Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Isiqondiso Esiqinile Samalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo
Inqubo ingenye yezimiso eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, esebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi esivikela abantu ekuphathweni ngokungenabulungisa nangakho kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola izinqubo zobulungisa nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho ngaphambi kokuba aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene neziphakamiso zobugebengu, ubhekene nezikhalo zomthetho, noma uqhube izimpikiswano ezihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukuqonda inqubo efanele kukusiza ukuba uqaphele amalungelo akho kanye nesivikelo esikhulu esingokomthetho ongasithola njengesakhamuzi.
Umqondo wenqubo efanele uye wavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ulandelela izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva eMagna Carta ka-1215, futhi usuye wagxila kakhulu esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Namuhla, uthinta cishe zonke izinqubo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, kusukela ekunqamukeni kwezimoto kuya ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, kusukela ekuzweleni kwezesikole kuya ekuqulekeni kwempahla. Lesiqondiso esibanzi siyohlola izisekelo zenqubo efanele, izisekelo zaso ezingokomlando, izinhlelo ezisebenzayo, futhi isizathu sokuba kuqhubeke kubalulekile ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye emphakathini wanamuhla.
Iyini Inqubo Efanele?
Inqubo elindelekile ifakwa eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States ngamalungiselelo amabili ahlukene kodwa ahlobene: iSichibiyelo sesihlanu neSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Isichibiyelo sesihlanu, sagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSigqi Samalungelo Abantu, sithi akekho umuntu ozothiwa “ungabi nakuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Leli lungiselelo lisebenza ngokuqondile ezenzweni ezithathwe uhulumeni.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, siqukethe ulimi olucishe lufane kodwa sisebenza kuhulumeni bendawo. Lokhu kulungisa kumemezela ukuthi akukho mbuso ozothi "awuyikukhipha noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho". ”
Phakathi nendawo, inqubo efanele idinga uhulumeni ukuba alandele izinqubo ezilungile lapho enza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo omuntu noma inkululeko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza isaziso esanele sezenzakalo, ithuba lokuzwiwa, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, nesinqumo esenziwa umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo ziyahluka kuye ngokwendlela isenzo sikahulumeni nezithakazelo ezisesigceni, kodwa isimiso esingaphansi kwesimiso sihlala sikhona: ukwahlulela okulungile kumelwe kuphumelele kuzo zonke izinqumo zohulumeni nabantu ngabanye.
Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwenqubo Efanele
Umqondo wenqubo efanele unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando ezidlulela kude kakhulu kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Isimiso singalandelelwa emuva eMagna Carta, ibhukwana elingokomlando lesiNgisi elasayinwa iNkosi uJohn ngo-1215, elaveza ukuthi ngisho namamonarch kumelwe ahloniphe izinqubo ezithile ezingokomthetho futhi angeke aphike izihloko zamalungelo awo. Isithembiso sikaMagna Carta sokuthi "akukho muntu okhululekile oyobanjwa noma agqunywe, noma aphucwe amalungelo akhe noma impahla... ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sabanye abalingana naye noma umthetho wezwe" sibeka isisekelo sezindlela zanamuhla zokuvikela.
Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wabuye wasungula lezisivikelo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka alandela, wamisa izivikelo zemvelo abathathi-zincwadi ababeziletha eMelika. Lapho abasunguli bemisa uMthetho-sisekelo, baqaphela ukubaluleka kokuvikela izakhamuzi kuhulumeni ngokuphamba futhi bahlanganisa nenqubo efanele eMithendelekweni yamaLungelo. Nokho, isivikelo sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo sasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, sishiya amazwe ekhululekile ukumisa izinqubo zawo siqu.
Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868 kwaphawula isikhathi sokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ngalé kokudlulisa inqubo yokuvikela ezenzweni zikahulumeni, ukulungisa kwaba yimoto lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane "ifaka" okuningi kweMikolo Yamalungelo evikela izifundazwe. Lenqubo yokufaka isho ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, futhi isivikelo ekucwaningeni okungacabangeli manje asebenza khona kuhulumeni nasehulumenini bendawo ngeSiphendulo se-Gradizo se-Gradient's Claus.
Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle
Inqubo efanelekile yokulawula igxila ekuqondeni kokulunga kwezinqubo ezisetshenziswa lapho uhulumeni ethatha isinyathelo esithinta ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma izithakazelo zempahla. Lesi sici senqubo efanele sibuza umbuzo: "Ingabe inqubo ilungile?" kunokuhlola ukuthi uhulumeni wayenegunya lokuthatha isinyathelo endaweni yokuqala. Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ezimweni, kodwa izici ezithile eziyinhloko zisebenza jikelele ngalé komongo ohlukile.
Ukuhlola I - Eldridge
Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela okusungulwe enkantolo evelele yeNkantolo Ephakeme . AmaMathews v. Eldridge (76) ukuze kuthole ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezifanele ezidingekayo esimweni esithile. Lokhu kuhlola kusinda izici ezintathu: okokuqala, isithakazelo somuntu siqu esizothintwa yisenzo sikahulumeni; okwesibili, ingozi yokuncishwa kwesithakazelo ngenani elingafanele ngezinqubo ezisetshenziswayo nangenani elifanele lezengeziwe noma isivikelo se-procracy; nelesithathu, isithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindleko zobuphathi bemithetho ezizongezelelwe.
Lendlela evumelanayo iyaqaphela ukuthi izimo ezihlukene zidinga amazinga ahlukene esivikelo sezemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqulwa kwecala lapho inkululeko yothile isengozini kudinga izinqubo ezinkulu ezihlanganisa ilungelo lokuya elulekweni, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ubufakazi obungenakungatshazwa, nokuqulwa kwejaji. Ngokungafani, umfundi obhekene nokunqanyulwa okufushane esikoleni somphakathi udinga isaziso nethuba elithile lokuzwakala, kodwa hhayi ukuzwa ngokugcwele okumelelwe ngokusemthethweni.
Izici Eziyisisekelo Zenqubo Eyisisekelo
Nakuba izimfuneko ezithile zihlukahluka, inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izici eziningana eziyisisekelo. Notice iyisitho sokuqala esibalulekile `inuctive'" kumelwe bathole ukwaziswa okwanele mayelana nesenzo sikahulumeni esithathwayo. Le saziso kumelwe sibelwa ngokunengqondo ukuze sazise umuntu ngenqubo futhi sinikeze imininingwane eyanele mayelana nesimo sesenzo, igunya elingokomthetho layo, kanye nesikhathi nendawo yanoma yisiphi isizwa.
Ithuba lokuzwana [ limelela elinye itshe lenqubo efanelekile yokulungisa. Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni aphuce othile isithakazelo esivikelekile, lowomuntu ngokuvamile kumelwe abe nethuba lokunikeza ingxenye yakhe yendaba. Isikhathi salelithuba sibalulekile, kumelwe ukuba kuzwakala ngaphambi kokuncishwa kwempahla, nakuba ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma lapho izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile zisesiphazameni, ukuzwa ngokushesha ngemva kwendaba kunganele.
Umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ngokulunga. Umuntu noma umzimba owenza isinqumo kumelwe angathathi hlangothi futhi angasoleki, ngaphandle kokufakwa komphumela noma ukuvinjelwa kwemali. Lemfuneko ivimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo futhi isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emaqinisweni nasemthethoni kunezithakazelo zomuntu siqu noma ubandlululo.
kwesokudla sokuveza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano uvumela abantu ukuba basekele isikhundla sabo ngokwaziswa okuhlobene naso. Kuye ngomongo, lokhu kungahlanganisa ilungelo lokubiza ofakazi, ukungenisa amabhukwana, ofakazi abaphikisanayo, futhi benze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Izinga lamalungelo lihluka ngokwezilinganiso ezisekelwe ku Mathes v. Eldridge
isebenza ezimweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zobugebengu lapho ukubopha kunokwenzeka khona. ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa kumelwe banikezwe iseluleko ngezindleko zikahulumeni. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile akukho lungelo lomthetho lokweluleka okumisiwe, nakuba abantu bengaqasha abameli babo siqu.
Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo
Nakuba inqubo efanelekile yokuveza inqubo igxile ekuqondeni ngokulunga kwezinqubo zikahulumeni, inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo zingaba zinhle kangakanani. Lemfundiso iyabuza: “Ingabe uhulumeni unegunya lokuthatha lesinyathelo nakanjani? ” kunokumane uhlole ukuthi izinqubo ezifanelekile zilandelwa yini.
Inqubo eyisici esiyisici esiyinhloko esiyisici esiyisici esiyinhloko somthetho-mthetho - sisekelo uye waba esinye sezici eziphikisana kakhulu, njengoba kudinga izinkantolo ukuba zibone ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu kangangokuba afanelwe isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ngisho noma engashiwo ngokuqondile embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi i-Gast Procession Claus ayivikeli lawomalungelo abekwe ngokuqondile kuyiBill of Rights kodwa futhi amalungelo ayisisekelo angasekelwe engo "amukelekile emqondweni wenkululeko emisiwe" noma "esekelwe ngokujulile kakhulu emlandweni nasesikweni salesi sizwe.""
Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nenkathi Yezigebengu
Umlando wenqubo edingayo engaphansi kwenkathi edingayo ehlanganisa inkathi ephikiswayo eyaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yeLochner, eqanjwe ngecala leNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1905 Lochner v. INew York. Phakathi nalenkathi, eyathatha cishe kusukela kuma1990 kuya kuma-1930, iNkantolo yasebenzisa inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwemithetho yezezomnotho, kuhlanganise nemithetho yeholo elilinganiselwe, nemithetho yehora eligcwele. Inkantolo yathi lemithetho iphula ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuhlanganisa "Inkululeko Yesivumelwano"."""
Lendlela yabangela ukugxekwa okukhulu ngenxa yokuvumela amajaji angakhethwanga ukuba athathele ababekhetha ezomnotho esikhundleni sezindlu zomthetho ezikhethwe ngedemokrasi. INkantolo ekugcineni yalahla lokhu kusetshenziswa kobudlova kwenqubo efanelekile yokuvikela amalungelo ezomnotho, futhi kusukela ngo-1937, iNkantolo ngokuvamile iye yazivumela izahlulelo zemithetho mayelana nemithetho yezezomnotho, isebenzisa isisekelo esiphansi kakhulu "sokwe-" kubhekiswe emithethweni enjalo.
Inqubo Eyinqubo Yanamuhla Engalindelekile: Inkululeko Yobuqu Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu
Nakuba iNkantolo yadebeselela ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezomnotho ngenqubo edingayo, yaqala ukusebenzisa lemfundiso ukuze ivikele inkululeko yomuntu siqu namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Lendlela yanamuhla yokuhlela inqubo efanelekile yenzeka iqaphele amalungelo amaningana ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuthola abantwana, ilungelo lokuqondisa imfundo nokukhuliswa kwezingane, ilungelo lobuqotho bomzimba, nelungelo lokuzimela ezindaweni zomuntu siqu eziyimfihlo.
Izimo eziphawuliwe zimise izimpawu ezibalulekile kulendawo. Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1] (65) yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokusebenzisa imibhangqwana eshadile ukusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo. [[FLT:]]] Virginia [1967] [197]]) yashaya imithetho enqabela ukushada kwezinhlanga. [[FLT:] Roev.[[FLT][FL:][FLT][5][5][9] [3] [imithetho efanayo] [imvume] egunyazwe [[FLT]
Uma uhulumeni ephula ilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe ngenqubo edingayo eyisisekelo, izinkantolo zisebenzisa "ukuhlola okungokwezigodi," izinga elifuna kakhulu lokuhlola kokwahlulela. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi isinyathelo sakhe siyadingeka ukuze afinyelele isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo nokuthi usebenzisa izindlela ezingezinkulu kakhulu ezikhona. Lensika ephezulu yenza kube nzima kakhulu ngohulumeni ukuthethelela imingcele emalungelweni ayisisekelo.
Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Kwesigebengu
Izenzo zobugebengu zimelela umongo lapho inqubo yokuvikela ikhuliswe kakhulu futhi ithuthukiswa kakhulu. Izigxobo ezisezicabeni zobugebengu cishe zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa inkululeko ngokuboshwa noma ngisho nokulahlekelwa ukuphila ngokujeziswa ngokufa."Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvikela inqubo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izivikelo eziningi ezikhethekile kubamangalelwa, abaningi babo abaqondwa njengengxenye yenqubo efanele.
Amalungelo enqubo alindelekileyo angaphambi kwenkathi
Izimiso zokuvikela ezifanele ziqala ezingeni lokuqala lophenyo lobugebengu futhi ziqhubeke kuyo yonke le nqubo. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuseshwa okungacabangeli nokuquleka sivimbela ukugxambukela kwamaphoyisa okungenangqondo futhi sidinga izimvume ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ezinhlahleni zokuphenya. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela abantu ekuphoqelekeni ukuba bafakazele ukuthi bamelene nabo, kuvela izixwayiso ezidumile "Miranda" amaphoyisa okumelwe azinikeze ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola imvume.
Ngemva kokuboshwa, inqubo efanele idinga ukumiswa kokwahlulela okusheshayo kwesizathu okungenzeka. Abalweli kumelwe batshelwe ngamacala ababekwe wona ngokuwamangalela noma ngokwaziswa okungokomthetho. ISikhawulo Seziphendu sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banolwazi olungokomthetho olungochwepheshe ekuqondiseni isimiso somthetho sobugebengu. Labo abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, uhulumeni kumelwe banikeze umuntu izindleko, njengoba kusungulwe ecaleni lophawu Gideon v. Wainwright [[FLD:1] [1963]
Ilungelo lokukhokha ibheyili ezicini eziningi livumela abamangalelwa ukuba bahlale bekhululekile ekulahlweni kwecala, nakuba izinkantolo zingamisa ibheyili noma zifake izimo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubonakala enkantolo futhi kuvikelwe ukuphepha komphakathi. I-bheyili eqinisiwe yenqatshelwe yiSichibiyelo se-Heighth. Inqubo idinga futhi ukuba abashushisi badale ubufakazi bokudalula obunganikeza ubufakazi obuthintiweyo . /ukukhombisa obungafakazela ubumsulwa bommangalelwa, njengoba kusungulwe Brady v. Maryland (1963).
