Isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika sisekelwe esisekelweni somthetho-sisekelo wesiqinisekiso kanye nezincazelo zokwahlulela ezidlulisela ukuphila kulawomazwi alotshiwe. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo kuphela, kodwa kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokuhamba ngezinyawo, kusukela ekuphoqeleleni komthetho kuya ekuhlanganyeleni enkulumweni yomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, njengomsunguli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, iye yawaguqula lamalungelo ngezinqumo ezingokomlando ezisaqhubeka zikhona namuhla. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, amacala angokomthetho, kanye nendawo ehlanganisa indawo yonke isakhamuzi kufanele sazi.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabo Bonke Emthethweni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, ekuqaleni wawunezindlela ezimbalwa ezicacile zokuvikela inkululeko yabantu. I-Bill of Rights, yenezelwa ngo-1791, yalungisa lokhu ngokubhala imingcele eqondile ewumbuso kahulumeni. Nokho, izinga lalamalungelo ekuqaleni lalilincane, lisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Kwakungaze kube ngemva kweMpi yeCivil Intelligencement’s I Programme ne-Active Classistem (Umthetho we-Classistem) .

Lenqubo isho ukuthi cishe wonke amalungelo aseSikhungweni samaLungelo seSikhulu se-Ourshi manje asebenza ezifundeni nasezindaweni, hhayi nje eWashington, D.C. imfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba balulekile ekuqinisekiseni isivikelo esifanayo ezweni lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala sasetshenziswa ezizweni [kuFLT:0] Gitlow v. New York [1925], nakuba iNkantolo isekela ukuqiniseka ngaleyondaba.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokucindezela

Emnyombweni wentando yeningi yaseMelika kuneSichibiyelo sokuqala, esivimbela uMkhandlu ovimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokunyathelisa. Lesivikelo asisona esiphelele − iNkantolo isiye yaqaphela izigaba zenkulumo engavikelekanga, njengokugqugquzela ubudlova, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, “namagama.” Amacala angaphandle anjengo Scheck v. United States [19] [19] iqala ukuveza izigaba zenkulumo ezingavikelekile nezingozi zamanje”, kuyilapho Branburg v.[OFLT][3]] [196] [iizehlakalo] [izenzo zomthetho] ezizohlonzekile ukuthatha isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho. Inkantolo isanda kulwe nenkulumo yomphakathi, i-tekstrumstum, i-mestmestmest procent.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nakuba igama elithi “privracy” lingaveli eMthethweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha imfihlo ephuma ku-“penumbras” kanye ne-“imvume” zezinye izivumelwano. Lelilungelo laqale lacaciswa Grislold v. Connecticut[FL:1] [1965] [195], eyaphula umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo kwemibhangqwana eshadile. [imithetho ewunyakazayo], kamuva eyakha isisekelo se-[FLT] v.[FLT] [FLT:] [i-6] [i-i-ROM] i-oced, i-odvomsterood. Imithetho ye-temthekitoo. I-tem, ikakhulukazi ne-technoloji.[FL:] [FL:][FF]]]

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi Komthetho

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane iyala ukuba kungabikho mbuso ozophika ukuthi ukhona umuntu ongasebusweni bayo “isivikelo esifanayo semithetho.” Lomusho ubeyindawo yokulwa nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, kusukela ekuhlukaniseni ngokohlanga kuya ekukhetheni ubulili. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola ngokulandelana okuhilelekile: ukucubunga ngokuqinile uhlanga nokwakheka kobuzwe, ukucubungula phakathi kwemithetho eminingi. Ukwazi lemithetho kuyasiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani eminye imithetho ishaywa ngenkathi eminye isinda.

Amacala Enkantolo Ephakeme Achaza Amalungelo Akho

Izenzakalo ezilandelayo zimelela izikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulawula kwemithetho yaseMelika, isinqumo ngasinye asixazululanga nje kuphela impikiswano ethile kodwa futhi samemezela nezimiso ezibanzi eziqhubeka zibusa isimiso sethu somthetho. Ukuqonda umongo nokucabanga kwazo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqinisa amalungelo azo ngokuphumelelayo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Isiphelo se “Specate kodwa Silingana”

Mhlawumbe isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kakhulu yekhulu lama-20, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula iSivikeli sika-Claus olinganayo. INkantolo yasula imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” eyasungulwa Prevelv. Ferguson [1866], iqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo ezibekwe ngokwesiko azinakeleli. UMahluleli omkhulu u-Earl Warren War wabhala ukuthi imfundiso yokungalawuleki ithonya“ ukuma kwesithunzi kwayo emphakathini okungase kuthinte izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabo ngendlela engenakuze iphinde inciphe.” Lesinqumo saveza amalungelo esizwe futhi sakhandleka ngokulandelana kwezenzo zomphakathi.

