Umklamo Wobubusi BaseMelika

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza esimisweni esiyisisekelo esiwuhlukanisayo kwezinye izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni emhlabeni wonke: ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Lesi simiso, esifakwe eMthethweni, sihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene(Igunya, iSikhundla, ne- Justice `inye ephethe'' nesinye esinethonya laso siqu. Kodwa uhlakaniphe lwesimiso saseMelika alukho kulokhu kuhlukana, kodwa kusemqoka okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlola nokulinganisela okubopha amagatsha ndawonye. Alikho igatsha elingasebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola noma ukubambisana kwabanye. Ukuqonda indlela i-provition, umphathi, amagatsha, namagatsha okwahlulela asebenza ndawonye asebenza ngayo ndawonye kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda i-democralitial nohlelo lomthetho-mthetho wezwe eliwaseMelika.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bathatheka kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseMontesquieu, eyaphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ilondekile kakhulu lapho kusakazwa umbuso kahulumeni. Futhi bafunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, lapho iziphathimandla ezinamandla zaziholele ekusebenziseni kabi khona. Umphumela waba isimiso sobunewubo futhi esihlelwe kahle lapho inhloso yenziwa khona ukuze kulwiwe ukuvelela, futhi igatsha ngalinye linikezwa kokubili izindlela nesisusa sokumelana nokugxabhazanyiswa abanye. Lesihloko sihlola igatsha ngalinye ngokujule, sihlola imisebenzi yabo eqondile, futhi silandelela ukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi okwenza ukubusa kube nokwenzeka eRiphabliki ekhiwe ngamandla ahlukeneyo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokuhlukana Kwamandla

Umthetho - sisekelo owavela ePladelphia Convention ka 1787 awuzange ube yingozi. Izihambeli zafika zinokungabaza okukodwa kwegunya eliqinile, elibunjwe okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo ngaphansi kombuso waseBrithani ophethe isikhulu, izikhulu zemithetho yomthetho, nemibuso yokwahlulela eSikhungweni noMkhandlu. UJames Madison, kuFederalist No. 47, waphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwayo yonke imibuso ezandleni ezifanayo kuyincazelo yobushiqela. Inselele, njengoba uMadison nozakwabo bayibheka, kwakuwukwakha uhulumeni oqinile ngokwanele ukuba ulondoloze futhi ulwele, kodwa wabuswa ngokwanele ukuba uvikele umuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze ifinyelele lokhu kulinganisela, uMthetho-sisekelo unika igatsha ngalinye amandla akhethekile kuyilapho ngesikhathi esisodwa unika igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okuhlola amanye. Umphumela uyisimiso esinamandla lapho ukubambisana kudingekile kodwa kungenakwenzeka. Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphetheyo liyayiphoqelela, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyalichaza. Kodwa lezizigaba aziwona amasilo; zivumelana ngezindlela zamabomu. Umongameli angagunyaza umthetho, iSigebengu siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezahluleli, futhi inkantolo ingashaya imithetho njengengagunyazi. Leligunya elilahliwe liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elingenza ngendlela engcono ngezindaba zokubaluleka kwesizwe.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Igunya Lokwenza Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho, elamiswa eSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, liyigatsha lokuqala ngenxa yesizathu. Abakhi be-flamens babekholelwa ukuthi amandla okwenza imithetho ayewumbuso oyisisekelo kakhulu kahulumeni, futhi balifaka eKhongosweni, indikimba yama-badamaral eyakhiwe eNdlukeni yabameleli neSigeqe. Indlu, namalungu ayo akhethwe njalo eminyakeni emibili, aklanyelwe ukuba alalele abantu ngokuqondile. ISigele, enamalungu akhonza iziphakamiso zeminyaka eyisithupha futhi ekuqaleni akhethwe yizishaya - mthetho, yayihloselwe ukuletha ukuqina nokumelela izithakazelo zemibuso njengezinhlangano eziphethe.

