Table of Contents

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yesivikelo esinamandla kakhulu senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Phakathi kwenkululeko yayo eyisisekelo emihlanu, amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokubhikisha asendaweni ekhethekile empikiswaneni yesivumelwano somphakathi. Lamalungelo enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganisa, ukuveza ukungavumelani, ukusekela ushintsho, futhi asekela uhulumeni ukuba alandise (ukulwela) okuye kwaguqula umlando wesizwe eBoston Tea Party kuya embusweni wamalungelo abantu nangaphandle.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuhlangana nokubhikisha kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokusuka ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlela umhlangano womphakathi, uhamba uhambe, noma umane usebenzise izwi lakho ezindabeni zomphakathi, ukwazi izinga nemingcele yeSichibiyelo sokuqala kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo lapho uhlonipha umthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samalungelo Omhlangano Namalungelo Awo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “Isivumelwano ngeke senze mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukwenqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngokukhululekile; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Lolulimi lumisa inkululeko ehlangeneyo esebenzelana ukuvikela ukungenela kwezenhlalo.

Ilungelo Lokuhlangana Ngokuthula

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lethu lokubuthana ngokuthula futhi sihlanganise noma sibhikishe impahla yomphakathi. Lenkululeko eyisisekelo ivumela abantu ukuba bahlangane ndawonye ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba zomphakathi, bahlele izenzakalo, babonise ukusekela noma ukuphikisa izimiso, futhi bonke baveze imibono yabo.

EDe Jonge v. State of Oregon (1937), iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States yaqaphela ukuthi "ilungelo lomhlangano onokuthula liyilungelo lokuhlangana kwalabo abakhululekile ekukhulumeni nabezindaba abakhululekile futhi libaluleke ngokufanayo." lesi sinqumo esivelele saveza ukuthi ilungelo lokuhlangana linesivikelo somthetho sisekelo esifanayo nenye inkululeko yokuQonda.

INkantolo ithole ukuthi lamalungelo abaluleke kakhulu njengenkululeko yokukhuluma. Enkantolo yanamuhla, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibheka kokubili njengegunya elikhulu, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi 'inkululeko yokukhuluma.' Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma izinkantolo zihlaziya amalungelo emihlangano, ngokuvamile ziwabheka njengengxenye yesimiso esibanzi senkululeko yokuveza incazelo.

Ilungelo Lokucela Ukulungiswa Kwabantu

Ilungelo elihlobene eduze nelungelo lokubutha liyilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo lisho ukuthi umphakathi unelungelo lokuzwa izindaba zawo. Leli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingakhuluma ngezinkinga zazo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezicelo ezingokomthetho, ukubhikisha, noma ezinye izindlela zobunye ubunye.

Ndawonye, lamalungelo akha isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esivikela ukuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka ulandisa kubantu abakhonzayo.

Inkululeko Yokuzihlanganisa Nabanye

INkantolo inqume futhi ukuthi inkululeko ihlanganisa inkululeko yokuhlangana. Nakuba lenkululeko ingashiwonga eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, iNkantolo iye yayibheka njengeyona ndlela ebalulekile yokulondoloza "amalungelo okuQala Isichibiyeli. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlangana okunenjongo kudinga ikhono lokuhlela, ukwakha amaqembu, nokuhlangana nabanye abahlanganyela imigomo noma imibono efanayo.

Ngakho - ke, iNkantolo iyavuma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinelungelo lokuthola inkululeko yokuzihlanganisa nabantu ngenjongo yokuhlanganyela emihlanganweni, yokukhuluma, neminye imisebenzi yokuHlakulela ISichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Umlando: Izindawo Ezinemibono Ehlukahlukene Ethonya IMelika

Ukusukela kuyiBoston Tea Party kuya eBlack Live Matter, imibhikisho iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umlando waseMelika.Ukuqonda lomongo ongokomlando kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani ukuhlangana nokubhikisha kuhlala kubaluleke kangaka embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nokwanda Kwesichibiyelo Sokuqala

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yawo - 1950 nawo - 1960 yaveza ezinye zezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezibaluleke kakhulu ezanda futhi zacacisa amalungelo emihlangano nokuphikisa.

Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) wathi i-South Carolina yaphula amalungelo abafundi eSichibiyelo sokuqala lapho amaphoyisa esakaza ukuphikisa ngokuthula ngokumelene nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Lelicala laqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqhayisa ngokuthula ezindabeni zokukhathalela umphakathi kuthola isivikelo esiqinile somthetho-sisekelo.

