I-Civic accoding yakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela okuphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ekujuleni kwayo kunekhono lokuhlola ngokuhlolisisa ukwaziswa(-a) eliye laba elibalulekile esikhathini sokugcwala nokungaqondi okusakazekile. Ukucwaninga kwe- History Education Group[[FLL:1] kwembula ukuthi abafundi abaningi bazama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindaba ezithembekile nokuqukethwe yizisekelo, okuqokomisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa amakhono angokwesayensi engokwesayensi. Lesihloko sihlola izakhi, ukubaluleka, amasu, nezinselele zokwakha lamakhono ngemfundo yomphakathi, ukunikeza isiqondiso esibanzi kubafundisi nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo.

Ukuqonda Amakhono Okuhlola Abucayi

Ukuhlaziya okucubungulayo yinqubo ehleliwe yokuhlola ukwaziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthembeka, ukusebenza, nokunemba. Kudlulela ngalé kokuhlola iqiniso; kudinga ukuhlolwa okujulile kwenhloso yomthombo, umongo, kanye nezici ezicatshangelwe. Ngezansi, siphula izici eziyinhloko zalelikhono elibekwe phansi.

Ukubona Ama - bia Nemibono

Konke ukwaziswa kucwengisiswa ngelens yombono. Ukuqaphela ubandlululo kuhilela ukuqonda kokubili ingcaca ne-slent. Ngokwesibonelo, isihloko sezindaba ngomjoli wezombangazwe singagcizelela amaqiniso alungile kodwa sikhiphe ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Abafundi babuza ukuthi “Ubani owadala lokhu? Kungani??” kubasiza ukuba baqaphele ubandlululo. Amathuluzi anjenge- RADCB facer [ (Ubuqotho, iSigunya, iSikhathi, Ulwembuso, u-Ayenzi, u-Ayensect, Bias) anikeza uhlaka oluhleliweyo lokuhlola.

Ukuhlola Ukunemba Kwemithombo

Ukwethembeka kuxhomeke ekuthembekeni nasebuchwepheshini bomthombo. Omagazini ababukelwe kabusha bayindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni imithombo kahulumeni (.gov), kanye nezindawo zokusakaza izindaba ezisunguliwe ngokuvamile zithembekile kakhulu kunezindawo zokuxhumana ezingaziwayo noma izindawo zezezenyuziyamu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-CRAAP (Umncimbi, u-Relevance, i-Authority, i-Lixacy, injongo) iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni imithombo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa okukhishwa ephephandabeni lesayensi kuthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu kuno-tweetet ephuma ekulandiseni okungaqiniseki, ngisho noma kubhekise isihloko esifanayo. Umfundisi kufanele ugcizelele ukudlulisa i-ensensense nokufunda kamuva ukuqonda ama-teendala ngokuzisho okuzimela emitholweni yezedwa.

Ukuqonda Amaphutha Anengqondo

Amaphutha anengqondo amaphutha ekucabangeni okululaza izimpikiswano. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlasela umuntu (ehlaseleni umuntu esikhundleni sempikiswano), indoda engutshani (emelela impikiswano ukuze yenze kube lula ukuhlasela), kanye nenkinga engamanga (ukhomba izindlela ezimbili kuphela uma kukhona). Abafundi abafundisayo ukuba baqaphele lezizimo ezingalungile bawahlomise ukuba asebenzise izinkulumo eziphikisayo eziphambene noma ezinamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe, umlandeli angasebenzisa iphikisi elibukhali elibukhali ukuze abhede imiphumela yenqubo ethile, futhi baqaphele ukuthi izilaleli zihlola ngokugxeka.

Ubufakazi Nezimpikiswano Ezingathandeki

Akuwona wonke ubufakazi obulinganayo. Abafundi kumelwe bafunde ukuhlukanisa phakathi kobufakazi obuseceleni nokwaziswa okusekelwe embhalweni, ukuqonda ubukhulu bezibalo nokubaluleka kwazo, futhi baqaphele lapho ubufakazi busekela ukusho noma izimpawu. Ukuhlola okuqinile kuhlanganisa ukuhlola indlela yomlobi asebenzisa ngayo inqubo, babuze ukuthi ubufakazi bungalinganiswa yini, futhi bacabangele ezinye izincazelo. Lelikhono libalulekile enkulumweni yomphakathi, lapho ukwaziswa kusetshenziswa khona ngokukhethayo ekusekeleni izikhundla zomqambi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlola Okubucayi Ekuhlanganyeleni Nesigqi Esiqinile

Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziwumgogodla wentando yeningi enempilo. Amakhono okuhlola anika abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngempumelelo ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo, aqhubele phambili ukuthatha ukwaziswa ngokuzikhandla nangokucabangela.