Amandla Avunyelwa Izishaya - mthetho

UMthetho-sisekelo ubala iqoqo elikhulu lemibuso yeSishaya-mthetho, kuhlanganise negunya lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zezentengiselwano eziphakathi kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe, imali, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. I-Idictive and Seant Claus, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Ellastic Clause, inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho edingekile nefanele ukuphatha imibuso yawo ehleliwe. Lo msuka ube isisekelo sokwanda okuphawulekayo kwegunya likahulumeni ngesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sezomnotho, amalungelo omphakathi, nenhlalo.

  • [ Ukukhokhela nokusebenzisa imali: uKhongolo lulawula isikhwama semali sikahulumeni, ukunquma ukuthi imali yomkhokhi wentela yabelwa kanjani ezimisweni zikahulumeni nasezinhlanganweni.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: i-The Commerce Claus enikeza iziKhomishane amandla abanzi okulawula umsebenzi wezomnotho onqamule imigqa kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuhamba, ukubhalisa, ukuxhumana, nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile.
  • Amandla eMpi:[ ISishaya-mthetho sodwa esingamemezela impi, nakuba umongameli, njengomphathi-nhloko, eqondisa imisebenzi yezempi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi emongweni wezivumelwano zezempi zanamuhla.
  • Igunya lokubusa:[ Izishayamthetho, uphenyo, nokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lifeza imithetho ngokwethembeka. Lomsebenzi wobubonisi uyi-sethi ebucayi emandleni kamongameli.

Inqubo Yemithetho Esetshenziswayo

Inqubo yokuguqula umqondo ube umthetho inde futhi iklanywe ngamabomu. Isinqumo siqala uhambo lwaso lapho ilungu leKhomishane liwungenisa eNdlu noma eNdlunyeni, nakuba izindleko zemali kumelwe zivele eNdlu. Imali ibhekiselwe ekomitini, lapho ihlola khona ngokuzikhandla. Amakomiti amasondo asebenza ngokusebenza eKhongomeni, lapho ubuchwepheshe besihloko semithetho bugxile khona nalapho imininingwane yomthetho ibekwe khona ngokuzwa, izintambo, nokubuyiselwa kwemali. Ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwekomiti, izingcaphuthulelo zihamba zisiya phansi kwegumbi lokungena kulo impikiswano nokuvota. Uma idlula, ihamba iye kwenye indlu, lapho inqubo iphinda futhi ihlelwe khona. Ukungavumelani kwemiya ekomitini, futhi ibuye ihlelwe ukuba imvume yomthetho. Umongameli wesimendo, noma ithunyelwe ngaphandle kwesivumelwano somthetho, noma i-R34. Uma ihamba, ungavumela ukuba ihambe kwenye indawo enkulu, noma ucingo, noma ucingo, uma i-34.

Le nqubo eningiliziwe iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokucophelela ngezilinganiso eziningi ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho obophayo. Isimiso sekomiti, ikakhulukazi, sivumela ukuhlaziywa nokuhlaziywa okungangenzeki empikiswaneni yamahholo kuphela. Nakuba le nqubo ingaba yephuza futhi ikhungathekisa, lelo jubane liyinhloso: livimbela ukuthatha ngamawala noma ukucatshangelwa kabi umthetho ukuba ube umthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusetshenziswa Nokuphoqelelwa

Igatsha eliphethe, elamiswa eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, liqondiswa umongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. Umongameli unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu ifezeka ngokwethembeka. Lomthwalo wemfanelo uhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi, kusukela ekuqondiseni isigaba sikahulumeni samazwe angaphandle ukuqhuba isimiso sokuqondisa amabutho ahlomile. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa isekela likamongameli, iKhamplitha, nenhlangano enkulu yeminyango, izinhlangano, kanye namanxusa afeza umsebenzi wombuso wezwe lonke usuku lonke.