I-Shuttlesworth v. iNkantolo yaseBirmingham yakhuluma ngendaba eyaqala enhlanganweni yamalungelo abantu. Nge-Shuttlesworth, iNkantolo yabukeza umthetho wendawo owawuvimbela ukubhikisha komphakathi ngaphandle kwemvume. UKhomishana uBull Connor waphika ukuthi imvume yokuhamba ngamalungelo abantu iyakuphikisa ukuvukela. Ekugcineni iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kweNdlovukazi. Fred Shuttles" wayehola ukuma kwempisi ngaphandle kwemvume yokubhikisha iSiphendulo Sokuqala.

Lamacala amisa izimiso ezibalulekile eziqhubeka zivikela ababhikishi namuhla, kuhlanganise nokulinganiselwa kokuhlakanipha kukahulumeni ekuvumeleni izimiso nesivikelo ekucwaseni imibono.

Eminye Imibiko Yomhlangano Ewuphawu

EDolobheni laseChicago, iNkantolo yasekela amalungelo okuHlakulelwa Kokuqala kwabavukeli abanokuthula bamaphoyisa abazama ukuqeda ukuphazamiseka komphakathi okwakulindelwe.

KuCox v. Louisiana, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagumbuqela umthetho kahulumeni owawuvame ukubopha abamasheshi bamalungelo omphakathi bethi umthetho uphule inkululeko yokuhlangana nenkulumo. Isinqumo seNkantolo sagcizelela ukuthi imithetho evimbela ukuhlangana kumelwe ihlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukugxambukela emalungelweni omthetho-mthetho.

Lapho Ungahlangana Khona Futhi Ubhikishe

Indawo ohlangana kuyo noma obhikishe kuyo ithinta kakhulu izinga lesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izinkantolo ziye zakha uhlelo oluchaza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto futhi lusebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola imingcele esigaba ngasinye.

Izingxoxo Zomphakathi Ezingokwesiko

Kunendlela enciphileyo yokuvimbela imiboniso neminye imibuthano ebhekwa njengezindawo ezivamile "zomphakathi" zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile" njengemigwaqwe, amapaki, kanye nezigcawu zomphakathi("") kwezinye izinhlobo zempahla yomphakathi njengezindawo zokufakwa kwezempi, amajele, iziteshi zegceke, neziteshi zezindiza.

Kulezi zindawo, imingcele kahulumeni ibhekene nesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuhlola umthetho - sisekelo. Imigwaqo, imizila, namapaki angena kulendawo ngoba ibisetshenziselwa ukuhlangana nomphakathi nezingxoxo kusukela esikhathini eside.

Amasitebhisi afanelwe ukuhlatshwa ngokukhethekile njengezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubhikisha. Omasipala abaningi bavumela ukubhikisha emigwaqweni yomphakathi ngaphandle kwemvume, nakuba ababhikishi besafuna imithetho ethile. Awukwazi ukuvimbela abanye ukuba basebenzise indlela. Lokho kusho ukuthi ungathatha ingxenye eyodwa kwezimbili yobubanzi bomgwaqo futhi kumelwe ube nenhlonipho kwabanye abazama ukusebenzisa indlela ehamba ngezinyawo.

Izenzakalo Zomphakathi Ezilinganiselwe Nezinkululwana Zomphakathi

Akuzona zonke izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezithola isivikelo esifana neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izikhawu ezilinganiselwe ziyizindawo uhulumeni azivulele umsebenzi ozokhuluma, kodwa kuphela amaqembu athile noma izihloko. Izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezingezona ezivamile zihlanganisa impahla kahulumeni engavunyelwe ukuboniswa umphakathi, njengezikhungo zezempi, amajele, nezakhiwo ezithile zamahhovisi kahulumeni.

Kulezi zindawo, uhulumeni uyakwazi ukubeka imingcele, nakuba noma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa kusafanele futhi kungabi namibono ehlukile.

Izakhiwo eziyimfihlo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni ngenkulumo nemihlangano, kodwa ngokuvamile asebenza empahleni yomuntu siqu.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela uhulumeni kuphela.

Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho yombuso inikeza amalungelo alinganiselwe okuhlanganyela emsebenzini wokukhuluma ezitolo ezizimele ezisebenza njengezindawo zomphakathi ezibuthene.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokuhlangana nokubhikisha, lamalungelo awaphelele. Nokho, lamalungelo awaphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa imingcele eminingana evunyelweyo ebekwe ingcaciso. Indlela evame kakhulu yemingcele evunyelwe ihilela lokho izinkantolo ezikubiza ngokuthi “isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela.

Isakhiwo Esingokomthetho

Lesisimiso esineziqu ezintathu sivumela ukubekwa kwenkulumo okusekelwe kulezozilinganiso kodwa kuphela uma uhulumeni enza kanjalo ngezizathu ezihlobene nalokho okuqukethwe inkulumo, unesithakazelo esiqinisekile emphakathini njengomgomo, futhi lemithetho ingeyiyo edingekayo ukuze kusekelwe isithakazelo somphakathi.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ukuthi imingcele engokomthetho enqabela amalungelo esiGcinisi Sokuqala, indawo, nendlela yokusebenza, ngokuvamile iwumthetho uma nje ingathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imingcele kumelwe isebenze ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigijimi esishiwoyo.

Isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela kumelwe kulungiswe kancane ukuze kutholakale isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphawulekayo, njengokuphepha komphakathi noma ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka. Uhulumeni awunakubeka imingcele ebanzi kunaleyo edingekile ukuze kufinyelelwe izinjongo zawo ezifanele.

Ohulumeni bendawo bangase bathathe isikhathi sokungathathi hlangothi, indawo nezimiso uma nje leyomithetho iklanyelwe ukunikeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile futhi bashiye eminye imigwaqo evulekile yokuxhumana. Lemfuneko yokugcina iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho kubekwa imingcele, ababhikishi basenezindlela ezinengqondo zokudlulisela isigijimi sabo.

Imfuneko Yokungathathi - hlangothi Eneliswayo

Imfuneko yokuba imingcele ingabi nakwenezelwa kwezombangazwe ibalulekile. Ukungathathi hlangothi kusho umthetho osebenza kuwo wonke amaqembu, kungakhathaliseki isigijimi sawo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha alinakudinga imvume yokuphikisa impi kuyilapho livumela imibuthano yempi ukuba iqhubeke ngaphandle kwemvume.

Imingcele esekelwe ekusabeleni okulindelwe kobutha abanye bamalungu ezilaleli ibhekwa njengesekelwe ekupheleleni, iyenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuvikela. Ngokwesibonelo, akunakwenzeka ukuphika imvume esekelwe ekwesabeni ukuthi abachazi bazosabela kanjani. Lesimiso, esaziwa ngokuthi "imfundiso ka-heckler's sitho", sivimbela iziphathimandla ukuba zinqande izikhulu ezizishoyo ngenxa nje yokuthi isigijimi sazo singavusa ukuphikiswa.

Izibonelo Zemingcele Yesikhathi Efanelekayo

Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase linqabele ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yomsindo eshisiwe ebusuku ezindaweni zokuhlala, noma livimbele ukubhikisha phakathi namahora esikole ezindaweni eziseduze nezikole.

Okunye okungase kudlule: Ukulinganisela ukuhlala emakamu noma kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi lapho ukukhucululwa kwendle okuyingozi kungaba ingozi empilweni; noma izikhathi zosuku lapho umbhoshongo ungase usetshenziswe phakathi namahora esikole noma lapho ukuqulwa kwecala enkantolo kungase kuqhutshwe khona.

Izibonelo Zezindawo Ezingamukeleki

Ngo - 1965, eCox v. Louisiana, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. yathi kuvunyelwe ukuvimbela “umhlangano wasemgwaqweni phakathi neTimes Square ngehora eliphuthumayo njengohlobo lwenkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokuhlangana," owanikezwa ithuba lezimo eziyingozi nomthwalo owawuyobekwa kwabanye abaya emsebenzini.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zathi uhulumeni angase abeke amabanga noma izinga lomsindo elidingekayo emibukiswaneni noma ukuhalalisa okuhilela izinkulumo noma imisindo ezwakalayo eduze kwesibhedlela, isikole noma amakhaya abantu.

