Table of Contents
Okwenza Ukucabanga Okubucayi Kube Okubalulekile Kunanini ngaphambili
Enkathini echazwa ukugcwala kokwaziswa, izimpikiswano ezihlukene, kanye nokushintsha kwezenhlalo okusheshayo, ikhono lokucabanga ngokugxeka akuseyona into ephambili, kuyimfuneko yomphakathi. Noma kuhlola iziphakamiso zenqubo zombhalisa, ukulinganisa ukuthembeka kombiko wezindaba, noma ukunquma ukuthi izakhamuzi zingavota kanjani endodeni yendawo, zihlale zibizwa ukuba zihlukanise iqiniso nenganekwane, ingqondo nomzwelo, nokucabanga okunengqondo ekusebenziseni izinto ezingafanele. Ukucabanga okuhluzekile kunikeza ithuluzi elidingekayo ukuze liqondise lezi zinselele. Kunika abantu abathile amandla okungathathi nje kuphela abathengisi bezindaba abangenzi lutho, kodwa njengabakhuthele, abafundile, namalungu aqotho emiphakathini yabo.
Lesiqondiso esenezelwe sihlola lokho ukucabanga okugxekayo okukushoyo ngempela, ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ekuthembiseni uhulumeni, nokuthi “ngaba kanjani ungumfundi, umfundisi, noma isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo ” (h______o ungawathuthukisa futhi uwasebenzise la makhono ukuze uqinise umbuso wentando yeningi futhi uthuthukise ukwenza izinqumo ndawonye.
Ukuqonda Ukucabanga Okugxekayo: Inkinga Ejulile
Ukucabanga okugxekayo kuvame ukuchazwa njengenqubo edinga ukuqondiswa yokuhlaziya, ukuhlaziya, nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa ukuze kuqondise izinkolelo nezenzo. Akukona nje ukuba nombono ophambene noma othanda ukuphikisana; kunalokho, kusekutheni unengqondo ephelele, futhi uqine. Ngezansi siphula izingxenye eziyinhloko, ezingasetshenziswa futhi zicwengisiswe.
Ukuhlaziya: Ukuqeda Inkinga Eyinkimbinkimbi
Ukuhlolwa kuhilela ukuhlukanisa ukwaziswa ezingxenyeni ezikuyo kanye nemibono eyinhloko ekusekeleni imininingwane, ukuveza izimpawu, nokuqaphela izindlela zokucabanga. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho sifunda inkulumo yezombangazwe, umcacisi wesayensi kungase kubuze: Iyini inkulumo yesikhulumi? Yibuphi ubufakazi esibunikezayo? Imiphi imibono enikezwayo ngezindinganiso zezilaleli?
Ukuhlola: Ukubheka Ukufaneleka Nokuziphakamisa
Akuyona yonke imithombo edalwe ngokulingana. Ukuhlola kudinga ukuhlaziya ukwethembeka kokwaziswa, ubuchwepheshe bomthombo, kanye nobungako bobufakazi. Emphakathini, lokhu kungasho ukuhlola ukuthi izibalo ezikhonjwe ephepheni legciwane empeleni zivela ekuhloleni okunedumela elihle, noma ukungabaza izisusa ezisemuva kwesazi sezombangazwe. Amathuluzi anjengeCRAAP (Ukuhlolwa, uRerevance, Authority, Agcurity, injongo) angasiza ekuhloleni lokhu.
Ukwehluleka: Ukufinyelela Isiphetho Esinengqondo
Ukungavumelani kuhilela ukusikisela kobufakazi obuye eziphethweni ezidlulela ngalé kwalokho okushiwo ngokucacile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umkhandlu wedolobha uvota ukuthobisa uhlelo lwentsha kuyilapho ukwandisa ukuxhaswa kwamaphoyisa, ungasho ukuthi umkhandlu umisa umthetho ngokulandelana kwezinkonzo zezenhlalo ezivimbelayo. Iziphakamiso kufanele zibe eziqinile futhi zivuleke ukubukezwa njengoba ubufakazi obusha buvela. Izazi zesayensi ziyaqaphela umehluko phakathi kwalokho okuqinisekisiwe nalokho okungenzeka, futhi zigwema ukugxuma eziphethweni ezingenakuvinjelwa.