Indima yomthetho-mthetho kaMongameli

Umongameli ufaka izigqoko eziningi. Njengomphathi omkhulu, umongameli wengamela izikhulu zikahulumeni futhi umisa izikhulu eziphakeme ukuba ziqondise iminyango kahulumeni. Njengomphathi omkhulu, umongameli uqondisa imisebenzi yezempi futhi enze izinqumo ezihlelekile ngokuphathelene nokulondeka kwesizwe. Njengomphathi omkhulu, umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano futhi alawule uhulumeni wakwamanye amazwe, ngaphansi kokudukiswa kwezivumelwano zezivumelwano nokuphathwa kweSigebengu. Njengomongameli, ufaka umthetho, umkhulu weSizwe saminyaka yonke se-Uni, futhi usebenzisa amandla okumisa izivumelwano ze-R.

  • I-Exect Directive Orders:[ Omongameli banganikeza iziyalo eziphetheyo zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Lemiyalo iphethe ithonya lomthetho ezinhlanganweni zamagatsha eziphethe, kodwa bangaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi bangagumbuqelwa ngemithetho emisha.
  • Active Power: Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala beKhabhinethi, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo. Lokhu kugunyaza kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho, unika igatsha isheke eliqondile ezinqumweni zezisebenzi eziphethe.
  • Pradon Power:[ Umongameli anganikeza ukuthethelelwa kanye nokuququlwa kwamacala kahulumeni, amandla anikeza isheke egatsheni lokwahlulela futhi avumele isihe ekugwebeni.

Amahlola Egunyeni Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linezindlela eziningi zokuhlola ezikuvimbela ukuba kufinyelelelwe phezulu. ISishaya-mthetho singazidlulisa iziphakamiso zobumongameli, silawule iziphakamiso ezisekela imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo, futhi sihlole ukumiswa kwegatsha eliphethe. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi kumelwe sivume izivumelwano ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili kwezintathu. Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle kobumongameli, futhi izinkantolo zingaphoqelela igatsha eliphethe ukuba livumelane nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ngemithetho neminye imishado. Ukuhlola okukhulu okukhona komthetho kuvumela iNkathi yeSishaya-Hulumelo ukuba ithathe isigwebo, okuvumela i Homeyss ukuba imangale umongameli, umongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngezenzo eziphezulu zomthetho, futhi ezilandelwa ukuqulwa kwe-Centerrac.

Isimiso sombuso sahulumeni, nakuba siyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, sisebenza futhi njengendlela yokuhlola. Izisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenza emsebenzini ezinolwazi emasimini azo zingamelana nokucindezela kwezombangazwe lapho ziphikisana nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe noma izimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Ukuzimela kwezinhlangano ezinjengeFederal Reserve ne-Secturaties ne-Exchange Commission kuvikelwa umthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi eminye imisebenzi kahulumeni ihlala ivikelekile kwezombangazwe ezilwayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokugadwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elamiswa eSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, lisebenza njengomhumushi wemithetho nomphathi woMthetho-sisekelo. Lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States nezinkantolo eziphansi njengomthetho omisiwe. Ijaji likahulumeni lizimele, futhi abahluleli abakhonza ekumiseni izinhlu zokuphila kwabo konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, umklamo ohloselwe ukuba bavikele ithonya lezombangazwe futhi bavumele ukuba banqume amacala asekelwe eMthethweni ophakeme kunasemqondweni womphakathi noma ekukhetheni isikhulu.

Isakhiwo Se - Federal Judiciary

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinhlalo ezintathu. Phansi kunezinkantolo zesifunda, lapho kuqulwa khona amacala futhi kunikezwa khona ubufakazi. Kunezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 kulo lonke izwe, ngayinye ikhonza indawo ethile. Ngaphezu kwezinkantolo zesifunda kunezinkantolo zesifunda zezikhalo, ezibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezifundeni zazo. Kukhona izifunda eziyi-13 eziphethe izifunda ezihlukene, kuhlanganise nezifunda ezingu-12 nesifunda. Ezinhlabeni eziphezulu iNkanto yokugcina eshoyo ngemibuzo yomthetho kahulumeni neyomthetho womthetho-mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme izwa kuphela iqhela isiqephu esincane sezinkantolo ezidluliselwe kuso, ikhetha lezo eziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile noma iziphelo ezingokomthetho ezisezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nemvelaphi Yako

Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu elikhona egatsheni lokwahlulela amandla okuhlola okwahlulela, “‘ igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngokungekhona kwemithetho. Lamandla awashiwo ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo ePhakathi ecaleni eliyingqophamlando ye Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Ngaleyondlela, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wacabanga ukuthi umthetho weSizwe umthetho ophakeme kakhulu nokuthi yisifunda sezwe futhi ukuthi isifundazwe singumthetho wejajidiary ukusho lokho okushiwo umthetho. Uma umthetho ungqubuzana noMthetho-mthetho womthetho-mthetho. Inkantolo kumelwe isekele umthetho futhi ishaya umthetho. Lokhu kuye kwaba yisimiso somthetho waseMelika, i-Judicanmentary ephethe amagatsha ombuso.

  • Sta translatey threshop: Izinkantolo zinquma incazelo yezimiso ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, zixazulule iziphakamiso futhi zisebenzise umthetho ezimweni ezicatshangelwe kahle.
  • Inkantolo ye-Custigal Adjudiciation: inquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zokubusa ziyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nesivikelo samalungelo abantu njengakhululeke ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, nesivikelo esilinganayo.
  • Isibonisi sezenzo ze-Agency:[ Izinkantolo zibukeza izinqumo ezenziwa yizinhlangano eziphetheyo zikahulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zingaphakathi kwegunya lenhlangano futhi azikho ukujezisa noma ukuguquguquka.

Amasheke Egatsheni Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela aligonyiwe ekuhloleni amagatsha. IKhomishane ingahlosela ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kushintshwe izincazelo zokwahlulela, ingaguqula ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi ikhiphe amajaji kahulumeni. Umongameli umisa amajaji, ngokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho, ngakho igatsha ngalinye linendima ekulolongeni ukuhlelwa kwe-jadicary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wokumisa iziyalezo zenkantolo, ngakho uma umongameli enqaba ukuphoqesha isinqumo sokwahlulela, inkantolo ilinganiselwe amandla asebenzayo okuphoqelela ukuthobela. Lokhu kuxhomekeka kwamanye amagatsha okuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya layo ekugcineni lisekwethemba umphakathi negunya lenhlangano.

Ukubambisana Nokucindezeleka Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akusona nje isimiso somngcele; futhi kuyisimiso sokubambisana. Amagatsha kumelwe asebenze ndawonye ukuze abuse ngokuphumelelayo, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izinqubo zalokho kubambisana. UKhongolo-mfuyo umisa imithetho, kodwa umongameli kumelwe ayisayine futhi igatsha eliphethe kumelwe liyiphoqelele. Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano futhi amise abahluleli, kodwa iSigebengu kumelwe sivume. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho, kodwa i-Contraven ingazihlanganisa futhi igatsha eliphethe lingakhetha ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokusebenzisa imithetho yokwahlulela.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokuhlobisana Kwamaqembu

Inqubo yaminyaka yonke yokuxhumana ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubambisana. IziKhomishane zidlulisela izimali zokukhokha izivumelwano ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi kahulumeni, umongameli uzifaka emthethweni, futhi igatsha eliphetheyo lisebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala. Uma i-Congress nomongameli bengenakuvumelana ngezinhlelo, uhulumeni ungavala, ubonise ukubambisana kwamagatsha. Kulendawo yemithetho yangaphandle, umongameli uqhuba izigijimi zezivumelwano, kodwa unikeza izivumelwano zezentengiselwano, izivumelwano zezentengiselwano nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, futhi i-ravince Kumelwe ivume ukuthi ukuziphatha kwezindaba zakwamanye amazwe kudinga izinga lokubambisana nokuzibambana kwamagatsha, njengoba kuye kwagcizelela imingcele yemithetho yemithetho.