Miranda ovuselele i - Arizona (1966) – Amalungelo Akho Lapho Usejele

Uma wake wezwa iphoyisa lithi: “Unelungelo lokuthula,” une- Miranda v. Arizona ukubonga. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuziphendulela. Amacala akhankanyelwe “iMirra nesixwayiso sokuqashelwa komthetho ekubongeni kwabo ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo labo kummeli, nokuthi noma yini abathi ingasetshenziswa kubo. Isinqumo esihloselwe ukulwa kwe-empeni yokuncinsolo. Icala elilandelayo liye lakhanyisa izimfuneko“ IMariza”, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala njalo. Isibonelo [FFOLD:] [FOLD], [FF].BTFFF]

I - roe Wade (1973) – Imfihlo Namalungelo Okuzala

Inkantolo iqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukuqeda ukukhulelwa kwakhe lawela ngaphakathi kwelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokuba yedwa. Isinqumo samisa uhlelo olusekelwe kuma-mester, sinika imibuso ekhulayo lokulawula ukukhishwa kwesisu njengoba ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka. Lelicala lihlala liyimpikiswano enkulu emlandweni waseMelika. [[FLT:] Eqenjini le-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization , iNkantolo elawula ukukhishwa kwesisu. Roe, libuyisela umbuzo wokukhishwa kwesisu esikhona. Naphezu kokushintsha ukuqonda nokufa kolwazi.

Izakhamuzi E - United v. Federal Echont Kommishi (2010) – Imali Njengenkulumo

Esinqumweni esingu-5-4, iNkantolo yamangalela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela uhulumeni ekuvimbeleni izindleko ezizimele zezombangazwe zezinhlangano nezinyunyana. Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi inkulumo yezombangazwe ibalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi futhi ukukhuluma kwenkampani, njengabantu ngabanye, kufanelwe isivikelo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo savula amafasiteleti emali engenamkhawulo kwezombangazwe, okungaphazamisa inqubo yokukhetha. Icala liye lakhuthaza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngenguquko yezezimali zezezimali nangethonya lemali kokhetho. Izivumelwano ezihlobene nezinqumo ezifana ne [[FLT:] Mccheon. FFEC [ect1] [ex] [end:] [engeziwe imingcele yomnikelo], ukuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi ukuchitha imali kwezombangazwe kuyisimo sezombangazwe esivinjelwe.

UGideon (1963) – Ilungelo Lokweluleka

Clarence Earl Gideon wayengumuntu ompofu ophambukile obekwe icala lokugqekeza egumbini lezilwane eFlorida. Engakwazanga ukukhokhela ummeli, waphoqeleka ukuba azimelele futhi walahlwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi ilungelo leSixwele Sesitanhatu lokunikeza iseluleko liyilungelo elibalulekile elisebenza kumazwe nge-CS Procession Clausle. Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi noma ubani obhekene neziphakamiso ezingathi sína unelungelo lommeli, ngisho noma engenakuba nesodwa. Lesi sinqumo saholela ekudalweni kwezimiso zomphakathi ezweni lonke futhi uhlala eyingxenye yobulungisa bobugebengu baseMelika.

New York Times Co. uk. Sullivan (1964) – Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yokuposa

Lelicala lavela ekukhangiseni okugcwele ephephandabeni leThe New York Times eyagxeka izikhulu zase-Alabama ngenxa yokuphatha kwazo abaphikisi bamalungelo omphakathi. INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ukukhishwa kwamazwi amanga aphathelene nezikhulu zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu singabonisa “ububi obungokoqobo”. Ukuthi ummemezeli wayazi ukuthi lenkulumo yayiyinkohliso noma wayenza ngokunganaki iqiniso. Lento ephakeme yavikela umbiko ekuhloniseni izisu ezihloselwe ukuvimbela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Isinqumo siye saba esibalulekile ekutholeni izikhulu ze-APundershincilism nenkulumo ekhuthazayo. Kamuva isilinganiso sanwetshwa ezibalweni zomphakathi [FLT:] [FLD]. Cots.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Smand and Frisk Powers

