ukwehla kohlelo oluvamile [1] inqubo engokwesiko yekomiti esemaphakathi-"ihambisana nokuqondisa. Izindleko ezinkulu zincishiswa ngokuhola futhi zilethwa phansi, zidluliswe ngokuqondile, zincishiswe futhi zilinganiswe amathuba. Nakuba lendlela ingasiza ekuthatheni isinyathelo esiza kuqala sobuholi, inciphisa ukuthatha iqhaza futhi ilinganisela ukuthatha inxaxheba ekwakheni umthetho.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle
Ubuchwepheshe buye bandisa kakhulu ukutholakala kokwaziswa okuhlangene nomphakathi. Ama-website anikeza amathuba angempela okuthola imibhalo yemali, amarekhodi ovota, izimiso zamakomiti, nemicimbi yaphansi. Izakhamuzi zingabukela ukuzwakala nokuphikisana okusesitezini nge-video futhi zilandele amalungu ezokuxhumana ukuze zixhumane ngokuqondile.
Lokhu kubonakala kunemiphumela emihle nembi. Ukutholakala okukhulu kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqondisa abameleli bazo nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, ukuhlola komphakathi njalo kunganqanda ukuxoxa kwabantu ngasese nokuhlehla okuvame ukwenza kube lula ukusebenzelana kwemithetho. Amalungu angase athathe izikhundla zomphakathi ezinzima ukuze anelise isisekelo sawo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela izivumelwano ze-bipartarian.
Indawo Ezungezile Eshintshayo Yemithombo Yezindaba
Ukuhlukana kwemithombo yezindaba kuye kwashintsha indlela amalungu axhumana ngayo nabantu abaphethe izinhlangano nendlela izimpikiswano ezifinyelela ngayo ezihlokweni zomthetho. Imithombo yezindaba yendabuko iye yancipha lapho imithombo yezindaba encintisanayo nemithombo yezindaba isiye yakhula. Amalungu manje angakhuluma ngokuqondile nabasekeli ngemithombo yezokuxhumana, adlulise abagcini bamasango bezezindaba abangokwesiko.
Le nguquko inezinzuzo nezingasizi. Ukuxhumana okuqondile kuvumela amalungu ukuba achaze izimo zawo ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa kwemithombo yezindaba futhi aqoqe abasekeli ngokushesha. Nokho, izindawo ezihlukanisayo zemithombo yezindaba zingaqinisa ukuhlukana ngokuvumela amalungu nezindawo ezihlukene zokwaziswa ezinamaqiniso ahlukene nezinto eziza kuqala. Imikhankaso yezenhlalo yezokuxhumana ingabangela ukucindezela kokusabela okusheshayo ezindabeni ezivelayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphambi kokuba amalungu abe nesikhathi sokucabangisisa.
Indima Yokuyekelela Nokuphikisana
Naphezu kokwanda kokuhlukana, ukuyekethisa kusadingeka ukuze kuphumelele imibuso. Isimiso somthetho - sisekelo semibuso ehlukene ne-bababraral sidinga ukwakha imifelandawonye ehlukene nemibono. Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlehla okusebenza ngayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani umthetho ngokuvamile uhluka ezihlongozweni zokuqala nokuthi kungani lenqubo ingashesha ngokukhungathekisayo.
Ukuxoxisana kwemithetho okuphumelelayo kuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezivumelanayo, ukwenza ukuhweba phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala ezincintisanayo, kanye nokuqamba ulimi oluvumela amalungu anezimo ezihlukene ukuba asekele isikweleti esifanayo. Abaqondisi-zinqumo kumelwe balinganisele imigomo yabo nezindawo zezombangazwe, ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amalungiselelo abalulekile futhi yimaphi angashintshwa noma ahlehliswe ukuze kuvinjelwe amavoti adingekayo.
Ukuhlehla kuvame ukuvezwa ngendlela ephambene, lapho abagxeki besola amalungu ezimiso zokulahla izimiso noma ukuthengisa. Nokho, embusweni wentando yeningi ohlukene nohulumeni ohlukene, kudingeka ukuyekethisa ukuze kufinyelele noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka kwemithetho. Okungasetshenziswa ekuyekethiseni kobuqotho ngokuvamile akunacala, kushiya izinkinga zingabekwanga zintambo. Izishayamthetho eziphumelelayo ziyaqonda lapho kufanele zibambelele ngokuqinile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo futhi lapho zivuma ukunqoba okuthatha isimiso esihambisana nesiqondiso esithandwayo.