Amalungelo Okuqulwa Icala Nezivikelo
Icala ngokwalo lizungezwe izinhlelo ezibanzi zenqubo. ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngokushesha, sivimbela ukuvalelwa okunganqunywanga ngaphandle kwesinqumo futhi siqinisekise ukuvela kwecala enqubweni yokwahlulela yontanga yontanga engakhethi. Ilungelo lokuqulwa linikeza i-explorence ebusayo ngokufuna ukuba izakhamuzi ezivamile, hhayi izikhulu zikahulumeni, zivume ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala.
Abalweli banelungelo lokubhekana nabo futhi banikeze ubufakazi obungangatshazwa, babavumela ukuba baphikise ukwethenjelwa nokunemba kobufakazi. Banelungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe ukuba bathole ofakazi bemvume, baqinisekise ukuthi banganikeza isivikelo esiphelele. Umshushisi unomthwalo wokubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungangangangangatshazwa, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esemthethweni waseMelika, ebonisa ukuthi kungcono ukuba abantu abanecala bakhululeke kunokuba babekwe icala.
Ilungelo elimelene nezingozi ezimbili, elitholakala futhi eSichibiyelweni Sesihlanu, livimbela uhulumeni ukuba amangalele umuntu kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa.
Inqubo yokulungisa iposi
ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, sinciphisa ukuqina kwemisho nezindlela zokujezisa. Abalweli banelungelo lokudlulisela izinkolelo zabo, futhi ezimweni ezibulalayo, ukudlulisa izikhalo kuphoqelekile. Iziboshwa zilondoloza amalungelo athile omthetho-sisekelo futhi azinakubekwa ngaphansi kwesijeziso noma izimo zokuvalelwa eziphula isithunzi somuntu esiyisisekelo.
Ukuqulwa kwecala lika Habeas kunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe, kuvumela iziboshwa ukuba zibeke inselele ngokomthetho wokuboshwa kwazo enkantolo kahulumeni ngisho nangemva kokuba ukunxusa kwazo kuphelile. Lobububukiso basendulo, ngezinye izikhathi obubizwa ngokuthi "UMnyuziyamu Omkhulu," busebenza njengendlela yokuhlola yokugcina ngokugwenywa okungekho emthethweni futhi buye basetshenziselwa ukuxazulula ukuphulwa komthetho ngokomthetho okungathi sína kuhlanganise nosizo olungaphumeli kahle lweseluleko nokuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi.
Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Kwangaphakathi
Nakuba inqubo yokuvikela enqubweni yezakhamuzi ngokuvamile ingaba nkulu kakhulu kunasezicabeni zobugebengu, ihlala ibalulekile ekuvikelweni uhulumeni ozimele. Izenzakalo zombango zingahlanganisa inzuzo ephawulekayo ehlanganisa amalungelo empahla, umsebenzi, izinzuzo zikahulumeni, amalungelo obuzali, kanye nokuma kwezokufuduka. Izinga lenqubo elidingekayo lixhomeke esimweni senzalo ehilelekile nasengozini yokuncishwa okungafanelekile.
Amalungelo Empahla Nezinzuzo Zikahulumeni
Inqubo efanele ayivikeli amalungelo empahla engokwesiko kuphela njengendawo kanye nezinto zomuntu siqu kodwa futhi nezindawo ezithile "izithakazelo zempahla" ezakhiwa umthetho kahulumeni noma inkambiso kahulumeni. Goldberg v.Kelly (1970), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle zihlanganisa inzalo yempahla evikelwe ngenqubo efanele, idinga ukulalelwa ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo ziphele. Lesimiso sinyuselwe kwezinye izinzuzo zikahulumeni futhi sinikezwe lapho abantu benelungelo elingokomthetho lokunikezwa ilungelo lokwanethemba noma ithemba elingenalo.
Umsebenzi womphakathi ungadala futhi izithakazelo zempahla ezivikelwe ngenqubo efanele. Othisha abakhokhelwayo, izisebenzi zomphakathi ezivikelekile emsebenzini, nezinye izisebenzi zomphakathi ezingaxoshwa kuphela "ngesizathu" zinesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini oqhubekekayo ongeke ususwe ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga isaziso sezizathu zokukhishwa kwempahla kanye nethuba lokusabela, nakuba izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo zingekho emthethweni kunasezimweni zobugebengu.
Inkululeko Inesithakazelo Ezimweni Zomphakathi
Izithakazelo zenkululeko ezivikelwe ngenqubo efanele zidlulela ngalé kwenkululeko ekuzithibeni. Ukulimala kwedumela lomuntu ngokuphathelene nesenzo sikahulumeni kungasusa izithakazelo zenkululeko, ikakhulukazi uma zithinta ikhono lomuntu lokuphishekela umsebenzi othile. Abazali banesithakazelo esiyisisekelo sokunakekela, ukuwinwa kwezingane, nokulawulwa, okusho ukuthi imizamo kahulumeni yokususa amalungelo abazali noma ukususa abantwana kubazali babo idinga inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela.
Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi banempahla nenkululeko ezifundweni zabo ezidinga inqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuba basuswe noma baxoshwe. Gos v. Lopez [19975], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi abafundi ababhekene ngisho nezigwegwe ezimfushane kumelwe bathole isaziso samacala kanye nethuba lokusabela. Ukuxoshwa noma ukuxoshwa okubanzi kudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho, ezihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwelungelo lofakazi bamanje nobufakazi.
Intuthuko Yokuphatha
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zenza izinqumo ezingenakubalwa ezithinta amalungelo abantu nezithakazelo, ezilahla amalayisense ochwepheshe ukuba bafake amafafa ekuqedeni izinzuzo. Inqubo esebenzayo kulezi zenzo zokuphatha, nakuba izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo ngokuvamile zingahleli kahle kunasenkantolo. Inqubo efanelekile ihlanganisa ukuqaphela isenzo esihlongozwayo, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, nesinqumo ngomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi ngencazelo yezizathu zesinqumo.
I-Administrative Procedure Act nemithetho efanayo yezwe imisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zezenzo eziningi zezinhlangano, inezela izivikelo ezifanele zenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo. Lemithetho ivame ukunikeza ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho noma ngokwethukela, ilungelo lokumelelwa ngeseluleko, ithuba lokunqamule ofakazi abaphikisi, nelungelo lokudlulisela izinqumo ezingalungile ezinkantolo.
Inqubo Eqondile Okufanele Iqondiswe Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho aqondile okusebenza kungakusiza ukuba uzivikele ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ezihilela isenzo sikahulumeni.
Ilungelo Lokuqaphela
Unelungelo lokwaziswa ngezenzo zomthetho noma amacala ngawe. Lesisaziso kumelwe sibelwa ngokunengqondo ukuze sazise lesisenzo futhi kumelwe sinikeze imininingwane eyanele ngokuphathelene nalokho okuthiwa kulungile, isisekelo esingokomthetho sesenzo, nokuthi kunini nokuthi kuphi lapho ukuzwa kuzoba khona. Qaphela kumelwe kunikezwe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi ekunika ithuba elanele lokulungiselela impendulo. Ukusebenza kwenqubo imithetho ezicabeni zomphakathi nezimfuneko zomthetho ezingokomthetho ezimweni zobugebengu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela uyamukela isaziso kunokuba sithunyelwe ekhelini elingalungile noma sihluleke ukufinyelela kuwe.
