Ukuhamba edolobheni kungenye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu ezibhekene namadolobha namuhla. Ukuzimela kulahlekisela izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezomnotho unyaka ngamunye, ukungcoliswa komoya kunezela ezinkulungwaneni zabantu abafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi ukuphila okungahlali kubangela ukukhuluphala kakhulu. Enkabeni yekhambi kubangelwa ukuhamba ngokuzikhandla hamba ngebhayisekili nokuhamba – okunikeza ukuhlelwa kwemali okuphindwe kathathu: impilo engcono, umoya ohlanzekile, nokusetshenziswa ngokunempumelelo kwendawo yasedolobheni. Isikhulu se-UK, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisegunyeni lombuso ohlangene nezindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni ezihlala abantu, ziye zavela njengemishini eyinhloko yalo sheshishini. Ukusebenzisa amandla abo awethuthwayo izindleko zokuthutha, ukuhlela izinhlelo ezifanelekile, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zendawo, nesimiso sendawo yendawo ehlala abantu abahamba ngezinyawo kanye namabhayisebhayisekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela abaholi abalungisa ngayo, futhi banqoba izithiyo.

Isidingo Esandayo Sesixuku Sasemadolobheni Esizinzile

Indaba yokubhayiseka nokuhamba kwangaphambi kwebhayisekili ayikaze iqine kakhulu. Ukuhamba kuwumsuka omkhulu wegesi ekhipha ugesi eshisayo e-UK, ohamba emgwaqweni othatha ingxenye yesine yegesi ekhiqizwayo. I-Sultaediedie, ukungasebenzi okungokomzimba kubiza i-NHS yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 ngonyaka. i-patment yendlela yokuhamba nokuhamba ngebhayisekili [ ibonisa ukuthi nakuba ingxenye yazo zonke izimoto eNgilandi ingaphansi kwamakhilomitha amathathu, ingxenye kuphela yayo iqedwa ngebhayisikili noma ngezinyawo. Ifaka ngisho nesigamu salezi zindlela ezimfushane zokuhamba ezisebenzayo zingaveza izinzuzo ezinkulu.

Izinga lomoya wasedolobheni lingomunye umshayeli. I-Royal College of Physicians ithi kufa abantu abacishe babe ngu-40 000 ngonyaka e-UK ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya ngaphandle, okuningi kuvela emimotweni. AmaMaya emadolobheni anjengeLondon, iBirmingham, neManchester aye amemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zezulu futhi angaphansi kokucindezela ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo zomoya ezihlanzekile kanye nezingahlali eziphansi. Imigwaqo eqinile kanye nemijikelezo ephephela i-pasejini kuqinisekisiwe ukunciphisa ukulawula kwemoto, ukushibiliza okukhuthazayo lapho kwenza imigwaqo ibe isivikelo kubasebenzisi bomgwaqo abasengozini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqedazwe we-COVID 16) wandisa ukuthambekela komhlaba wonke kokuhamba nokuhamba ngebhayisekili. Imigwaqo yempompo yesikhashana nemigwaqo ebanzi yaqala ngesivinini. Izindawo eziningi ze-UK zathatha isikhathi ukwenza lezinguquko ezihlala njalo, ukuvuselelwa kokuhamba kwamadolobheni kumelwe ukuba ziqine, zibe nempilo, futhi zihambe kahle. Njengoba amadolobha encintisana nekhono kanye nokutshala imali, indawo ehlalayo, indawo ehambayo iye yaba usizo oluncintisanayo.

Indima Efanelekayo Yezigebengu Zase - UK

I-international commos commonments i-metro ingumdlalo oshintshwayo. I-Greater London Authority, i-Midlands Explaned Authority, i-Greater Manchester Explaned Authority, futhi ezinye manje zilawula izimali zokuthutha zeminyaka engamashumi amane anesine futhi zinomthwalo wokulawula amapulani ezokuthutha zendawo. Lokhu kunikeza imeya ikhono lokuhlela izinto ezizokodwa, ukusekela imali, nokuhlanganisa amagatsha, nokuhlanganisa izinto ezazivame ukungekho ngaphansi kohulumeni wendawo ohlukene.