Ukuthembana phakathi kwabasizi kulula ukuvumelana. Uma amalungu ekholelwa ukuthi amalungu awo ayo ayohlonipha izivumelwano futhi axoxisane ngokholo oluhle, azimisele ngokwengeziwe ukuvumelana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ukuthembana kuwohloka, amalungu aba lukhuni futhi avikeleke ngokwengeziwe, ukwenza isivumelwano. Ukwakha nokugcina ithemba kudinga ukukhulumisana okungaguquguquki, ukulandela izibopho, nokugwema ukuhlasela komphakathi okwenza kube nzima kwabanye ukusebenza nawe.
Ukuqonda Ulimi Olusemthethweni Nezakhiwo
U-Bhishobhi babhalwa ngolimi olukhethekile olungokomthetho olungase lube nzima ukuba ochwepheshe baluqonde. Nokho, ukufunda ukufunda ulimi lwezishaya-mthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo enqubeni yomthetho futhi ziqonde ngokuqondile ukuthi yini imithetho ehlongozwayo engayenza.
Amabhuleki aqala ngesihloko esifushane kanye nengxenye etholiwe echaza inkinga amakheli omthetho. Amalungiselelo asebenzayo abese echaza ukuthi yiziphi izenzo ezidingekayo, ezenqatshelwe, noma ezigunyaziwe. Ngokuvamile u-Bless ulungisa umthetho okhona ngokushaya ulimi oluthile nangokufaka umbhalo omusha, okungenza kube nzima ukuyiqonda ngaphandle kokubhekisela emyalelweni oyisisekelo olungiswayo.
Amagama ayinhloko okuqonda ahlanganisa "intambo" (ikhomba imfuneko ebophekile), "may" (ibonisa igunya elingokomthetho), kanye "noghub) (ibonisa ukuthi ilungiselelo liyasebenza naphezu kolimi oluphikisanayo kwenye indawo). Amalungiselelo okugunyaza anika izinhlangano igunya lokuthatha izenzo ezithile noma ukumisa izinhlelo, kuyilapho amalungiselelo okunikeza izimali empeleni alungiselela ukwenza leyo misebenzi.
UBill ufushanisa okulungiselelwe yiKhomishane yokucwaninga yeNkonzo ye-Congregational Recationer inikeza izincazelo ezicacile zolimi lwezikweletu, izenze zitholakale kakhulu ezakhamuzini ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho. Lezi zifushaniso zikhona ku [FLT][1] I-Conreg.gov[ [[FLT]] ngazo zonke izikweletu ezisunguliweyo futhi zinikeza iphuzu eliwusizo lokuqala ukuqonda izikweleti eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukubaluleka Kokumisa Isikhathi Eside Enqubweni Yomthetho
Ukuqonda isikhathi sokushaya umthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi kufanele zihileleke nini ngokuphumelelayo nokuthi kungani izindaba ezithile zinakekelwa lapho ezinye zihlupheka.
IKhongolo ngalinye lithatha iminyaka emibili, lihlukaniswa libe izikhawu ezimbili zeminyaka. Amabhuloho angadluli zombili futhi asayinwe emthethweni ekupheleni kokuphela kweminyaka emibili yeSishaya-Mkhandlu kuyafa futhi kumelwe kubuyiselwe eMkhandlwini olandelayo. Lokhu kubangela ukuphuthuma ngasekupheleni koMkhandlu ngamunye, lapho amalungu ephuthuma ukuqeda isenzo sokulinda umthetho ngaphambi kokuba isimiso siphele.
Unyaka wokuqala weSishaya - mthetho esisha uvame ukubona umsebenzi wemithetho owengeziwe kunangonyaka wesibili, ikakhulukazi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala lapho iqembu elisha lizama ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwalo. Unyaka wesibili uvame ukulawulwa ezombangazwe zokhetho, amalungu abe madolonzima ukuvota okungaphikiswana ngawo emikhankasweni.
Izenzakalo zangaphandle zingadala amathuba omthetho. Izinhlekelele, izinhlekelele, noma izenzakalo eziphezulu zivame ukwenza ukuba umphakathi ufune ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlela, zibangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuba kudluliswe imithetho engase inqandwe. Ngezinye izikhathi abameleli balindele ukuba lamafasitela asunduze izinto zawo eziza kuqala, bazi ukuthi izikhathi ezivamile zenza kube nzima ukuqhubekisela phambili umthetho omkhulu.
Umthetho odlulayo njengasekwenzweni kwezindleko nezikweletu wandisa amathuba okuhlanganisa amanye amalungiselelo angawadluli. Ngezinye izikhathi amalungu asebenzisa lezimoto ukuze aphoqelele ukuthatha isinyathelo ezintweni zawo eziza kuqala, nakuba lomkhuba ungaholela ekuthatheni izivumelwano zokuthumba futhi uhulumeni avimbe lapho izingxoxo ziphela.