Izibonelo Zemingcele Efanelekayo

Futhi ngezinye izikhathi, uhulumeni angase alinganisele indlela esiveza ngayo imibono yethu — kungaba ukuthi ngenkulumo noma ngokuziphatha okuwukuziphatha — njengokwakha ikamu epaki lesizwe noma egcekeni lesikole, elinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemibhobho, imibhoshongo noma umculo ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esithile sedecibel, elinganisela ubukhulu besixuku ngaphandle kwemvume, noma evimbela izigxobo ezinkulu noma izimpawu ezindwangwini zezinjongo zokuphepha.

Lendlela evimbelayo ikhuluma ngendlela imibhikisho eqhutshwa ngayo kunokulandisa okuqukethwe yiyo noma isigijimi. Kumelwe ithethelelwe ngezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni futhi ayinakuba nemingcele eminingi kunaleyo edingekile.

Izimfuneko Zemvume Nemithetho

Ukuqonda izimfuneko kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlela ukubuthwa noma ukuhlangana kwasobala.

Isikhathi Okudingeka Ngaso Imvume

Izindawo eziningi zinezimiso ezikhethekile zemikhosi ezikhuluma ngemibuthano enobukhulu obuthile (ngokwesibonelo, abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphezu kuka-50) noma imibuthano ephazamisa ukusetshenziswa okuvamile nokuvamile kwendlela yakwesokudla, impahla yomphakathi, noma izakhiwo zomphakathi. Umnyango othile uyahlukahluka ngezindawo, amanye amadolobha adinga imvume yamaqembu angu-50 noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho amanye ebeka isilinganiso samalungu ayikhulu.

Uma ufuna ukubhikisha emgwaqweni, izimoto kufanele zivalwe emadolobheni njalo, kudinga imvume noma imvume yokwenza lokhu. Lokhu kunengqondo uma kucatshangelwa ithonya elikhulu ekuhambeni kwezimoto nasekuphepheni komphakathi.

Nokho, akuyona yonke imibuthano edinga imvume. bahlela ukumasha besuka epaki ledolobha beya ehholo ledolobha beshaya iziqubulo zenkulumo futhi bebhikisha, kuyilapho belalela imithetho yomgwaqo futhi behlala emigwaqweni.

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Ngezimiso Zokuvumela

Nakuba ohulumeni bengase badinge imvume, isimiso semvume ngokwaso kumelwe sivumelane nezimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavala imvume yokunikeza izikhulu ukwahlulela okungadingekile, njengoba izimiso ezinjalo zivula amathuba okucwasana mayelana nokubheka izinto ngendlela ethile nokuphika okungenangqondo.

Imvume inikezwa noma inqatshwe ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni eziqondile ezibhalwe phansi okumelwe zisebenze kubo bonke abafaka isicelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigijimi sabo siyini.

Imvume Nezidingo Zomshuwalense

Izindleko zemvume nezimfuneko zomshuwalense ziyingozi uma kukhulunywa ngemibuthano yezombangazwe. Ohulumeni bendawo kufanele bacabangele lezindaba ngokuningiliziwe neseluleko sabo somthetho kanye nomshuwalense ngaphambi kokuba banqume ukuthi izimfuneko ezinjalo kufanele zibekwe yini.

Izinkantolo ziye zazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izindleko noma izimfuneko zomshuwalense ezizeqile zingawavimbela ngokuphumelelayo amaqembu anemali elinganiselwe ekusebenziseni amalungelo awo okuQonda.

Izimfuneko Zokuqaphela Kusengaphambili

Izikhulu eziningi zidinga ukuqashelwa kusengaphambili phambi kombhikisho noma umbuthano.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuhlela kusengaphambili nokuziveza ngokuzenzakalelayo kuseyinselele eqhubekayo emthethweni weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ikakhulukazi enkathini yezokuxhumana lapho amaqembu amakhulu engahlela ngokushesha ukuze aphendule izindaba ezishaqiswayo.

Imfuneko Yomhlangano Onokuthula

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo "lokuhlangana ngokuthula". Leligama alilona nje uhlobisi, kodwa liveza ukulinganiselwa okubalulekile kwamalungelo emihlangano.

Lapho Imihlangano Ilahlekelwa Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula lisho ukugcinwa komthetho kunganqanda noma yimuphi umbuthano oye waba nobudlova noma ukhuphule ingozi esobala namanje yobudlova noma ukuphazamiseka. Uma nje umhlangano uba nobudlova noma uletha usongo oluseduze lobudlova, ulahlekelwa isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni angase amise ngokusemthethweni ukubhikisha okuhambisana nobudlova nokwesabisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ilungelo lithi "kuhlangane ngokuthula". Lesi simiso siyaqaphela ukuthi nakuba ukungavumelani nokubhikisha kuvikelwa, ubudlova nokwesabisa akuzona izindlela ezifanele zokuveza izimpawu.