Ukuchaza: Ukuzwa Ukuthi Okushiwo Yini
Incazelo iphathelene nokuqonda ukubaluleka kokwaziswa", ukuchaza ukuthi kuyini okuthile emongweni. Uma isiphakamiso sisebenzisa igama elithi “ukuvuselelwa,” umcubunguli ogxekayo uzocabangela ukuthi lawo mazwi asho ukuvuselelwa, ukutshala izithuba zomphakathi, noma okunye. Ukuchaza kudinga ukuzwela kokuchaza, ulimi, kanye nezimo zabafaki bemigomo abahlukene.
Ukuzilawula: Ukucabanga Ngengqondo Yakho
Mhlawumbe isici esinganakwa kakhulu, ukuzivumelanisa kusho ukubheka ukucunula kwakho siqu kokuqonda nokusabela ngokomzwelo. Wonke umuntu unawo amabala angaboni; ongqondongqondo abagxekayo bazama ngamandla ukuwachaza. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uzithola uvumelana kakhulu nenkulumo yezombangazwe, yima ubuze: “Ngingazizwa ngendlela efanayo uma izinkulumo ezifanayo zivela kuphikisani?” Lomkhuba wokujezisa ubalulekile enkulumweni elungile yezikhulumo zesizwe.
Indima Yokucabanga Okubucayi Ekuhlanganyeleni
Ukuhlanganyela kweCobic kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi — ukuhlanganisa, ukuya emahholo edolobha, ukusayina izicelo, ukuya ebhikisheni, ukusebenza emabhodini, noma ngisho nokuxoxa nje ngokuqondene nomakhelwane.
Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esinolwazi
Izindlela zebhola kanye nokukhetha okuzohlolwa kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukudayiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kokugxeka, abavoti bangathembela ekufuneni iziqondiso ezihlukene, izikhalo ezingokomzwelo, noma ekwazisweni kokuqala abahlangana nakho. Ongqondo abagxekayo baqoqa ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi enokwethenjelwa, balinganise izimpawu kanye nezinciphiso, futhi bacabangele imiphumela emide. Baqaphela futhi lapho bentula ulwazi olwanele futhi bafuna ulwazi olwengeziwe ngaphambi kokwenza ukukhetha. Ukuze bathole isiqondiso esijulile ekuhloleni imithombo yezinqumo zokuvota, inhlangano yeSintu esingokweSintu inikeza imithombo yeSintu esingokwendawo esivamile sokuhlukanisa udaba udaba udalwe ngokhetho.
Impikiswano Ethakazelisayo Nengxoxo
Ukucabanga okuhluzekile kuguqula impikiswano esuka ekufuneni iqiniso okuhambisanayo. Esikhundleni sokuzama “impikiswano, umcaphuli ogxekayo ulalela ngokucophelela, abuze imibuzo ecacisayo, futhi anikeze izikhombo zobufakazi. Lendlela ihlonipha isintu somunye futhi yakha indawo yokuguqula ingqondo yomuntu. Emphakathini i-culorns `ilayini-wenu noma i-person" iyingxoxo eyisisekelo sedemocrive. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-[[FLT:]Deligater democratium Conservation [ inikeza izingxekelele zengxoxo ehleliwe kahle, ebucayi yezindaba zomphakathi.
Ukuxazulula Inkinga Ngokuphumelelayo
Izinselele eziningi zomphakathi zenza kube njengezindlu ezithengwayo, ukubola kwezemfundo, noma izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, − u-require izixazululo ezithinta izimbangela eziyisisekelo, hhayi izimpawu nje. Abacubunguli babheka izinkinga ngokulandelana: bachaza inkinga ngokunembile, baqoqa ukwaziswa, bahlanganisa izinto eziningi, balindele imiphumela engalindelekile, futhi bahlole imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lomphakathi elisingatha ukungalondeki kokudla lingase lihlaziye ukuthi isitolo esisha sokudla, ibhange lokudla, noma ingadi yomphakathi ingaba ngcono kakhulu, uma kucatshangelwa izindleko, ukulondolozwa, kanye nokufaneleka kwempucuko.
Ukuhlanganyela Ngokwengeziwe Nokuzitika Ngezindaba Ezinhle
Abantu abacabanga ngendlela ehluzekile bathambekele kakhulu ekuzizweni benamandla okuthatha isinyathelo. Uma ungabona ngokucacile amaphutha enkambisweni noma ekungabini nabulungisa esimisweni, ushukumiseleka ukuba ukhulume. Ukucabanga okubucayi kusiza futhi abameleli bempikiswano eqinile, bagweme ukukhohlisa okunengqondo, futhi basabelele ngokuphumelelayo ekuphikisweni. u-Preaty Law Center [ unikeza ukuhlola kokuthi ukuhlaziya okugxeka kuye kwabhebhethelisa ukuphumelela kokungavumelani amalungelo omphakathi.