Uthuthukisa Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Okunolwazi

Zonke izinqumo zokuvota, ama-pastendium, nesimiso somphakathi kudinga abavoti ukuba balinganisele iziphakamiso ezincintisanayo. Ngaphandle kokugxeka, izakhamuzi zingasekela ukukhetha ezinxephezelweni ezingokomzwelo noma ekuthatheni ulwazi olunganembile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, udaba olungaqondakali ngemijovo yajova lwaholela abanye ekwenzeni izinqumo zempilo eziphikisanayo nezivumelanayo zesayensi. Imithombo eveza imithombo enjengeCDC incintisana ne-post yezenhlala-socity. Lelikhono lingasekela ngokuqondile izinqubo zentando yentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazi obuthembekile.

Ikhuthaza Ukuhlanganyela Ngenkuthalo

Uma abantu bethemba ikhono labo lokuhlola ukwaziswa, bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni emisebenzini yomphakathi − ukuhlanganisa amahholo asemadolobheni, ukujoyina amaqembu okuthola izikhundla. Ucwaningo lwe-Pew Research Center luthole ukuthi abantu abazizwa beqiniseka ngamakhono abo obuchwepheshe bokufunda bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni izindaba nasekuhlanganyeleni ezingxoxweni zezombangazwe. Ukuhlola kunciphisa ukwesaba ukudukiswa nokuthuthukisa umuzwa wokuthola izikhundla, ukuguqula izingqapheli ezikhuthele zibe yizikhundla.

Ukwedelela Nokuqonda

Ukuhlola okubucayi kudinga ukuhlolwa kwemibono ehlukile kweyomuntu. Ngokufunda ukuhlaziya izimpikiswano ngokufanelekile, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela nemibono ephikisanayo ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekusebenziseni amademoni. Lelikhono linciphisa ukuhlukana ngokukhuthaza uzwela nokuthobeka kokuhlakanipha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ubufakazi bezimiso zokufuduka kungasiza umuntu ukuba aqonde ukucabanga okusekelwe ezikhundleni ezihlukene, ngisho noma ekugcineni zingavumelani. Ukubekezela kukhula ekuqapheleni ukuthi izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi azivamile ukuba nezinezimpendulo ezilula, ezimbaxakile.

Ukulwa Nokwaziswa Okunganembile

Ukungaqondi kahle kusakazeka ngokushesha kuneqiniso enkathini yenombolo, ngokuvamile kube nemiphumela engathi sína. Ikhono lokuhlola ukwaziswa ngokuhlolisisa liyisivikelo esiyinhloko. Ngokuhlonyiswe ngala makhono, izakhamuzi zingabona izindaba ezingamanga − njengemibono yozungu ngokhetho noma impilo yomphakathi(*) futhi zenqaba ukuwandisa. Izinhlangano ezihlola iqiniso njenge Snopes ne-Associated Press zinikeza izibonelo zokufaka isiqiniseko, kodwa umthwalo wokugcina ukhona ngomuntu ngamunye. Ukwakha umphakathi obuza ngemzwelo noweqiniso kuyicebo eliphumelela kakhulu ekumelaneni nobhadabadangalwazi lwamanga.

Izinqubo Zokuthuthukisa Amakhono Okuhlola Abucayi

Amacebo alandelayo asekelwe ekucwaningeni ngesayensi yezifo zamathambo futhi angavunyelelwa ezingeni lebanga eliphansi nelezihloko ezihlukahlukene.

Khuthaza Ukubuza

Inkinga yokubuza iyisisekelo sokuhlola okugxekayo. Othisha bangafaka isithakazelo ngokubuza imibuzo ephendulwe ngaphandle njengethi “Uyazi kanjani?” noma ukuthi“ Yibuphi ubufakazi obungaguqula ingqondo yakho?” Indlela yobuSocratic, lapho abafundi beshukumiseleka ukuba bahlole ukuhluzeka kwezinkolelo zabo, isebenza kahle. Ukunikeza umbhalo omfushane kukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bachaze ukuthi kungani bethemba noma bengamethembi umthombo onikeziwe.

Imithombo Ehlaziywa Ngokufunda Kamuva

Esikhundleni sokwamukela umthombo obalulekile, abafundi kufanele bafunde ngokufunda okulandelayo: beshiya ikhasi lokuqala futhi befuna ukwaziswa ngomsuka wedumela nokuxhasa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umfundi ehlangana newebhusayithi ethi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungamaphutha, bangavula i-tab entsha ukuze bahlole ukuthi izinhlangano ezimisiwe zesayensi zithini ngaleyondawo. Amasu esifundo esisekelwe kuhlelo lwe-Anlinet Commentary communtext [[[] Copucianding syst system [ inikeza ukuvivinya okuhleliwe kwalelikhono, ngamavidiyo amafingqi nama-iece asebenzisa amasuntsswo afundwa kamuva.