Ama - mayster angasekela ukuhamba okunemisebenzi esebenzayo ngemixhantela eminingana: ukutshala izakhiwo eziqondile, amandla okuqondisa (njengokusebenzisa isilinganiso sejubane lama-20mph noma ukuminyana), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla athambile ukuze kwakhiwe ukuvumelana komphakathi nokwezombangazwe. Futhi bangaqondisa izindikimba ezinjengokuthutha i-London, i-Transport for Greater Manchester, ne-Treator for West Midlands, okuklanywa nokuphathiswa imisebenzi emikhulu. Active Travery Fund - - isabelwe yi-Department for Transportams - inikeza amameyardes imithombo eyengeziwe yokwakha i-markers nezokuhamba, nakuba imincinti yemali ihlala igcwele ubudlovandla.

Ukutshala Imali: Ukwakha Abantu

Izakhiwo ziyisisekelo sanoma iyiphi indlela ephumelelayo yokuhamba. Izindlela zokuhamba ngebhayisekili ezihlukanisa abagibeli bamabhayisikili kokubili abahamba ngezimoto nabahamba ngezinyawo zinciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokulimala futhi zikhuthaza ukugibela ihhashi phakathi kwabasebenzisi abangazethembi kakhulu. Ama - Mayra agxila kakhulu ekusebenziseni imigwaqo eqinile: i-Fokensighway ekhulu elihambayo ne-Thuleaner, i-Manchester’s Bee Network yemizila ehamba amakhilomitha angu-80 000, kanye neNguquko ye-Pirminghams konke okwandulela ukuhlukana ngokomzimba.

Ukuthutha imoto kungenye indawo ebucayi. Imigwaqo yasedolobheni evalelwe emaphakathi iyiswa ezimotweni - ngokuvamile ngezimpelasonto noma ngokuhlala njalo – iveza izindawo zomphakathi ezithuthukisa ukuwa kwesitolo futhi zithuthukise izinga lomoya. Ukuhamba kweManchester phakathi kwedolobha, kuhlanganise nokuguqulwa kwe-Exchange Square, kuye kwanconywa kabanzi. Ngokufanayo, imeya yendawo iye yasekela ‘ imigwaqo yesikole - jaho engaphandle kwesikole - ukuze ithuthukise ukuphepha nokunciphisa izimoto ekuwiseni kwe - [1] [1] futhi izinhlelo zesikole manje zisebenza kangasese eNgilandi, eziningi zisebenza ngezikhulu ze-meyardare.

Ukuwela, ukwandisa izinyawo, nokuthuthukisa ukukhanya kwabahamba ngezinyawo akukhangi kakhulu kodwa kubalulekile ngokufanayo. Abagibeli basebenzisa imali ephepheni lokupaka ibhayisekili, iziteshi ezihamba ngebhayisekili, nokuthola izimpawu zokwakha i-message. Isihluthulelo siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo asilona uchungechunge lwezingcezu ezihlukaniswe kodwa isimiso esibanzi esingenza ukuhamba nokubhabha ngebhayisekili ukukhetha okungokwemvelo kohambo olufushane.

Ukulungisa Inqubo Nokusekela Imali

Ngaphandle kokwakha, omeya baye basebenzisa indlela yokushintsha indlela yokuziphatha. Izindawo zomphakathi ze-Low straffic London [[FLTN] - lapho imigwaqo yokuhlala ihlungwa khona idlule nge ↑traffic – iye yanwetshwa eLondon, Birmingham, naseManchester. Nakuba i-LTNs ngezinye izikhathi ibangela impikiswano, ubufakazi obuvela [ku- Ikholeji le-Intales London [[[[FLTLT:1]] ibonisa ukuthi banciphisa izimoto ezifundeni ngaphandle kokuphahlazeka kwemigwaqo emigwaqweqweni. Izimoto ziye zamisa isivinini esingama-20mph emaphakathini edolobha, i-amppeagister amelene nokugcinwa komgwaqo (ngendlela yokuqashiswa kwemigwaqo), futhi bahlela izisuzukisi zokunciphisa inani lezimoto.