Ilungelo Lokuzwa
Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni akuncishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngokuvamile unelungelo lokulalela lapho unganikeza khona icala lakho lendaba. Umthetho kanye nesikhathi salokhu kuthethwa kwecala kuxhomeke ezimweni. Ezimweni zobugebengu, unelungelo lokuqulwa icala ngesivikelo esikhulu. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ungaba nelungelo lokuqulwa icala noma ukuqulwa kwecala noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngisho nasezimweni ezingokomthetho ezinjengesikole noma umsebenzi kahulumeni, unelungelo lokuzwana noma okungenani ngethuba elivamile lapho ungachaza khona isikhundla sakho.
Ilungelo Lokunikeza Ubufakazi Nokuzivikela
Phakathi nokuzwa, unelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi obusekela isimo sakho. Lokhu kungahlanganisa amaphepha, ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ubufakazi, nobufakazi bakho. Ezindabeni eziningi, unelungelo lokukuchasa, ubekela inselele ukuthembeka kwabo nokunemba kobufakazi babo. Ungaveza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuthi kungani isenzo sikahulumeni singafanele noma singekho emthethweni. Izinga lamalungelo ahluka kakhulu ekubanjweni kobugebengu futhi alikho umthetho ongokomthetho owenziwe ngezindlela zokulawula.
Ilungelo Lomenzi Wesinqumo Ongakhethi
Umuntu noma indikimba enqumayo icala lakho kumelwe ingabandlululi futhi ingabandlululi. Abahluleli, abaphathi bezindlebe, nabenzi besinqumo sokuphatha abanakukwazi ukubhekana nomphumela womuntu siqu noma wezimali futhi akumelwe ukuba banqume kusengaphambili icala. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umenzi wesinqumo ungokhethayo, ungacela ukuba bazisole ecaleni lakho. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, unelungelo lokuba umelane nejaji lezakhamuzi ezingakhethi ezingazange zakhe imibono ngecala lakho noma ngokuba necala.
Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho
Ezimweni zobugebengu lapho ubhekene nokuboshwa, unelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli, futhi uma ungakwazi ukukhokha, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze umuntu ngaphandle kwezindleko. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, unelungelo lokuqasha ummeli wakho uma ukhetha, nakuba uhulumeni engadingeki ukuba akunikeze. Ezinye izimiso zinikeza iseluleko esimisiwe ezicatshangelweni ezithile eziyisisekelo, njengokuqedwa kwamalungelo obuzali. Ngisho nalapho ungenalo ilungelo lokuqasha ummeli, ungakwazi ukuba nommeleli ongeyena umthetho, uyakwazi ukukusiza ekuqondiseni kwezelulekwa kwezeluleko ezithile zomphakathi ezithintana nezithakazelo eziyisisekelo.
Ilungelo Lesinqumo Esinengqondo
Abenzi besinqumo ngokuvamile kumelwe banikeze izizathu zezinqumo zabo, bachaze amaqiniso atholakele neziphetho ezingokomthetho ezisekela umphumela. Lemfuneko ikhuthaza ukulandisa futhi ikuvumela ukuba uqonde ukuthi kungani isinqumo samelana nawe. Kulula futhi ukubukeza okunenjongo, njengoba izinkantolo ezingahlola ukuthi lesi sinqumo sasekelwa yini ubufakazi futhi sasetshenziswa ngokufanele umthetho.
Ilungelo Lokukhanga
Ezimweni eziningi, unelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo esiqinile egunyeni eliphezulu. Izinkolelo zobugebengu zingadluliswa ezinkantolo eziphakeme. Izinqumo zezobuphathi zingadluliswa enkambisweni bese zidluliswa ezinkantolo. Izahlulelo zombango zingadluliswa ezinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo. Nakuba ubukhulu bokuhlola buhlukahlukane, ezinye zihilela ukuphinde zihlolwe ngokuphelele icala kuyilapho ezinye zilinganiselwe ekubukezeni amaphutha angokomthetho.
Ukuphulwa Kwenqubo Okuvamile Okudingeka Kube Khona Nendlela Yokukhuluma Nazo
Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ukwephulwa kwenqubo okufanelekile kuyaqashelwa.
Ukungaqapheli Okwanele
Ukwephulwa komthetho okuvamile kuhilela ukuqashelwa okungafanele noma okungalindelekile. Uma uthola isaziso sephuze kakhulu ukuba ulungiselele ngokwanele, uma isaziso sihluleka ukuchaza amacala noma izinsolo ngawe, noma uma isaziso sithunyelwa ekhelini elingafanele ngaphandle kwemizamo enengqondo yokukuthola, amalungelo akho enqubo asuke ephulwe. Uma uthola ukuthi kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqaphela okufanele, ungakwazi ukuba nesahlulelo noma isinqumo esiwumphumela esibekwe eceleni futhi uthole ukunakwa okusha.
Ukuphika Amathuba Okuzwiwa
Uma uhulumeni ethatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nawe ngaphandle kokukunika ithuba lokuveza icala lakho, lokhu kuvame ukwephula inqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inxusa likahulumeni liqeda izinzuzo zakho ngaphandle kokuzwa, uma isikole sixosha umfundi ngaphandle kokumvumela ukuba asabele kumacala, noma uma impahla ibambeke ngaphandle kokuqaphela futhi ithuba lokumelana nokuthatheka, kungenzeka ukuthi inqubo efanele iye yaphulwa. Inqubo emisiwe ingahlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwesinqumo, ukuthola ukulalelwa, noma ukubuyiselwa kwecala.
Abaenzi-zinqumo Abangagunyaziwe
Uma umenzi wesinqumo enempi yesithakazelo noma ebonele kusengaphambili icala, inqubo efanelekile iyaphulwa. Lokhu kungenzeka uma umahluleli enesithakazelo sezimali emphumeleni, uma isikhulu sezindlebe ngaphambili siphenya icala futhi siveza iziphetho ngalo, noma uma umenzi wesinqumo ezonda wena. Uma ungabonisa ubandlululo lwangempela noma izimo ezidala ingozi engamukeleki yokucwaswa, unganikezwa ilungelo elisha lokuzwa phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongenalukhethe.
Ukuphika Iseluleko
Ezimweni zobugebengu lapho ukuboshwa kunokwenzeka, ukunqaba ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko kuwukwephulwa okukhulu okufanelekile. Uma ungatshelwanga ngelungelo lakho kummeli, uma uvinjelwe ukuba ummeli akumele, noma uma unikezwa usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko esingaphansi kwezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe, ukuqiniseka kwakho kungashintshwa. Icala lengqoko yesifunda [[FLT: 0] SSrickland v. Washington[ [19984] wamisa indinganiso yosizo lwezeluleko olungaphumeleli, ufuna abamangalelwa ukuba babonise ukuthi ukusebenza kwabo kommeli akulungile futhi lokhu kugxeka umphumela.
Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Amalungelo Akho Enqubo
Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho enqubo afanele aphuliwe, kungase kutholakale izindlela eziningana zokukhetha. Okokuqala, phakamisa indaba ngokushesha ngomenzi wesinqumo noma umphathi wayo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuphula umthetho kungalungiswa ngokushesha ngokunikeza inqubo eyengeziwe noma ukuvula kabusha. Okwesibili, sebenzisa izinqubo zokudlulisa izikhalo ezikhona ukubekela inselele isinqumo endikimbeni ephakeme noma enkantolo. Okwesithathu, cabangela ukumangalela inkantolo ngaphansi kuka-42.S.C. ngo19, okuvumela abantu ukuba bangene ezweni kanye nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokwephula umthetho, noma isenzo sokulwa nomthetho kahulumeni we-Bisimende. Okwesine, ezicaleni zobugebengu, kunyuse ukuphamba inqubo efanelekile yokudluliswa kwecala noma ukuqulwa kwecala eliqondile nge-habespus.
Ukuxhumana nommeli onolwazi ngomthetho-mthetho noma indawo efanelekile yokusebenza kungakusiza ukuba uqonde ukukhetha kwakho futhi uthuthukise indlela ephumelelayo yokuvikela amalungelo akho. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho namaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi zinikeza usizo ngenqubo efanele, ikakhulukazi kubantu abangakwazi ukuthenga iseluleko sangabodwa.
Inqubo Idingeka Ngokuma okukhethekile
Ukuqonda indlela inqubo efanele esebenza ngayo kulezi zimo ezithile kungakusiza ukuba uziqondise ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuqhubeka Kohambo Lokufuduka
Inqubo yokuthutha ihilela ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kwenqubo, nakuba isivikelo esikhona kubantu abangahlali emakhaya ngezinye izikhathi sincane kunesabantu abakhona. Abangabhekani nokudingiswa banelungelo lokuqaphela amacala, ukuzwa phambi komahluleli ofudukayo, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi, nelungelo lokudlulisa. Nokho, akukho lungelo lomthetho lomthetho lokweluleka ezimisweni zokufuduka, nakuba abantu bengaqasha abameli babo siqu. Inqubo yokususa inikeza inqubo encane, iveza ukukhathalela okulungile nokunembekile.
INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi ngisho nabafuduki abangabhalwanga icala bavikelwe yi-Actry Process Claus, nakuba izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zingahluka kulezo ezicatshangelweni zobugebengu. Ukuboshwa kwesikhashana kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokuzwa inqubo ebotshelelwayo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okufanele, njengoba kwenza ukunqaba ukuthola iseluleko noma ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuthi umfuduki akanakubekela inselele ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuyala Esikoleni
Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi banempahla nenkululeko ezifundweni zabo ezibangela inqubo yokuvikela. Izinga lenqubo edingekayo lixhomeke ekutheni inqubo inzima kangakanani. Ukukhishwa kwezinsuku ezingephi kwecala noma kunciphe kudinga ukunaka kwamacala kanye nethuba lokuba umfundi aphendule, kodwa hhayi ukuzwa okungokomthetho. Ukuntengantenga nokuxoshwa kudinga izinqubo ezinkulu, ezihlanganisa ukuzwa okungokomthetho, ilungelo lofakazi abakhona kanye nobufakazi, kanye nelungelo lokudlulisa.
Abafundi abakhubazekile bathola isivikelo esengeziwe ngaphansi kwe-Arevers With Diculture Education Act (IDEA), okudinga izikole ukuba zinqume ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi kwakuyisibonakaliso sokukhubazeka komfundi futhi kulinganise izimo abafundi abakhubazekile abangabekwa kuzo noma baxoshwe kuzo. Lokhu kuvikela kwezenqubo edingekile yomthetho-sisekelo futhi kunikeze izivikelo ezingcono kubafundi abasengozini.
Umsebenzi Kahulumeni
Izisebenzi zomphakathi zingaba nempahla emisebenzini yazo uma zinemisebenzi engcono, isivikelo senkonzo yomphakathi, noma izivumelwano ezilinganisela isisekelo sokuqedwa kwempahla. Uma kukhona izithakazelo zempahla ezinjalo, izisebenzi azinakuxoshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa isaziso sezizathu zokunqunywa kanye nethuba lokusabela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlukanisa phakathi kwenqubo yangaphambi kwenkathi nengemva kokuzalwa, ibambe ukuthi nakuba inqubo ethile kumelwe inikezwe ngaphambi kokuqedwa, ukuzwa okuphelele kungenzeka ngemva kokuqedwa kwayo ngokushesha.
Kuyintando yezisebenzi zomphakathi ezingaxoshwa nganoma yisiphi isizathu noma zingadingi sizathu ngokuvamile zingenayo impahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo futhi ngenxa yalokho azinawo amalungelo afanele enqubo ngokuphathelene nokuqedwa. Nokho, uma ukubulawa kuhambisana nezinkulumo zomphakathi kulimaza idumela lesisebenzi futhi kuthinta ikhono laso lokuthola omunye umsebenzi, izithakazelo zenkululeko zingaba necala, zifune uhulumeni ukuba anikeze isisebenzi ithuba lokucacisa amagama aso.
Amalungelo Abazali
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabazali nabantwana buvikelwa inqubo edinga inkululeko njengesithakazelo esiyisisekelo. Imizamo kahulumeni yokususa amalungelo abazali noma ukususa unomphela abantwana kubazali babo idinga ubufakazi obucacile nobuqinisekisayo kanye nezivikelo zemiklamo eminingi. Abazali banelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuzwa, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, kanye nemithetho eminingi, ilungelo leseluleko esimisiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi isithakazelo sabazali abanakekela, igumbi lokugcina, nokulawula abantwana babo yi "mhlandla, cishe isikhulu esiyinhloko senkululeko."
Ngisho nokususwa kwesikhashana kwezingane kubazali ezimweni zokuvikela izingane kudinga inqubo efanele, nakuba ukususwa okuphuthumayo kungavunyelwa lapho kunengozi esheshayo kumntwana, ngezwi elisheshayo ngemva kokuhlangana kwesikhashana ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo kuyalunga yini. Izinqubo zidinga ukulinganisela amalungelo ayisisekelo abazali nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvikeleni izingane ekuxhashazweni nasekunganakeni.
Amalungelo eziboshwa
Nakuba ukuboshwa kulinganisela amalungelo amaningi, iziboshwa zilondoloza isivikelo esithile somthetho - sisekelo kuhlanganise namalungelo afanele. Ukuqulwa kwemithetho elawula ukuvalelwa noma ukubeka imingcele eyengeziwe ephawulekayo kudinga inqubo edingekayo, kuhlanganise nesaziso esibhaliwe samacala, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi futhi zibize ofakazi (ekuhloselwe ukuphepha nokuphepha kwezinhlangano), kanye nesinqumo esilotshiwe esichaza izizathu zomphumela.