Impikiswano Nokuxoxa Ngezindaba Eziphikisanayo

Izimpikiswano ezihleliwe ziphoqelela abafundi ukuba bavikele izikhundla besebenzisa ubufakazi, balindele ukuphikisana, futhi baphendule ama-critique. Lokhu kwakha kokubili ukuhlaziya kanye namakhono okuphikisana. Othisha kufanele bakhethe izihloko ezifanele ukuphila komphakathi . Njengenkambiso yezokwelapha noma amalungelo okuvota futhi zinikeze imithombo ephithizelayo. Izinkulumo zifundisa ukuthobeka kokuhlakanipha, njengoba abafundi bethola ukuthi ngisho nezimpikiswano zabo zinamaphutha. Isihluthulelo siwukwakha indawo ephephile lapho imibono ibekelwe inseleleka khona kodwa abahilelekile bahlonishwe.

Sebenzisa ukuhlola kwecala lezwe langempela

Ucwaningo lwezenzakalo luletha imiqondo engaqondakali ekuphileni. Ngokwesibonelo, inkinga yamanzi eFlint inikeza ithuba elicebile: abafundi bangahlaziya imibiko kahulumeni, izihloko zezindaba, kanye nezinkulumo ezisekelayo ukuze bahlole ukuthi ubani othembekile nokuthi kungani. Enye indaba ukusakazeka kwenkolelo-lwazi ye- “Pizagate” yozungu [1] isibonelo esiyinhloko semiphumela yokungaqondi kahle kwezwe. Ngokuhlukanisa izenzakalo ezinjalo, abafundi babheka ithonya elisobala lokuhlola okugxekayo (noma ukungabikho kwayo) emiphakathini nasebusweni yentando yeningi.

Ukusebenzisa Ukuhlolwa Okubucayi Endulo

Ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuhlola abalulekile emfundweni esemthethweni kudinga ukuhlela ngamabomu nokubambisana kwangemva kwesikole. Nansi imiqondo eminingi yokusetshenziswa eye yabonakala iphumelela ezikoleni ezweni lonke.

Ukufunda okusekelwe kwiprojekthi

Yabelani abafundi imisebenzi edinga ukucwaninga ingosi yamuva ngemibono eminingi, ihlaziya izinga lemithombo, futhi ikhiqize ngokulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi wokungathathi hlangothi kwenethiwekhi ungabangela abafundi ukuba bahlole amaphuzu asekelwe kumaFCC, abanikezeli be-Internet, nakubathengi abakwazi ukuthenga. Inqubo yokuqoqa nokuhlola ubufakazi ibaluleke kakhulu kunomkhiqizo wokugcina; othisha kufanele banikeze uhlu lokuhlola futhi bafune izinqubo ezichaza ukuthi kungani kukhethwe umthombo ngamunye.

Amayunithi okufunda e-media

Unikeze amaqoqo akhethekile olwazi lwezezindaba, ugxile endleleni okwenziwe ngayo, indlela yokuveza i-algorithim, nendlela yokubona okuqukethwe yi-athom exhaswe ngokusekelayo kanye nokwaziswa. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-News Literacy Project [ inikeza amalungiselelo esifundo esilungiselelwe kahle namathuluzi okufundisa. Abafundi bangahlola ukuhlolwa kwemisuka yaso, futhi basebenzise izindlela zokuyiyeka. Lamaqembu kufanele afakwe ezihlokweni, hhayi kweyodwa, ukuze aqinise amakhono esikhathi eside.

Indlela Yokuqondisa Icala

Ukuhlola okubucayi akugcini nje ekufundweni kwezenhlalo. Amakilasi ezemilando angahlaziya imithombo eyinhloko yokucwasana; amakilasi esayensi angahlola inqubo yokuhlola i-ontanga futhi ahlukanise ukuvumelana ne-causion; futhi amakilasi amaNgisi angakhipha amasu okungatholi mpendulo emikhankasweni yokuthonya. Uma othisha eminyangweni ehlukene ehlangene , ukuba nothisha womlando nothisha wesayensi kungagcizelela ukuhlolwa komthombo ngesonto elifanayo, umyalezo uba namandla. Lendlela ehlangene ibonisa abafundi ukuthi ukuhlaziya okugxeka kuyikhono lembulunga yonke, hhayi iqhinga lesihloko.

Izinkulumo Zezivakashi Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Mema izintatheli, abalayi-layibhuli, abacwaningi, noma abahloli bemali ukuba bakhulume nabafundi. Odokotela bezwe langempela bangahlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo: indlela abaqinisekisa ngayo indaba ephucukileyo, indlela abasingatha ngayo ubufakazi obuphikisanayo, noma indlela abaveza ngayo ama-iphakethe ajulile. Izintatheli zendawo zivame ukulangazelela ukuhlanganyela ezikoleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqondisi bezincwadi zomphakathi bangafundisa abafundi indlela yokuthola iziteshi zezincwadi nokusebenzisa amathuluzi okucwaninga ngalé kwe-Googlogo. Lezi zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya okunenselayo kuyindlela yokuncintisana nochwepheshe, hhayi nje iklasi.