Imithombo Elandela Umsebenzi Wezingqungquthela
Imithombo eminingi isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilandelele umsebenzi wobukhomanisi futhi zihlale zinolwazi ngenqubo yomthetho. Ukusebenzisa lamathuluzi kusiza ukuba izivumelwano eziphumelelayo nokuqashwa kuphumelele.
.gov [[FLT]] iyiwebhusayithi esemthethweni yolwazi lobuhlanga, inikeza ukufinyelela imibhalo yesivumelwano, amarekhodi okuvota, imibiko yamakomiti, neCongregational Record. Abasebenzisi bangafuna umthetho ngegama eliphezulu, inombolo yomthetho, noma isixhasi, futhi bangalandela izikweleti ezithile ukuze bathole ukushintshwa uma isenzo senzekile.
I-Congressional Research Service iveza imibiko engeyoyayo yemithetho emayelana nezinqumo zemithetho kanye nezihlongozo zomthetho, nakuba lemibiko ingatholakali njalo obala. Ezinye izinhlangano ezifana ne [FLT]] Ukuthatha imibiko ye-American Scientists[[ umsebenzi wokwenza i-CRS ifinyeleleke obala.
I-CSPAN inikeza i-pass ephilayo yemikhankaso yendlu neSishaya-mthetho, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti, nezinye izenzakalo zomhlangano. Lokhu kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibukele inqubo yomthetho ivulwa ngesikhathi sangempela futhi zizwe amalungu ngokuqondile kunokuba zithembele ekufushaneni kwemithombo yezindaba.
Izinhlangano eziningi zezezimali futhi zicabanga ukuthi zisekela imithetho evumelana nemibono evumelana nezindaba zazo futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa kwemibono yazo. Ukulandela izinhlangano ezivumelana nezindinganiso zakho kungakusiza ukuba wazi izinto ozikhathalelayo futhi ufunde ukuthi ungathintana nini nabameleli bakho.
Izindaba zendawo zivame ukuhlanganisa indlela abameleli bakho abavota ngayo kanye nezimpikiswano abazibeka kuqala. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nezintatheli zendawo ezihlanganisa uMkhandlu kungakusiza ukuba uhlale wazi ngemisebenzi yabathuthi bakho futhi unikeze amathuba okuxoxa nawe ngemiphumela yemithetho yendawo.
Isiphetho: Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyelayo Nentando Yeningi Ephumelelayo
Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enqunywayo enika ngayo izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Nakuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingabonakala iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ikhungathekisa, kubonisa inhloso yomsunguli yokufuna ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso nokuvikela ekuthatheni umthetho osheshayo noma ongacatshangelwa kahle. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwalesi simiso, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuveza i-grackbock, kuvimbela noma isiphi isici ekuhlonzeni sokufuna ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa imibono ehlukahlukene.
Ukwenza isinqumo somthetho kuhilela okungaphezu kakhulu kwamavoti amaningi avamile. Amalungu alinganisela ukucindezela okuncintisanayo okuvela kubantu abazimele, abaholi beqembu, amaqembu afuna isithakazelo, kanye nezinkolelo zawo. Basebenza phakathi kwezakhiwo ezisemkhakheni ezifuna ukunakwa kanye nayiphi imiphumela ekhona. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise izinhlelo ezihlelekile, zazi ukuthi zizizwa nini futhi kanjani.
Intando yeningi idinga ukuba isakhamuzi esinemisebenzi. Nakuba ukuvota kubalulekile, ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphumelelayo kudlulela ngalé kokhetho ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nabameleli, ukugunyaza ukuhlelwa kwesimiso, nemizamo yokufundisa nokukhuthaza abanye. Izakhamuzi eziqonda inqubo yomthetho zingawabona amathuba okuthonya izinqumo, ukwakha imifelandawonye nabanye abahlanganyela nabo izinkathazo zabo, futhi zibeke abameleli bazo icala ngezenzo zabo.
Izinselele ezibhekene noKhongolo-kanye ne-Congress , i-roup lock, kanye nokuncipha kokwethenjelwa komphakathi, kungokoqobo futhi kuphawuleka. Nokho, lezi zinselele zenza ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngolwazi kube okubaluleke kakhulu, hhayi okuncane. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo futhi zihlanganyele ngentshiseko enqubweni yomthetho, ziqinisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi zandisa amathuba okuba izinqumo zobulungu zibonise isithakazelo somphakathi. Ngokufunda ngeSishaya-Congress kanye nokuhlanganyela nenqubo yezenkolo, izakhamuzi zifeza indima yazo ebalulekile eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi nosizo oluqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela kubantu abawukhonzayo.