Amakhono Okucabanga Athuthukayo: Amasu Awusizo
Ukucabanga okuhluzekile akusona isici esingokwemvelo; kuyikhono elingahlakulelwa ngokuzijwayeza ngamabomu.
Buza Imibuzo Evusa Ingqondo
Nandisela umkhuba wokubuza “ukuthi kungani,” futhi“ uma.” uma unikezwa ngokuzisho, zicindezele ukuba ujule. Ngokwesibonelo: “Kungani lenkambiso isho ukuthi inciphisa ubugebengu? Ingalinganisa kanjani impumelelo? Kuthiwani uma umphumela ohlukile uyenzeka?" Sebenzisa amapulani anjenge- i-Prountation for Critical Eving[ Ikhahlu lombuzo ohlela imibuzo yakho.
Funa Imiqondo Ehlukahlukene
Amagumbi okubhala aqinisa izinkolelo ezikhona futhi avimbela ukukhula okunzima. Lokhu kufunda ngentshiseko imibono yabantu abanezizinda, imibono, nokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile. Zibophelele ezindaweni zokufaka imibiko ngababhali abahlukene, yiba khona emagqumeni lapho ungekho khona phakathi kweningi, futhi uxoxe ngenhlonipho nalabo abangavumelani. Lokhu kuveza izinkolelo ezingcono nobuthakathaka bezikhundla zakho.
Cabanga Ngobuntu Bakho
Sonke sinobandlululo lokucabanga njengokuvumelana nobufakazi (funa ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa imibono yethu) kanye nomphumela we-Dunning-Kruger (ukulinganisa ikhono lethu). Gcina “umagazini ocatshangelwayo” lapho uphawula khona izinqumo ozenzile futhi uhlole indlela ocabanga ngayo. Buza:“ Ingabe ngibubheka ubufakazi obuphikisanayo? Ingabe ngalahla ngokushesha kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kwakunzima?” I-website yakho enjenge- inikeza izincazelo ezibonisa ukuthi ubandlululo olufana nolwe-impela.
Ukulungisa Inkinga
Sebenzisa ama-sakhelo afana nethi “Izizathu Ezinhlanu,” i-Prons/Coons idweba ngokubaluleka okusindayo, noma i-“Six Thing Hats” indlela ka-Edward de Bono. Lapho usingatha indaba yomphakathi eqenjini, wabela izindima eziphoqelela izitayela ezihlukile zokucabanga (umzk., omunye umuntu ugxila emaqinisweni, omunye ngemizwelo, omunye ngokusungula izinto). Lendlela ehlelwe ngendlela ivimbela ukucabanga nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izikhomba ziyacatshangelwa.
Ukuhlanganyela Ezifanekisweni Nokudlala Indima
Ihlanganyela emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wedolobha yokuzikhohlisa, yezehlakalo zokuhlola zeZizwe Ezihlangene, noma izenzakalo zokuhlola ezilula. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kulingisa isinqumo sangempela somphakathi osenza ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa kwesikhathi, ulwazi, nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Yakha imisipha yengqondo edingekayo ukuze ucabange futhi ucabangele imibono eminingi ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ukucabanga Okubucayi Emsebenzini: Ukuhlola Ngomlando Nanamuhla Ngecala
Izibonelo zezwe langempela zicacisa indlela ukucabanga okugxekayo okuye kwasetshenziswa ngayo − ne-(ne) ukuphila komphakathi. Nakhu ukuhlola okune okubonisa amandla okuhlaziya okuhluzekile nezingozi zokungabikho kwayo.
Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi: Ukumelana NoMthetho Ongalungile
Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. babesebenzisa indlela yokugxeka enzima ukuze baphikise ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. “Esithilini sakhe saseBirmingham Jail,” iNkosi yachitha ngokulandelana kwemithetho engalungile, ihlukanisa phakathi kwemithetho elungile nengalungile futhi icele ukusabela okunengqondo. Akazange avele ahlubuke; wathatha isinyathelo esinzulu sokuhlaziya izimiso ezizinzile esabangela isizwe.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Ukusuka Ekwazini Imininingwane Kuya Enqubweni
Amaqembu endawo ezungezile njenge-Evironmental Defense Fund asebenzisa ukucubungula kwezesayensi ukuze asekele umoya ohlanzekile namanzi. Kunokuba amane abhikishe, aqoqa ukwaziswa okukhipha igesi, imiphumela yempilo engokohlobo, futhi ahlongoza imithetho eveza izindleko. Lendlela yobufakazi iholele ekunqobeni kwenqubo njenge-Ceac Air Act. Ukucabanga okunzima lapha kusho ukuhlaziya ukungaqiniseki okungokwesayensi nokuxhumana nomphakathi ngokwethembeka.
I - COVID - 19 Pandemic Iphendula Impilo Yomphakathi
Umqedazwe wembulunga yonke wawuwuvivinyo olunzima lokucabanga okugxekayo. Imiphakathi eyayincike ekucabangeni okucacile, okusekelwe ebufakazini, ukulalela izazi zezifo, ukucubungula amazinga ezifo, nokushintsha izindlela ngcono kunezisetshenziswayo. Imizamo yezempilo ephumelelayo yomphakathi yasebenzisa ukuqonda nokubona kahle ukuze yakhe ukwethembana, kanti ukwehluleka ngokuvamile kwabangelwa ukucabanga komlingo noma ubufakazi obungafihli. Lokhu kwagcizelela isidingo sokuba izakhamuzi zihlole ngokuhluzekile izinga lempilo nokuqonda imiqondo yezibalo enjengesithi “izinga lokubulala abantu” kanye“ nelenani lokufa kwabantu.”
Izingxoxo ZeBhodi Lesikole Lasendaweni: Ukucabanga Okubucayi Ngemicrocosm
Cabangela ibhodi lesikole eliphikisana nezifundo ezintsha. Umcubunguli ogxekayo webhodi ngeke nje akhethe ngokusekelwe emgqeni weqembu; bangahlola lokho okuqukethwe yizifundo, bacele imibono yochwepheshe kuthisha, babukeze ukucwaninga kwezemfundo ngemiphumela yokufunda, futhi balalele abazali bekhathazekile. Bangabuza: “Buphi ubufakazi obusekela lendlela? Iyini imiphumela engalindelekile? Kuvumelana kanjani nomsebenzi wesikole?” Loluhlobo lokuhlola luholela ekutholeni impumelelo eqinile, izinqumo ezilungile.
Ukucabanga Okubucayi Ezimisweni Zemfundo Nezomphakathi
Uma ukucabanga okugxekayo kuyiyona nto eyinhloko yentando yeningi, izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi kuyinhliziyo ezikubangelayo.
Impikiswano Ehleliwe Yesimiso Somthetho
Hamba udlulele ngalé kokuphindaphindwa okudinga abafundi ukuba baphikisane nhlangothi zombili zempikiswano. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-National Speech & Debate Association ziqeqesha abafundi ngokuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuqonda, nokuphikisana. Ngisho nezimpikiswano ezimfushane zesigaba ngezindaba zendawo (umz., “Ingabe idolobha lethu liyawanqabela amapulasitiki asetshenziswayo?”)
Sebenzisa ukuhlola kwecala lezwe kwangempela kanye nezimpawu
Nikeza abafundi ukuba bacwaninge impikiswano yendawo yamanje", njengasemgwaqweni omkhulu ohlongozwayo noma ushintsho lwezindawo oluhlongozwayo oluthi lwabe lungadlala iziteshi ezihlukene: izakhamuzi, abanikazi bamabhizinisi, ososayensi, abahleli bedolobha. Kumelwe baqoqe amaqiniso, balindele izimpikiswano, futhi baxoxe ngekhambi. Lokhu “imfundo esekelwe eprompm” izibuko zezinselele zomphakathi zangempela.
Fundisa Ukufunda Nokuhlola Imithombo Yezindaba
Sinikeze isikhathi sekilasi sokuhlola izihloko zezindaba, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, ngisho nokuhlanganisa i-Al-generated. Abafundi basebenzise ukuhlolwa kwe-CRAAP noma “Indlela ye-SIFT” (Ima, i-Project, Thola i-imfihlo engcono, i-Trace Department) eyasungulwa nguMike Caulfield. News Literacy Project [[FLT: 1]
Ukuthobeka Okuyisibonelo Kokuhlakanipha
Othisha nabaholi kufanele bafake indlela yokucabanga ehluzekile obala.