Esinye isibonelo inqubo yokumisa nokuqinisekisa amajaji angokomthetho. Umongameli ufaka abameleli, iSigele seKomiti yoMkhandlu siqhuba ukuqulwa nokuvota ekugunyazweni, kanye namavoti eSigele agcwele ekuqinisekisweni. Uma seqiniswe, abahluleli bakhonza ukuphila futhi basebenzise isahlulelo esizimele, kodwa ukukhetha kwabo kuhilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji liyawabonisa, ngokwezinga elithile, izindinganiso zezombangazwe zomongameli neSishayamthetho ngesikhathi sokumiswa.

Izingcindezi Eziqinisa Isimiso

Impi phakathi kwamagatsha ayilona uphawu lokungasebenzi kahle; isici sesimiso. Abakhi bamagatsha babelindele ukuthi amagatsha ancintisana ukuze athole amandla nethonya, futhi bahlela isimiso sokuqondisa lowo mncintiswano kube yimiphumela ekhiqizayo. Uma uKhongolo-mfuno uhlola igatsha eliphethe, ihlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla futhi iqaphelise umphakathi. Uma umongameli efaka umthetho, uphoqelela iSishaya - mthetho ukuba uphinde uhlole izinto eziza kuqala futhi wakhe ukuvumelana. Lapho izinkantolo zishaya umthetho, zivikela izimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho eziphethe eziyinhloko. Lemizwa evimbela noma igatsha elilodwa ukuba libe yisazi esilawulayo.

Izibonelo zanamuhla zengxabano yezempi zihlanganisa izimpikiswano ngelungelo lokuphatha, ama-commilia aphethe ama-comminiant police, kanye nobukhulu begunya lomongameli ezindabeni zezokuphepha kwesizwe. Lezimpikiswano zivame ukuphelela enkantolo, lapho igatsha lokwahlulela licelwa ukuba lixazulule imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo amagatsha ezombangazwe angeke ahlale ekhona ngokwawo. Umphumela uyingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha ngencazelo nemingcele yemibuso yawo.

Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Kulesi sikhathi sokushintsha kwezindawo nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Imithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela kumelwe avumelane nezinselele ezintsha", kusukela ekusongeni i-inthanetic ukwanda kwezifo zembulunga yonke kuya ekuqondiseni kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa (ngoba kulondoloza isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esiye sasekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Amagatsha awavumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendlela yokusabela kulezi zinselele, futhi leyo mpikiswano inempilo.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda izindima nokusebenzelana kwamagatsha amathathu zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izenzo zikahulumeni wazo nokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho umphakathi waziwa, uthembisa, futhi uzimisele ukugcina wonke amagatsha amathathu elandisa ebhokisini lebhola, ngenkulumo yeningi, nangokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo kumthetho-sisekelo, cabangela ukuhlola umbhalo ogcwele we-Constitution ovela kwiNational Archives, onikeza ulimi lwakuqala kanye nezinguquko ezichaza isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika. Incazelo yeNdlu Yendlu Yezigebengu yegatsha lemithetho [ inikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwemisebenzi ye-componication. Ukuqonda okujulile kokubukeza ikomiti yokwahlulela, [[FLT:]] i-Suprememe yeNkanto yeNkantolo yezomthetho ingumtho wesandla wendima ye-judiary.

Isiphetho

Amagatsha omthetho, ombuso ophethe, nokwahlulela kahulumeni wase-United States ahlukile ezindaweni zawo kodwa ancikene nemisebenzi yawo. UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo lapho igatsha ngalinye lihlola khona elinye, uziphoqelela ukuba bambisane futhi bayekethisa ekusebenzeni ekulawuleni okuphumelelayo. Lesimiso samagunya ahlukene futhi ahlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo asisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa sasingahloselwe ukuba sibe khona. Sasihloselwe ukuvikela inkululeko, ukuvimbela ubushiqela, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu. Ngokuqonda indlela amagatsha amathathu asebenza ngayo ndawonye, izakhamuzi zizuza ukwazisa okujule kakhulu ngokwakheka nokubuyiselwa komthetho wentando yeningi yaseMelika.