Indinganiso Ecacile Neyingozi Yamanje

"Ingozi esobala nekhona" indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyinqobe uma zifuna ukuvimbela imibuthano ehleliwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Iziphathimandla azikwazi ukumane ziqagele ukuthi ubudlova bungase buvele; kumelwe zibe nobufakazi obuqondile, obunokwethenjelwa bosongo oluseduze.

Iqiniso lokuthi abanye abantu bangase basabele kabi esigijimini alikuthetheleli ukuvimbela leso sigijimi kusengaphambili.

Ukushukumisa Nesenzo Esingenamthetho

Ku-Brandenberg v. Ohio (1969), iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa "ukuhlolwa kokudluliswa kwecala," okuwumthetho lapho ulimi oluvuvukalayo lungavikelwa lungavikeleki. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, inkulumo ilahlekelwa isivikelo sokuHlaziya kokuqala kuphela uma iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekuvezeni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi cishe ingenza isenzo esinjalo.

Ukuphamba okuhlose ukukhipha isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze akuvikelwe.

Ezinye Izinkinga Zokuphepha Komphakathi

Ubudlova noma usongo lobudlova akusona ukuphela kwesilinganiso selungelo lomhlangano. Iziphathimandla zingavimbela noma zimise imibuthano esongela umphakathi ngokushesha.

Nakuba ukungalaleli okunjalo kwezombusazwe kungase kushukumise izombangazwe, kungadala izingozi ezinkulu zokuphepha futhi akuvikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala lapho sephula imithetho esebenzayo.

Izivumelwano Zokuphikisa Nezimpi

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ohlukene, amaqembu ahlukene avame ukuba nemibono ephikisanayo futhi angase athande ukubonisa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kudala izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokuvikela amalungelo oMboniso Wokuqala weSichibiyelo kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuphepha komphakathi.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Sawo Wonke Amehlo

Ukusabela okufanele ebudloveni obungase bube khona nobungokoqobo kungokokuba uhulumeni aqinisekise ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa okwanele, nokubopha labo abenza ukuziphatha okunjalo, kunokuba bavimbele ukuziphatha okungokomthetho kweSichibiyelo sokuqala njengendlela yokulungisa. Lesi simiso sisho ukuthi iziphathimandla azinakumane zivale ukubhikisha ngoba abaphikisi basongela ubudlova.

Kokubili ababhikishi nabaphikisi banelungelo lokukhipha iSichibiyelo sokuqala. Uhulumeni kumelwe uvikele ikhono lawo womabili amaqembu lokuveza imibono yawo, ngisho noma leyo mibono iphikisana ngokuphelele.

Ukuhlukana Kwamaqembu Alwayo

Izenzo zokuqhayisa zingabangela ukukhathazeka kohulumeni bendawo ngoba bangandisa amathuba okuphikisana ngamazwi noma ngokomzimba phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo. Icala liye lasekela ikhono likahulumeni wendawo lokwakha "izindawo ezihlukene" zababhikishi. Ngokuvumelana, izenzo ezinjalo ziyisikhathi esifanelekile, indawo, nezimiso ezibekelwe zona zize zihlale zingekho ngokwezimo ezizinhlangothini futhi zingasekelwe ekuvumelaneni noma ekuphikisaneni nemibono yeqembu eliphikisayo.

Ukwakhela amaqembu aphikisanayo izindawo ezihlukene kungaba isilinganiso esingokomthetho sokuphepha komphakathi, uma kwenziwa ngokungenasandla futhi kungathandi omunye umbono ngaphezu komunye.

Imibandela Ekhethekile: Izimpikiswano Nezikole

Izinhlangano zemfundo zinikeza izimo eziyingqayizivele zamalungelo okuHlakulelwa Kokuqala, ezinemithetho ehlukahlukene esebenza emphakathini nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi nasemaqenjini obudala ahlukahlukene.

Ukweqa Umphakathi

Ngokuvamile, ababhikishi bangaveza imibono yabo siqu nezombangazwe emayunivesithi omphakathi, futhi bahlanganyele ezinyathelweni zeqembu, uma nje izenzo zabo zingaphuli mithetho, zingabuvusi ubudlova futhi zingabi izinsongo zangempela.