Izinselele Zokufundisa Amakhono Okuhlola Abucayi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, othisha babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu lapho bezama ukuthuthukisa la makhono.

Ulwazi Olugcwele Nokugcwala Kwamanani

Abafundi bahlala behlaselwa ukwaziswa okuvela kuwezokuxhumana, izingcingo zokuhlola, kanye namapulatifomu. Umsindo wenza kube nzima ukuma futhi uhlaziye ucezu ngalunye. Ukulwa nalokhu, othisha bangasiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele izimo zengqondo: kunokuba bazame ukuhlola yonke into, bangafunda ukugxila ezinqumweni eziphakeme (umz., iziphakamiso zezempilo, ukuvota) nokusebenzisa izikhundla ezinjengo “kuhlola idumela lomtho wendaba” noma“ uma kubonakala sengathi kuyingozi kakhulu, mhlawumbe kungu.” Ukunikeza izindaba ezithembekile okondliwa futhi kusetshenziswa izitatisi ezidluliselwe njenge-Medias Bia/Fact kunganciphisa futhi umthwalo wokuhlola.

Ukuqinisekisa I - Bias

Abantu bathambekele ngokwemvelo ekwazisweni okuqinisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona ngaphambili. Ukungaqiniseki kungabangela abafundi ukuba bamukele ubufakazi obubuthakathaka obusekela umbono wabo kuyilapho benqaba ubufakazi obuqinile obuphikisana nawo. Ukuze bamelane nalokhu, othisha banganikeza inqubo eveza ngamabomu abafundi izimpikiswano ezicatshangelwe kahle ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi okholelwa ekulawuleni izibhamu ngokuqinile angafunda indaba ecabangelayo ekhuthaza amalungelo ezibhamu, futhi ephambene nalokho. Izingxoxo ezingaphezulu kufanele zigxile ekuzihloleni ngokwazo izimpikiswano, hhayi ezinkolelweni ezishintshayo.

Ukuntuleka Kwengcebo Nokuqeqeshwa

Othisha abaningi babika ukuthi akwanele izinto ezanele nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe yokufundisa ngokugxeka. Ezinye izikole zisezandisa ukufinyelelwa kokufuna ukuphethwa. Ukubhekisa kulokhu, izikole kufanele zifake imali engcono njengekholiji le-Stanford COR, elikhululekile futhi elisekelwe kubufakazi. Izindawo zothisha ezifundisa ukufunda nokuhlola imithombo yezindaba nazo zibalulekile. Abaholi besigodi bangabambisana namayunivesithi noma izinhlangano ezingatholi inzuzo ukuze zinikeze ukuqeqeshwa. Ngisho noma kungekho inzuzo enkulu, othisha bangaqala kancane kancane: ukuhlola inqubo eyodwa yobuchwepheshe ye-otalogmu ngayinye futhi bakheke lapho.

Ukumelana Nokushintsha

Abanye abafundi (nezingane) futhi bangamelana nokugxekwa okugxekayo uma bekubheka njengegunya eliyinselele noma izindinganiso ezingokwesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungabaza ukulandisa okungokomlando noma umbhalo wenkolo kungasongela. Othisha bangahlela ukugxeka njengokuphelelisa, hhayi ukubuyisela izinkolelo zomuntu siqu. Umgomo awukona ukuqeda ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni kodwa ukukulungisa. Ukusebenzisa ulimi “lwesizwe esingenakuthenjwa” kanye no“ ukukhula kwekhono” kusiza ekubekeni ikhono njengethuluzi elibalulekile kunethuluzi lokuhlasela imibono. Ukumisa izimiso zekilasi zenhlonipho nengxoxo yobufakazi nakho kunciphisa ukuphikiswa.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

Amakhono okuhlola ayisisekelo sokufunda kwezemfundo yomphakathi. Njengothisha, kuwumthwalo wethu ukuhlomisela abafundi ngamathuluzi abawadingayo ukuze baqondise ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuthuthukisa lamakhono, singanika isizukulwane esilandelayo amandla okusebenzisa ulwazi olunengqondo nolunobuqotho ekuphileni komphakathi. Uhambo luqala emakilasini omphakathi, kodwa luqala emikhayeni, emitatsheni, ezifundweni nasezingxoxweni zomphakathi. Ngokuzijwayeza ngamabomu, ngemfundo esekelayo, nangesibopho sokucabanga okusekelwe ebufakazi, singakha isakhiwo sezakhamuzi esingasebenzisi nje ulwazi kodwa sithuthukise ukubusa kobuzwe okunolwazi nokungalawuleki.