Ku Terry v.O., iNkantolo egunyaziwe amaphoyisa ukuba aqhube isikhashana, amakhefu asekelwe ekusolweni okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uhilelekile emsebenzini wobugebengu, futhi ukudalula umuntu izikhali uma ekholelwa ukuthi umuntu uhlomile. Isinqumo esilinganiselwe seSiphendulo sesine sivikelwe ekunqandeni kwesobupho nobugebengu. U-Terry uhlala eyinqubo evamile yamaphoyisa, kodwa iNkanto ebekwe imingcele: ukuma kumelwe kube kwesikhashana, ifrisk kumelwe ilinganiselwe ekubekeni imingcele yezikhali, futhi ukunyuswa izinsolo kumelwe kube yisivikelo esiqondile. [Ukuqonda [FLT:] [FL:] [FFFF]]

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Ukubusa Okuyi - Exclussionary Kusetshenziswa E - United States

ISichibiyelo sesine senqabela ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, kodwa kwenzekani lapho amaphoyisa ephula umthetho? INkantolo Ephakeme ku Mapp v.Ohio yakholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni ngecala likahulumeni. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa, ngaphambili osetshenziswa emacalani kahulumeni kuphela, wadluliselwa ezizweni. Lesinqumo sivimbela ukuziphatha okubi ngokususa isikhuthazo sokwephula amalungelo omthetho. Ukwehlukahlukanisa − ukholo oluhle oluhlukile nemfundiso engenakugwenywa engenakugwenywa uyaqhubeka iyisivikelo esiqinile ekuhlolweni okungekho emthethweni.

Amalungelo Akho Enqubo: Ukuhlangana Kwansuku Zonke Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Ukwazi izindaba eziphawuleka kakhulu kubalulekile, kodwa ukusebenzisa ulwazi ezimweni ezingokoqobo kubaluleke nakakhulu. Ngezansi kunezici eziwusizo lapho amalungelo akho esetshenziswa khona, ezizwa ngezinqumo ezingenhla.

Ukuhlangana Nokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Uma umiswa amaphoyisa, khumbula amalungelo akho ayasebenza kuphela uma usejele futhi uphenywa. Nokho, ungakhetha njalo ukuhlala uthule. Akumelwe uvume ukuphenya umuntu wakho, imoto, noma ikhaya. Uma isikhulu sibuza, “Uyacabanga uma ngihlola imoto yakho?” Ungasho ngesizo esiphansi ukuthi, “Angivumi ukuphenya. Uma isikhulu simekile, singase sisenqabe, kodwa sigcine ukuphikisa kwakho okungokomthetho kamuva. Uma uhamba ngemoto, kumelwe unikeze ilayisense, ukubhalisa, nobufakazi, kodwa ungabopheki ukuphendula imibuzo ngaphandle kwalokho. Uma uboshelwe kahle, uthule futhi uthule.

Amalungelo Akho Emgwaqweni: Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Nokubuthana

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma emigwaqweni yomphakathi, emapakini, nakwamanye amasiko omphakathi ama-athom (*) kodwa hhayi embonini yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo. Ungathwebula izithombe noma izikhulu zamaphoyisa amavidiyo ezenza imisebenzi yazo ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengoba iSixth Stube Aqinisekiswa Glik v. I-Cunniffe[[FLT] [201] [201]. Nokho, awukwazi ukuphazamisanaka imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho. Abachazi bakhona nabo banamalungelo okukhuluma ngesihle, kodwa uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi, indawo, nemingcele engathi nje bayiqukethe i-ultneral nenstrup. Isibonelo, ukufuna imvume yokuxhumana okukhulu uma ilungele ukuvunyelwa futhi ingasekelwe esigijimini.

Amalungelo Akho Njengomninikhaya Noma Ohlala Ekhaya

Ilungelo lokufuna isikhathi sokuba wedwa lidlulela ekhaya lakho. Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokungena, ngaphandle kwezimo ezicacile njengokuphishekela ngokuphuthuma, ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, noma ingozi yokulimala. Ngisho nangemvume, unelungelo lokuqaphela ukuphenywa nokuqinisekisa izikhulu ukuba zihlale zisesilinganisweni esichazwe kule mvume. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikelwe ekufuneni okungacabangeliyo kwabanini-mhlaba; umninindlu akanakungena ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekile nesizathu esizwakalayo, nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihlukahluka. Ukuqonda lezisivikelo kungakusiza ukuba uqinisekisise ngokuphumelelayo.