"Amakholiji namayunivesithi ezwe awagonyiwe ekukhukhuleni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala," kubhala iJaji Lewis Powell embonweni wakhe wabaningi esekela i-SDS. Lesi simiso, esimiswe kuHealy v. James (1972), siqinisekisa ukuthi amayunivesithi omphakathi kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo abafundi okuHlaziya Inguquko Yokuqala.

Izimpikiswano Eziyimfihlo

Imithetho yamakholiji namayunivesithi asebenza ngasese iyahluka. Nakuba ababhikishi ezikoleni zomthetho bengawekho amalungelo okuQedela ISichibiyelo Sokuqala njengabo bonke abafunda isikole, lezi zikole zingabekwa ngaphansi kweSihloko VI soMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, okuthi "ukucwaswa kobandlululo okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wezwe ezimisweni noma emisebenzini enikezwa usizo lwezezimali zikahulumeni."

Izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele nazo zinezimiso zazo ezivikela ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko, nakuba lezi ziyizibopho ezingokomthetho ezingezona izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

K-12 Izikole Zomphakathi

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi eziphansi nasemaphethelweni esikole banelungelo lokuzikhulula, kodwa lawomalungelo kumelwe alinganiswe ngokumelene nomsebenzi wemfundo wesikole. Icala eliphawula izenzakalo uTinker v. Des Moines lamisa ukuthi abafundi noma othisha ‘ babengawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole."

Nokho, izikole zingakuvimbela ukubonakala kwabafundi lapho beyophazamisa kakhulu ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi bephazamisa inqubo yemfundo noma behlasela amalungelo abanye.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kwababhikishi Nabahleli

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala.

Ngaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ukucwaninga izimfuneko zendawo:[ Hlola ukuthi umsebenzi wakho ohleliwe ufuna imvume yini. Bheka imithetho yendawo mayelana nemihlangano, imiboniso, nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zomphakathi. Amadolobha amaningi anyathelisa lokhu kwaziswa kumawebhusayithi awo noma ngezindawo zokuhlala nasemamnyango okuzijabulisa.

Seka imvume kusenesikhathi: Uma imvume idingeka, isebenza kahle kusengaphambili. Amaphutha aphakathi ahlanganisa ukuhluleka ukufuna imvume ezidingekayo ngesikhathi, ukwamukela izimo ezibanzi ngokungenangqondo, noma ukwenza ngokwehlukile emibukiswaneni esekelwe embonweni. Zinike isikhathi sokusingatha noma yiziphi izimpikiswano eziphakamayo phakathi nenqubo yohlelo.

Nqabela indlela yakho nendawo: Khetha izindawo eziwumphakathi ovamile uma kungenzeka. Uma uhlela ukumasha, dweba indlela enciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwezimoto kuyilapho uthuthukisa ukubonakala nomyalezo wakho.

Ukuhlanganisa neziphathimandla: Ngisho noma kungadingeki ngokomthetho, cabangela ukwazisa amaphoyisa endawo ngamacebo akho. Lokhu kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni isivikelo esanele futhi kunciphise amathuba okungaqondi kahle.

[[[QURT:0] Lungiselela amaqembu: Fundisa labo abakhona ngamalungelo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo. Sigcizelela ukubaluleka kokugcina ukuthula nokulandela umthetho.

Phakathi Nesenzakalo

Hlala unokuthula: Khumbula ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sixhomeke ekuhlanganeni okunokuthula. Ubudlova, ukubhujiswa kwempahla, noma izisongelo ziyophumela ekulahlekelweni kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kanye nokungabekwa icala kobugebengu.

landela iziyalo ezingokomthetho: Uma amaphoyisa enikeza iziyalo ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nesikhathi, indawo, noma indlela evimbela ngayo, vumelana nabo. Ungabekela imingcele kamuva ngezindlela zomthetho uma ukholelwa ukuthi zazingavumelani nemithetho.

Uxwebhu lonke: Kubahleli, umkhuba osebenzayo ukuhlanganisa nezincwadi, ukugcina amakhophi emvume yokusebenza engenisiwe, nokucela kubhalwe imfihlo nganoma yiziphi izimo ezingavamile. Izithombe namavidiyo kunganikeza ubufakazi obukhulu uma kuvela izingxabano kamuva.