Ukudluliselwa ezimweni ezivimbela kakhulu, njengokuvalelwa wedwa noma ukuthunyelwa esikhungweni sokulondeka esiphakeme, kungabangela inqubo yokuvikeleka uma ushintsho luphoqelela "ubunzima obuvamile nobubalulekile" uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo ezivamile zasejele. Nokho, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilalela izahlulelo zabaphathi bejele ngokuphathelene nokulondeka kanye nokuphatha, futhi inqubo edingekayo emajele ayikhudlwana kakhulu kunezinye izimo.
Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwenqubo Efanele Namanye Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kunikeza umbono ophelele wendlela uMthetho - sisekelo ovikela ngayo amalungelo abantu.
Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sine-Siteement Procesme Claus ne-Aumement Protection Clause, enqabela ukuphika noma yimuphi umuntu "isivikelo esifanayo semithetho." Nakuba inqubo efanele igxila ekulinganiseni izinqubo nasekuvikeleni amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukuphatha amakheli okuvikela alinganayo. Emiqondo emibili ikhona kwezinye izindawo, ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaswa kwesigaba esisolwayo ngendlela ethwesa ilungelo eliyisisekelo kungaphazamisa kokubili isivikelo nenqubo efanele.
INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yasebenzisa inqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo ngokulinganayo noma ngokuhlanganyelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, Lovang v. Virginia, eshaya imithetho evimbela ukuganana kwezinhlanga, incike kuzo zombili isivikelo esilinganayo (ngenxa yokuthi imithetho ehlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ohlazweni) nenqubo efanele (ngenxa yokuthi yaphula ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada).
Inqubo Efanele Nezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu
Ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa, i-Curvement Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14th Claus iye yachazwa njengesebenzise izivikelo eziningi zeSigqi samalungelo ohulumeni bombuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, ukuvikela ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla, kanye nelungelo lokuqulisa icala manje lisebenza ekwamulweni kwezejaji ngeSigwebo seSiphendulo se-14 se-Standard Se-Clausce.
Imfundiso yokuhlanganisa iye yasungulwa ngenqubo "yokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa," ngeNkantolo Ephakeme ihlola ilungiselelo ngalinye lamalungelo ngokwesisodwa ukunquma ukuthi libalulekile yini esimisweni sethu senkululeko egunyaziwe futhi ngenxa yalokho lisebenza ezizweni. Cishe yonke i-Bill of Rights isifakiwe, inemilungiselelo embalwa kuphela − njengamalungelo ekwahluleleni amajaji amakhulu kanye nokunqatshelwa kwebheyili ephakeme (isebenza kuhulumeni) kuphela.
Inqubo Efanele Nokuhlukana Kwamandla
Inqubo efanelekile ihlobene futhi nesimiso somthetho-mthetho sokuhlukanisa imibuso. Ngokufuna izinqubo ezilungile nokuhlela izenzo zikahulumeni ezizakhela impoqo, inqubo efanele isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elisebenzisa amandla anganqandwayo. Imfuneko yokubukezwa komthetho wezenzo zikahulumeni inikeza i-exake emandleni abaphathi be-athorist nomthetho. Ukwenqabela izikwele zezindleko zokukhipha i-ander/legislatection okujezisa izenzo ezijezisa abantu abathile ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala.
Izinhlangano eziphethe, ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yezikhulu, yemithetho, neyokwahlulela, ziphakamisa ukwahlukana okukhethekile kwemibuso kanye nenqubo edingayo. Imfuneko yokuthi izimemezelo zivumelana nenqubo efanele isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezinhlangano ezinamandla azisebenzisi igunya elizimele, ngisho noma zisebenza ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esivamile esinezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Enqubweni Efanele
Izimiso ezifanelekile zomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka njengoba izinkantolo zibhekana nezinselele ezintsha futhi umphakathi uphikisana ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezithakazelo zikahulumeni.
Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iphakamisa imibuzo edinga inqubo emisha, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuqashelwa komuntu siqu nokugada kukahulumeni. Ingabe iqoqo likahulumeni lemininingwane yendawo yocingo, i-Internet ukuphenya umlando, noma ulwazi lobuso oluthatha amalungelo afunekayo enqubo ethile? Iziphi izinqubo okufanele zicelwe ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athole ukwaziswa okunjalo? INkantolo Ephakeme iqale ukusingatha lezindaba, iphethe Carpeenter v. United States [20]) ukufinyelela amarekhodi ezindawo zocingo ezingokocingo kudinga isiqinisekiso, kodwa imibuzo eminingi ihlala ingekho.
Izimiso ezizenzekelayo zokwenza izinqumo ezisetshenziswa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka okwengeziwe. Uma imithetho-algorithi inquma ukuthi ikulungele ukuzuza, ihlola ingozi emongweni wobulungisa becala, noma yenza ezinye izinqumo ezilandelayo, inqubo efanelekile ingadinga ukuba kube sobala ngendlela lezi zimiso zisebenze ngayo, amathuba okuvivinya ukukhishwa kwazo, nokubukezwa komuntu kwezinqumo ezizenzekelayo. Ukufinyela kwezinye izimiso ze-algorithm kanye nobunzima bokuchaza izinqumo zabo kudala ukungezwani nezimfuneko ezingokwesiko zokucabanga ukwenza izinqumo.
Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Namandla Aphuthumayo
Ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo enqubo kanye nokukhathalela ukhuseleko kwesizwe kuye kwakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ukuboshwa kwamaphekula asolwayo eGuantanamo Bay, ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi zase-U.S., nezinhlelo zokuqapha kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngomkhakha wenqubo efanelekile yokuvikelwa kwezokuvikelwa kwesizwe. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ngisho namasosha ayisitha aboshwa yiU.S. anamalungelo athile afanele, izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo zisekhona futhi zinkulu kunasemacala ebugebenguni avamile.
Izimo eziphuthumayo, kungaba ezihilela ukulondeka kwesizwe, impilo yomphakathi, noma izinhlekelele zemvelo, zingathethelela izinqubo ezicatshangelwe noma imingcele yesikhashana emalungelo, kodwa inqubo efanele iyasebenza. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 waphakamisa imibuzo ngezinqubo ezidingekayo ezithatha izinyathelo zempilo eziphuthumayo, ukuvalwa kwezamabhizinisi, nokuxoshwa kwezindawo eziphuthumayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo sikahulumeni sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha eziphuthumayo ngokumelene namalungelo abantu empathweni elungile nethuba elibalulekile lokubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni.
Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa
Nakuba inqubo efanele iqinisekisa amalungelo angokomthetho okuveza, ukungalingani kwezomnotho kungadala izithiyo zokufinyelela ebulungisani obunenjongo. Izindleko zobumeli obungokomthetho, izindleko zenkantolo, nezinye izindleko zingavimbela abantu abathola imali ephansi ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo afanele ngokunempumelelo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna iseluleko esimisiwe ezimweni zobugebengu ezingase ziboshwe, ngokuvamile akukho lungelo lokwelulekwa ezimweni zomphakathi, ngisho nalapho izithakazelo eziyisisekelo njengezindlu, ubuqotho bomkhaya, noma izindleko zokuhlala zingaba sengozini.
Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanele kufanele ichazwe ukuze kudinge iseluleko esimisiwe ezimweni zomphakathi ezihilela izidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ukwandisa ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko kuyinqubo yezishaya - mthetho kunokuba kube imfuneko yomthetho - sisekelo. Imibuso eminingana iye yamisa ilungelo lomphakathi lokululeka izinhlelo zezindlela ezithile, iqaphela ukuthi amalungelo okuthola amalungelo angokomthetho awasizi ngalutho ngaphandle kwekhono elingokoqobo lokuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo.
Ubukhulu Benqubo Esetshenziswayo
Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngenqubo efanelekile yokungavumelani nenqubo efanelekile kanye nendima yezinkantolo ekutholeni amalungelo ayisisekelo angagunyazwanga. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo efanelekile engenziwanga ivumela abahluleli abangakhethwanga ukuba bamise izindinganiso zabo emphakathini nokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zithathele ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi ngaphandle kokuba lapho umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela ngokusobala isenzo sikahulumeni. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo idingekile ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekucindezeleni okukhulu nanokuthi ulimi olubanzi lwemithetho-mthetho lukhuthaza ukuchazwa kwencazelo eqalayo ngokushintsha indlela yomphakathi.
Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zabonakalisa lokhu kuxabana. Ukugumbuqelwa kwenqubo eyisisekelo ye- Roe v. Wade ku-[FLT] Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[ [2022]) kumele ukuncishiswa okuphawulekayo kwenqubo eyisisekelo, nombono womphakathi ogxeka indlela yangaphambili yeNkantolo yokuveza amalungelo ayisisekelo nokugcizelela isidingo sokuba "asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasemasikweni wesizwe." Lesi sinqumo siye saphakamisa imibuzo ngenqubo yesikhathi esizayo efanelekile nezinye izinkantolo eziphansi zokuzinkantolo zokuzingasese kufanele zisebenzise ekuqapheleni amalungelo abalulekile.
Amacebiso Awusizo Okuvikela Amalungelo Akho Enqubo
Ukuqonda inqubo efanele emfundisweni kubalulekile, kodwa ukwazi indlela yokuvikela amalungelo akho ekusetshenzisweni kubalulekile. Nazi izinyathelo eziqinile ongazithatha ukuze uvikele amalungelo akho afanele ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.
Bhala Yonke Into
Gcina imininingwane yakho konke ukusebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukugcinwa komthetho, izikole, noma ezinye izinhlangano ezingase zithinte amalungelo akho. Gcina zonke izimpawu, izincwadi, ama-imeyili, nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana. Bhala amaphuzu ezingxoxo zocingo, kuhlanganise nosuku, isikhathi, umuntu okhuluma naye, nalokho okuxoxwe naye. Uma ukhona ezindlebeni noma emhlanganweni, thatha amaphuzu noma ubuze ukuthi ungawabhala (lapho kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho). Le zincwadi zingaba bucayi uma kudingeka uphikise isinqumo noma ufakazele ukuthi inqubo efanele ayilandelwanga.
Sabela Kuwo Wonke Amanothi Ngokushesha
Uma uthola isaziso ngomthetho, izenzo zokuqondisa, noma ezinye izenzo zikahulumeni ezikuthintayo, sabela ngokushesha futhi ufeze yonke imisebenzi enqunyiweyo. Ukuhluleka ukuphendula kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahleliwe noma ezinqumweni ozenza ngawe. Uma udinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokulungiselela, cela ukunwetshwa ngokubhala ngaphambi kokuba isikhathi sokusebenza sidlule. Uma ungasiqondi isaziso noma ukuthi yini okudingeka uyenze, funa usizo ngokushesha kummeli, enhlanganweni yosizo engokomthetho, noma komunye umthombo onolwazi.
Yazi Ukuthi Ucela Yini Ukuzwa
Izenzo eziningi zikahulumeni zingabekelwa inselele ngenqubo yokulalela noma ukudlulisa isikhalo, kodwa kumelwe ucele ukulalelwa ngesilinganiso esithile sesikhathi esimisiwe. Funda zonke iziqondiso ngokucophelela ukuze ubone isikhathi esimisiwe sokucela ukulalelwa noma ukudluliswa kwezicelo. Uma ungavumelani nesinqumo sikahulumeni esithinta izinzuzo zakho, umsebenzi, amalayisense, noma ezinye izithakazelo, cela ukulalelwa ngokubhala. Ungacabangi ukuthi uhulumeni uzozenza anikeze ukulalelwa.
Funa Usizo Olungokomthetho Ngokushesha
Buza nommeli kudala ngangokunokwenzeka lapho ubhekene nesenzo sikahulumeni esingathinta amalungelo akho. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho zinikeza usizo olukhululekile noma oluphansi kubantu abafanele. Izinhlangano zeBar ngokuvamile zinezinkonzo zommeli ezingakuxhumanisa nabameli abasingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Abanye abameli banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala okukhululekile. Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukuqasha ummeli ukuze uchazele abantu, ukuxoxa kungakusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho kanye nezinketho zakho.
Zilungiselele Ngokuphelele Izindlebe
Uma unecala, hlela ngokucophelela. Hlela ubufakazi bakho nezincwadi. Yazi ofakazi abangasekela ukuma kwakho futhi bahlele ukuba babe khona noma banikeze izitatimende ezibhaliwe. Lungiselela uhlaka lwalokho ofuna ukukusho. Landela imibuzo ongase ubuze yona futhi ucabange ukuthi ungaphendula kanjani. Uma kungenzeka, vakashela indawo yokuzwa kusengaphambili ukuze wazi ukuthi uzakuyaphi futhi ulindeleni. Gqoka futhi ufike kusenesikhathi.
Sebenzisa Ilungelo Lakho Lokuhlala Uthule
Uma ubuzwa umthetho, khumbula ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula futhi unelungelo kummeli. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo, futhi noma yini oyishoyo ingasetshenziswa kuwe. Ngenhlonipho kodwa uqinise amalungelo akho ngokuthi usho okuthile okufana nokuthi, "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula futhi ngingathanda ukukhuluma nommeli." Ungavumeli amaphoyisa akucindezele ukuba uphuce amalungelo akho. Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi awunacala futhi awunalutho lokufihla, kuyatuswa ukuxoxa nommeli ngaphambi kokukhuluma nommeli ngezindaba zobugebengu.
Abaenzi Bezinqumo Ababeyinselele
Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umuntu onqumayo udaba lwakho lunempikiswano yesithakazelo noma ubandlululo, phakamisa lokhu kukhathazeka ngokushesha. I-fauce ibhalwe noma isicelo sokuchaza isisekelo sokukhathazeka kwakho. Uma umenzi wesinqumo enqaba ukuzisola futhi ukholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo lungathi sína, ungakwazi ukudlulisa lesi sinqumo noma ukuphakamisa njengezizathu zokubekela inselele noma isiphi isinqumo esibi. Ungalindi kuze kube ngemva kwesinqumo esibi sokuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kobandlululo.