I-Santander Chonnels yase-London, i-Midlands’s West Midwants Thrange Hire, ne-Citybicbike yaseLiverpool inikeza izakhamuzi nezivakashi i-Bike ukhetho oluvumelanayo, oluphansi lwezohambo olufushane. Ama-Maytor asebenzisa lezi zinhlelo, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa namathikithi okuthutha abantu – ngokwesibonelo, i-Intrash yemali emboze ithumbu elibolekile leLondon, ibhasi, kanye nomjikelezo we-scrack. Imisebenzi yemali futhi: i-Movery of arceoctive yezempacce, kanti amazwe athuthukiswa indawo ethile; amanye amameyameya aye athembisa ukukhokhela izinto zomphakathi zokuthutha noma ukuqeqesha komphakathi.

Imali egciniwe iseyindaba eyinhloko. INgxowa-mali yokuhamba yabelwa cishe cishe £2 ngekhanda kwezinye izindawo, ngaphansi kakhulu kwe- £102920 ekhanda ngalinye elituswa izindikimba ezihamba ngebhayisekili. Ama-mayer kumelwe ancintisane nenhloko - dolobha kahulumeni ephakathi, afake iminikelo yendawo, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi imali ekhona ekunakekeleni nokusebenza. Isibopho samuva seDepartment for traptting ukuze kulungiselelwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwe-660, izakhiwo ezingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu eminyaka zokuhamba ngenkani ziyibanga eliphambili, kodwa amameyameya ayaqhubeka ukuphikisana ngemali esekela inzuzo egciniwe, inzuzo egciniwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo

Izibonelo ezicacile zibonisa lokho ukuhola kwemeya okungakufeza. Ngezansi kunezinhlolo - kuhlolwa zezinhlangothi ezintathu zamadolobha angu - 93 ezibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha isimo nomongo.

ELondon: Imigwaqo Ephakeme Ewujikelezo Ne - Ultra Low Eugging

IMayor yaseLondon, nge-Transport for London, iye yafaka imali engaphezu ko £2 000 000 000 ebhayisekile futhi yahamba kusukela ngo-2016. I-common Superhways inendawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-17% ehambayo, kuhlanganise ne-Eastrû West ne-Northern Superguathway ehamba phakathi kweLondon. Ukubhayiseka eLondon kuye kwakhula ngama-Nox angaphezu kuka-40% eshumi leminyaka elidlule, ngokwanda ngo-17% kuphela (ngokwezingango-tejimizo ze-TfL). I-Ultra Low Eugractive Money (UL), eyanwed Money (Ul), ekhuliswe i-meyamanje ukumboza zonke izikhungo ze-dologobo, eziye zanciswa yizinze ngomphumela we-Nox ngobubanzi bebonke ama-Ex ezindaweni eziphakathi kanye nezikhuthathuselwa phambili kwemikhondo ye-Ex. I-Exterraliterraliters.

IManchester: Ukukhishwa Kwemali Nenethi Le - Bee

Umphathi webhasi omkhulu waseManchester, u-Andy Burnham, uye wenza uhambo oluqinile lwezinsika zendlela yakhe yokuthutha. I-Bee Network ihlose ukwakha isimiso esihlangene samabhasi, amatram, amabhayisekili, nokuhamba – ibhuloho lokuqala eligcwele elingaphandle kwe-London kusukela ekukhubazekeni. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuvalwa okuhlala njalo kwengxenye yedolobha eDeansgated, isivinini sesivinini sezimoto, i-20ph ezindaweni zomphakathi ezizungeze iCathedral, kanye nokutshala izindleko emigwaqweqweni exhumanisa omakhelwane ephakathi kwedolobha. I-Bee Networkssss ihlela ngaphandle amakhilomitha angu-2028 evikelwe nge-20, isakhiwo esikhona esisendleleni sepaki. I-meya i-arcus ezindaweni eziphakathi kwe-20% ze-unichneatmount (ew ezindaweni ezibanzi zezindawo zokuhlala kulo lonke) eziphakathi kwedolobha elikhona kanye namabhishini elingu-20%.