Amalungelo Axazululayo: Izimpikiswano Zanamuhla Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izici eziningana zomthetho ziyanda manje:

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Ku i-Carpeent v. United States (2017]), iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okusendaweni yamangqamuzana, iqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwezinombolo lungambula imininingwane ejulile yokuphila komuntu. Lesi sinqumo esakhiwe ku- . California [2014], oludinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo ukuze kuboshwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, iNkantolo izoqhubeka iphikisana ngemibuzo ngemininingwane ephathelene, ukuqapha, ukuqaphelisa, nemingcele yokufuna imfihlo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuso nobuchwepheshe okwandayo kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha engazange ifinyelele enkantolo ephakeme.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Enkathini Yemithombo Yezindaba

Ama-computer ezenstruction ayisize iqophelo lomphakathi lanamuhla. INkantolo ku- Packingham v. North Carolina (2017) yalahla umthetho owenqabela abaphuli-mthetho ababhaliswe ubulili ekusebenziseni imithombo yezokuxhumana, iqaphela ukuthi la mapulatifomu abalulekile ekukhulumeni. Nokho, imibuzo isalokhu ngesilinganiso esingaba ukuthi amapulatifomu anganelisa kuphi okungalinganiswa ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo omthetho wemithetho-mthetho we-mfandekweni kuphela, hhayi izinkampani ezizimele. Ingxenye ezingu- 230 zezokuxhumana okuDec Ecce Act nesithiyo yesikhululo. INkanto ingathinta futhi lokho okungafakwa abasebenzisi. Noma ngabe isikhululo sikhuluma umthetho odinga umthetho othile (njengokuyiFlorida naseTexandulo) i-mthetho umthetho wokulungisa amalungelo okuqala esigaba sokuqala.

Amalungelo Esibili ESichibiyelo

I-Divolution of Columbia v. Helder [2008], iNkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo ngalinye lokuzigcina nokuphatha izikhali ekhaya. McDonald v. City of Chicago[ (2010]) (2010) isebenzisa lelolungelo ezifundazweni. Icala lamuva [[FLT:] iNew York State Rifele & Pistol Association.[FLT]][FLT][202]) liye lanweba kwesokudla sokuphatha izibhamu, lishaya imfuneko ezifanelekile ze-New York. Inkantolo imemezela iziqondiso ezintsha zokuzigwebo ezihambisana nemithetho ehleliwe ngomlando. Imithetho yamuva ifuna ukuqondisa ukuqondisa komthetho wanamuhla.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Nokuqinisekisa Amalungelo Akho

Amalungelo angokomthetho anenjongo kuphela uma wazi ukuthi akhona nokuthi angasetshenziswa kanjani. Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo:

  • Funda imithombo eyinhloko. Imibono ephelele yamacala aseNkantolo Ephakeme ikhona ezizeni ezinjenge Isikhungo solwazi se-Legial eCornell Law School kanye [[FLT:] Oyez[[FLT:]] , okunikeza ukuqoshwa komsindo nefushaye.
  • [[FLT: 0] Landela amacala amanje. Igama leNkantolo Ephakeme lisukela kuOctober kuya kuJune. Ama-website anjenge [SCOUSBOLlog[ anikeza ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe nokushicilelwe kwecala elisukela emacaleni okuvota kuya emalungelweni okufuduka.
  • Yazi imithetho yakho yendawo. Amalungelo amaningi achazwa futhi ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe nezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe anikeza izikhuselo zenkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma noma yemfihlo kunemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Hlola ingcaphuno yezwe lakho yamalungelo nezinqumo zenkantolo.
  • Funa iseluleko somthetho uma kudingeka. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe, thintana nommeli. Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu, njenge ACLU, zinikeza imithombo yemali futhi zinganikeza izimpawu zecala elilimazayo.

Indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekulolongeni umthetho waseMelika iyaqhubeka. Nakuba izinqumo zakudala zinikeza isisekelo, amacala amasha aqhubeka ecwengisiswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi agumbuqelwa ("izimfundiso ezimisiwe".] Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela amalungelo akho iwukuwaqonda nokuhlala uhlangene nezenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezithinta ukuphila kwakho. Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyikho okuyisisekelo sentando yeningi esebenzayo, futhi ulwazi lwezenkantolo zemingcele luyisinyathelo sokuqala sokusebenzisa inkululeko yakho ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, cabangela umbono weNkantolo owewell v. Hodges (2015), owaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lomshado ofanayo, IMasteringhop v. Colorado Commission yamaLungelo [2018], okungalingani inkululeko engokwenkolo emelene nemithetho elwa namalungelo aphikisanayo. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungelo aphikisanayo.

Amalungelo akho angokomthetho awaqinile, yizimiso eziphilayo ezizivumelanisa nenqubo yokwahlulela eqaphile, ngezinye izikhathi ephikisanayo. Ngokuqonda izindaba eziwuphawu ezake zafika ngaphambili, nangokunaka lezo ezizonqunywa, uzihlomisa ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze uqinise amalungelo akho futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula kwaseMelika.