Londoloza Ilungelo Lakho Lokukhanga
Uma uthola isinqumo esingesihle, nquma ngokushesha ukuthi unalo yini ilungelo lokudlulisa icala nokuthi liyini isikhathi esimisiwe. Izikhalo ngokuvamile kumelwe zigcinwe phakathi kwezikhathi ezimfushane kakhulu cishe ngezinsuku eziyishumi noma ezingu-30. Ukungahlangani isikhathi esimisiwe sokudlulisa isicelo kungalahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokubekela inselele isinqumo impela. Ngisho noma ungaqiniseki ukuthi ufuna ukudlulisa icala, faka isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nosuku ukuze ulondoloze amalungelo akho uma unquma ukuthi uzokwenza noma cha.
Ikusasa Lenqubo Efanele
Inqubo eqhubekayo ilokhu iyisimiso somthetho - sisekelo esiphilayo esiqhubeka siguquka ngenxa yezimo zezenhlalo, ubuchwepheshe obusha, namafilosofi okwahlulela ashintshayo.
Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni kuyodinga izinkantolo ukuba zivumelanise izimiso ezingokwenqubo ezingokwesiko ezihambelanayo ne-module entsha. Imibuzo ephathelene nokubona ngokomthetho, ilungelo lokubukeza komuntu izinqumo ezizihambelayo, futhi izinqubo ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola zizoba baluleke kakhulu. Izinkantolo kuyodingeka zilinganisele impumelelo nokuvumelana okunganikezwa ubuchwepheshe ngokumelene nezingozi zokufiphala, ubandlululo, namaphutha ezimisweni zezimoto.
Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni kuyoyithonya ngokuphawulekayo inqubo efanelekile yokwahlulela. Ukumiswa kwamuva nje kuye kwaguqula iNkantolo ngenkambo ethatha indawo eqinile, okungase kuholele ekuchazeni inqubo efanelekile elinganiselwe kanye nokuzimela kakhulu izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezicini ezifanele. Nokho, imiphumela eqondile izoxhomeke emacaleni afinyelela izinkantolo nendlela abahluleli ngabanye abasingatha ngayo izindaba ezithile.
Ukuqaphela ukungalingani okuhleliwe esimisweni sobulungisa kungase kubangele izinguquko ezithuthukisa inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela imiphakathi encishisiwe. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukufinyelela kakhulu iseluleko ezicabeni zomphakathi, izinguquko ze-paill nezimiso zokuvalelwa kweziboshwa, ukuthuthukisa isivikelo sokusebenza kwezokuthutha, kanye nokuhlola okukhulu kwemikhuba ethinta abantu abathola isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu nemiphakathi emibala. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zinguquko zingavela ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, ezinye ziyodinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula noma izinguquko emikhubeni yokuphatha.
Ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhilela impilo yomphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ezinye izinto ezikhathazayo, kuzoqhubeka kuhlola imingcele yenqubo edingekayo. Izinkantolo kuyodingeka zinqume ukuthi inqubo engakanani edingekayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ukuthi yimiphi imingcele yenkululeko evunyelwe ukusingatha izinsongo zempilo yomphakathi, nokuthi kungalinganiswa kanjani amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokumelene nokugcinwa komthetho kudinga inkathi yokuqashelwa kwemishini.
Umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke nomthetho womthetho-mthetho oqhathanisayo ungathonya ngokuqhubekayo umthetho wenqubo efanelekile yaseMelika. Njengoba izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke zilwa nezimpikiswano ezifanayo ezihilela izinqubo ezilungile, amalungelo ayisisekelo, nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni, izinkantolo zaseMelika zingabheka kwezinye izikhombo ukuze zithole isiqondiso, njengoba nje izinkantolo kwamanye amazwe ziye zabheka emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. lokhu kukhuliswa kwemibono kungathuthukisa inqubo efanele futhi kunikeze imibono emisha ngemibuzo ethatha isikhathi eside.
Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuhlela Okufanele Kubaluleke
Inqubo iyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseMelika, sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi siqinisekisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Ihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi amandla kahulumeni kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokufanelekile futhi abantu banegunya elizuzwe njengefa namalungelo okungenakuphulwa ngokungenamthethweni. Kusukela emisukeni yawo engokomlando kuyiMagna Carta kuya ezinkonzweni zayo zanamuhla kusukela kukwahlulela kobugebengu kuya ezicini zokuphatha, inqubo efanelekile iye yashintsha ukuze ibhekane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho igcina isibopho sayo esiyisisekelo sokulunga.
Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo azo esongelwa futhi zithatha isinyathelo sokuzivikela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene namacala obugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukukhuliswa kwesikole, noma ezinye izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta ukuphila kwakho, inkululeko, noma impahla, ukwazi amalungelo akho afanele enqubo kukunika amathuluzi okufuna ukuphathwa ngokufanele futhi abeke inselele izinqumo eziwubushiqela. Lamalungelo awayona nje imiqondo engokomthetho ewujuqu kodwa ayisivikelo esiwusizo esingawenza umehluko phakathi kobulungisa nokungabi nabulungisa ezimweni ngazinye.
Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu benqubo efanelekile ziveza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni, indima yezinkantolo ekuvikeleni amalungelo, nokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulondeka. Njengoba umphakathi ubhekana nezinselele ezintsha ezihilela ubuchwepheshe, ukungalingani, amandla aphuthumayo, nokuqonda okuyisisekelo samalungelo, inqubo efanelekile izoqhubeka isebenza njengesisekelo esibalulekile sokuxazulula leminjunjunju nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala enecala kubantu abawakhonzayo.
Kuzakhamuzi, ukuthatha indawo okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amalungelo enqubo angokoqobo, agunyaziwe, avikela wonke umuntu. Asebenza kungakhathaliseki ingcebo yakho, isikhundla, noma ukuthandwa kwakho. Acindezela amandla kahulumeni futhi anikeze izinqubo zokumelana nokungalungi. Ngokuqonda lamalungelo, ngokubhala izivumelwano zikahulumeni, ngokufuna usizo olungokomthetho lapho kudingekile, futhi uqinisekisa amalungelo akho lapho esongelwa, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso senqubo efanele sihlala siyinto engokoqobo ephilayo kunokuba sinikezwe nje ephepheni.
Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho, vakashela i-website ye-United States Courts, i-opens projects ezivela e- i-American Civil Liberties Union [[], noma hlola i-Curttition Ancotitution [[[] enikezwa i-Library of Congressbources. Lemithombo inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngenqubo efanelekile kanye namanye amalungelo omthetho, isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zitshelwe ngesivikelo sazomthetho nangendlela yokuzivivinya ngokuphumelelayo.
Inqubo ayiyona inqubo eqinile eqiniswe ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kodwa yisimiso esinamandla esizivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza isibopho saso esibalulekile sokulunga, isithunzi, nokubusa komthetho. Ngokuqonda nokuvikela amalungelo afanele, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi lowo hulumeni uyaqhubeka unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu. Kulesi sikhathi soshintsho olusheshayo nezinselele ezintsha, lesi simiso sasendulo sisalokhu sibalulekile futhi sibalulekile, simile njengesivikelo namandla okuziphatha futhi siqinisekisiwe ukuthi wonke umuntu uyophathwa ngokulunga nangokuhlonipha isithunzi esifunwa abantu.