IBirmingham: Indawo Ehlanzekile Yomoya Nokushintsha Komjikelezo

Umphathi we-Andmingham u-Andy Street ubhekise amehlo e-Ceoc Monerary (CAZ), ephoqelela izimoto ezingcolisa kakhulu ukuba zingene emaphakathini edolobha. Phakathi nonyaka wokuqala, isilinganiso sezimoto ezizolandelwayo sanyuka sisuka ku 60% kuya ku-90%. Ngaphandle kwe-CAZ, uhlelo lwe-Promplation Proceltiontiontion lusebenzisa i-$45 miliyoni ye-10045 yokwakha umjikelezo we-Chwele ye-Dashine, kuhlanganise ne-Dashish zenza i-iatracketrackes ezinqamlezini ezimfazaneni eziyinhloko. I-Notraex futhi iqhumise i-Notton ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha: i-mindsting Hire, ngemishini engu 5 000 enqamula amabhayisekile enqamula ezindaweni ezisenkabeni zokuthutha imikhumbi ezishisayo, futhi idinga ukuthutha imikhumbi esikhungweni esiqinile, kodwa ezinye izigwegwegwegwegwegwebo ezihlanganisa izikhu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, i

Ukunqoba Izinselele Eziphikelelayo

Naphezu kwalempumelelo, amameya e-UK abhekene nemingcele enzima. Ukuxhasa imali kungamahlalakhona: i-UK ichitha cishe £6 umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka ezisekelweni zebhayisekili, uma iqhathaniswa ne-$26. Ama-maya kufanele afake izimfuno ezincintisanayo zemali yezokuhamba, nemali yebhayisekili ngokuvamile iqeda ingxenye yebhubesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimali eziyinhloko zokuhamba ngemisebenzi zivame ukumenyezelwa ngemijikelezo ezungeza phambili, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlela izinhlelo zeminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesine. AmaMay abiza imali yokuhamba ngemoto enikezelwe, i-injini egcwele i-injini egcwele njalo egcwele izimali zokuhamba ezinyuka ngokulinganayo iminyaka eyishumi.

Ukwenqaba komphakathi, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwezindawo eziphansi zomphakathi kanye nokwakhiwa kwemizila ejikelezayo, kungakhubazeka. Ezinye izakhamuzi zibheka ama-LTN njengezinto eziphazamisayo noma eziphazamisayo. Ama-glate kumelwe afake imali ekubopheni umphakathi, i-commodegic, nokuxhumana okucacile ngezinzuzo – ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi i-LTNs inciphisa ukukhubazeka kwabahamba ngezinyawo, futhi ithuthukisa ukuphepha kwabahamba ngezinyawo ngokwanda kwezinyawo. Amaqhinga e-injini kanye nezifakelo zesikhashana zivumela umphakathi ukuba ubhekane noshintsho ngaphambi kokuba lube oluhlala njalo. Imeya yaseLondon neManstershire basebenzise lelicebo bobabili ekunqandeni ukuphikiswa.

Isithiyo esiqinile singenye inselele. Amadolobha amaningi ase-UK anemizila emincane engokomlando eyenza imizila yomjikelezo ibe nzima. Ama-mayth kumelwe asebenzise imizila ehambayo eyodwa, i-range tracks ivale imigwaqwe yezimoto, noma indawo yokupaka izimoto. Amapakethi nezindlela zokupaka i-paki kunikeza izimoto ezikhululekile zezimoto kodwa ngokuvamile kungabikho ukuqondisa. Ukuhamba ngemoto ehamba ngemoto - ngokwesibonelo, ngokunikeza iziteshi eziteshini zesitimela nezindawo zokumisa ibhasi – kudingekile lokuhamba isikhathi eside. I-Mayl ye-Cyle Parkingsss eLondon's program ye-", okuthiwandisa izinkulungwane zezindawo, okuthi abanye abasemeyakhesayakhempane.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Esikhathini Esizayo Esizayo Ngesixuku Sasemadolobheni

Uma bebheka phambili, omeya bazodinga ukuqhubekisela phambili ezindaweni eziningana. Okokuqala, kumelwe bathathe uhambo olusheshayo beya ezindaweni ezibanzi zokuhlela zasedolobheni, ukuhlanganisa ezokuthutha nezindlu, impilo, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Idolobha elingu15 minsumurete licabanga ukuthi linezidingo eziningi zansuku zonke ezikhona phakathi nohambo olufushane noma umjikelezo ekhaya – lithola amandla okuhlela, futhi omeya bangasebenzisa amandla okuhlela ngaphambi kokuba kuxutshwe, ukuthutha nokwehla kwezindawo zomphakathi. “Neighitourbaurbation" indlela ye-Manchester ye-“ nezimiso ezinhle zokukhula” zaseLondon ziyizibonelo zakuqala.