Izindawo Zomsebenzi Zomphakathi Nezobuchwepheshe
Ngaphandle kwezikole, imitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ze-inthanethi zingangenisa amashabhu ekucabangeni okunengqondo, ukuhlukanisa ubandlululo, nokuhlola iqiniso. Amathuluzi obuchwepheshe e-CBIC njenge- “Pol.is” umgangatho wenza ukuba uphengululo lwesilinganiso esikhulu ezindabeni zomphakathi, ukudweba ukuvumelana nokudiliza kusebenzise ukwaziswa.
Ukunqoba Izithiyo Zokucabanga Okugxekayo Ekuphileni Kwesinkwa
Ukuqaphela lemingcele kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuyinqoba, naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukucabanga okugxekayo kubhekene nezingqinamba ezinkulu.
Ulwazi olugcwele kanye nokuhlungwa kwemithetho
Imithetho elawula izokuxhumana ivame ukubeka kuqala ukuthembisana ngokunemba, ukusondla okugcizelela ubandlululo lwethu. Ukulwa nalokhu, thatha “ukucabanga okusheshayo”: zinike isikhathi ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela okuthile, uqinisekise, futhi usebenzise izingosi zokuhlola amaqiniso njenge Snopes noma i-PritiFact. I-owearch ingasiza ekutholeni imithombo esolekayo.
Ukuqiniswa Kwe - Bias Neqembu
Uma silalela abantu abavumelana nathi kuphela, imibono yethu iba yeqisa kakhulu futhi ingakwazi ukuvivinywa. Ngokungagwegwesi zibeka engozini ukuphikisana okukhulu. “ummeleli ka-Devil” indlela ye-"" (ukubeka isibonakaliso somuntu ozophikisana nombono ovamile, ---_____ingasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimo sokuveza ubuthakathaka ekucabangeni.
Ukuvuselela Imizwelo Nobuzwe
Izindaba ze-pic zivame ukuvusa imizwelo enamandla − ukwesaba, intukuthelo, ukushisekela izwe. Lokhu kungavala ukuhlaziywa okunengqondo. Yazi imizwelo yakho kodwa ungayivumeli ukuba ikwenze uphethe. Ake ume bese ubuza: “Uma bengiyingqapheli engathathi hlangothi, ibuphi ubufakazi obungangifaka idolo?”
Ukuntuleka Kokuthola Imfundo Ephambili
Amakhono okucabanga ahluzekile awasakazwanga ngendlela elinganayo. Ngaphansi kwe-injini izikole zingagxila ekufundeni ngokufunda ngokufunda ngokufunda ngokudlulisa ulwazi. Ukubhekisa kulokhu kungafanele kudinga ushintsho lwezimiso kanye nokutshala umphakathi ezimisweni zemfundo, emitatsheni yezincwadi, nasemithonjeni yomphakathi.
Isiphetho: Ubizo Lokucabanga, Lokuhlanganyela Nokuqinisa Intando Yeningi
Ukucabanga okugxekayo akuwona umsebenzi wengqondo owenziwe ngokunganaki, okuwumsebenzi womphakathi. Ebuthweni elinempilo, isakhamuzi ngasinye kumelwe sizimisele ukuphikisana negunya, ukuhlola ubufakazi, futhi sicabangele imibono ehlukile kweyaso. Amakhono achazwe kulesi sihloko (((analysis, i-station, incazelo, incazelo, kanye nokuzilawula) akuyona nje yezazi noma izazi zezombangazwe; kunoma ubani ovota, izisebenzi zokuzithandela, noma oveza umbono othile.
Ukuthuthukisa lamakhono kudinga izinhloso, umkhuba, nokuthobeka. Kodwa imivuzo inkulu: izinqumo ezicabangelayo, izimpikiswano zomphakathi ezakhayo, nemiphakathi ehlonyiselwe kangcono ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlanganyelwayo. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani, nokungahleleki kobuchwepheshe, isidingo sabacusumbuli abagxekayo asikaze sibe sikhulu. Ngakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umfundi ufunda nje ukungabaza, uthisha olungisa ikilasi lakho, noma umshisekeli wesikhathi eside elungisa izimpikiswano zakho, uzibophezela ukuthuthukisa kwakho ukucabanga kwakho okugxekayo, futhi usebenzise ukukhomba umphakathi onobulungisa nombuso wentando yeningi.