Okwesibili, ezobuchwepheshe zizoba nendima eyandayo. Amabhayisekili kagesi (eûke) anciphisa umngcele wohambo olude nezindlela zamagquma; amameya angafaka izinhlelo zokuthenga futhi aqinisekise ukuthi isisekelo sesimiso siyatholakala. Ukuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwe-ephracooter, manje ehamba emadolobheni amaningi e-UK, anikeza ukhetho oluvumelanayo lwemicropromobie, nakuba umthetho usalokhu uqinile. Amakheni adinga ukusebenza nabasebenzisi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuthutha umphakathi.

Okwesithathu, ukuvaleka kwemiklamo kumelwe kube yindinganiso eyinhloko. Inani lamanje labagibeli bebhayisekili lichaphazeleka kumadoda amasha, anekhono. Ama-mays kufanele afake izakhiwo ezisebenza kuyo yonke iminyaka namakhono: izindlela ezibanzi, izindlela eziphansi, izindonga ezilula, ukuwela, nokupaka imoto. Izinhlelo ezifana no- “Sibhayisekili saBonke” eLondon naseManchester“ i-Aiceckety" yabantu abadala baye basiza ekuhlanganyeleni kakhulu. I-Pedestriańreang projective, kuhlanganise nombala ongcono, i-cle, i-pale, i-pale, kanye nendawo yokuhlala, zisiza abantu abadala, ngokusunduza, kanye nalabo abahambayo.

Ekugcineni, amameya anamandla ayaqhubeka esebenzisa ukubonakala kwawo ukuze akhe umfelandawonye wezombangazwe ukuze kushintsheke. Asekelwa ubufakazi obuthi ukuncishiswa kwegesi kuya ekuthengisweni kwezindawo ezidayiswayo emigwaqweni ehamba ngezinyawo — angakholisa izakhamuzi namabhizinisi ukuthi ukuhamba okumatasa akusona isithiyo kodwa kuwumthelela. Imeya ephumelelayo iyoba yilabo abahlanganisa izisekelo zesisekelo eziqinile nokubophana kwesineke, futhi abaphatha ukugibela nokuhamba hhayi njengendawo ephansi kodwa njengesisekelo sesimiso sokuthutha esiqinile.

Isiphetho

Ukuhamba edolobheni e-UK kusemjahweni wemigwaqo. Amashumi eminyaka okuhlelwa kwezimoto ashiya amadolobha egcwele, engcolisiwe, futhi engalingani. Imeya yaseLondon, eManchester, eBirmingham, eLiverpool, nezinye izindawo ezihambayo zibonisa ukuthi indlela ehlukile ingenzeka - ngendawo ephephile engazihambela kuyo izingane ukuya esikoleni, lapho ukugibela ibhayisekili kuyindawo engcono khona yokukhetha ukuthutha imoto, nalapho izinga lomoya lingasalikhiphiliphi impilo yomphakathi. Ngokufaka izakhiwo, ukuvuselela inqubo, kanye nokwakha ukusekela komphakathi, i-UK amearces ahamba kancane kancane kancane ahamba ngezinyawo zasedolobheni.

Indima yabo ayilula: ukuxhasa ngemali kuqinile, ukuphikiswa kungaba nolaka, futhi izinga loshintsho oludingekayo likhulu. Nokho ubufakazi obuvela endabeni busobala: lapho amameya ehola khona, ehamba ngebhayisekili nokuhamba. Izinzuzo – ukukhipha ikhabhoni kancane, impilo engcono, umnotho wendawo – ungokoqobo. I-UK isenethuba elide lokuhamba ukuze ifanelane namadolobha angcono kakhulu aseYurophu, kodwa ngokuqhubeka kobuholi bomphathi bamameya, ishumi leminyaka elilandelayo lakubona ukuguqulwa kokuhamba kwamadolobha eBrithani kube yinto eyenzeka ngempela ezindaweni ezisezweni ezihlukene.