Isayina izingqapheli ezingokomthetho: Izingqapheli ezingokomthetho, ukuxhumana okucacile, kanye nokubhalwa kwezincwadi ziyizindlela ezivamile ezinciphisa ingozi. Ukuba nezingqapheli eziqeqeshiwe ezingaqaphela ukuxhumana kwamaphoyisa futhi zibhale noma yiziphi izindaba ezinikeza ulwelwesi oluphezulu lwesivikelo.

Cwangcisa amalungelo abanye: Khumbula ukuthi abanye abantu banamalungelo nawo. Ungavaleli imigwaqweni yendlela ngokuphelele, uhloniphe impahla yangasese, futhi ukhumbule amazinga omsindo ezindaweni zokuhlala.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nokungenela Kwamaphoyisa

Uma amaphoyisa eza kuwe lapho kubhikishwa, uhlale uzolile futhi unomusa, unelungelo lokubuza ukuthi ukhululekile yini ukuhamba, uma ungaboshwa, ungahamba uhambe.

Amaphoyisa angayala ababhikishi ukuba bahlakazeke uma umhlangano usube ungekho emthethweni, kodwa umyalo kumelwe ucace futhi kumelwe unikezwe ithuba elinengqondo lokuvumelana nawo. Ukuboshwa kwezixuku ngaphandle kweziqondiso ezifanelekile noma ngaphandle kokunikeza abantu ithuba lokuhamba kungase kwephule amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Isiqondiso Sezikhulu Zohulumeni Nomthetho

Labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha izindawo zomphakathi nokulondoloza ukuhleleka nabo banezibopho ezibalulekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Yakha Imithetho Ecacile, Engathathi - hlangothi

Kuzikhulu, imithetho ecacile, esakazwe njalo, nokuqeqeshwa njalo kusiza ekunciphiseni izimpikiswano nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo. Izimiso ezilotshiwe kufanele zicacise ngokuqondile ukuthi iziphi izivumelwano ezidingekayo, ukuthi inqubo yokusebenza ihlanganisani, ukuthi iziphi izilinganiso ezizosetshenziswa ekuhloleni izinhlelo, nokuthi imiphi imingcele engabekwa.

Umthetho kumelwe waneliseke ngokungathathi hlangothi, ungashiyi indlela ethile ukuze abantu badlulisele isigijimi sabo.

Gwema Ukucwasa Umbono

Uma unikeza iqembu elilodwa imvume, kumelwe unikeze amanye amaqembu anezimvume ezivumela imibono ehlukile ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.

Inkantolo kahulumeni yawisa umthetho owawulinganisela ubungako bemihlangano eminingi phambi kweHholo laseDolobheni laseNew York nesakhiwo esiseduze, ngaphandle kwezenzakalo zomphakathi zasedolobheni. Njengoba inkantolo yabonisa, lo mthetho wawungahloselwe nje ukuba ufeze izinkathazo ezingokomthetho zedolobha, futhi wawungavumela izikhulu zedolobha ukuba zivimbele abantu ukuba bahlangane ngokusekelwe embonweni wabo.

Vikela Bonke Ababukisi

Ukugcinwa komthetho kunesibopho sokuvikela abahlaseli abanokuthula, ngisho nalapho isigijimi sabo singathandeki noma siphikisana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubavikela kubantu abamelene nobudlova abangase basongele ubudlova.

Ngokusekelwe ekutholeni ukuthi amaphoyisa asebenzisa izikhali ezilwa nababhikishi abanokuthula, inkantolo yesigodi yakhipha umyalo wesikhashana wokuvimbela ukulinganiselwa kwamaphoyisa kokusebenzisa lezi zikhali.

Ukucatshangelwa Kweminyaka Yezinombolo

Ukukhula kwemithombo yezindaba nezokuxhumana kuye kwabangela ukuhlanganiswa nokubhikisha kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlelwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Ezenhlalo

Izindawo zezokuxhumana zenza kube nokuhlelwa okusheshayo kwemibhikisho nemibuthano esheshayo kungavela ngokushesha ekusakazeni izindaba. Lokhu kubangela ukucindezeleka ngenxa yezimfuneko ezisezandulweni futhi kuvumela izimiso eziklanyelwe izenzakalo emasontweni ahlelwe kusengaphambili.

Izinkantolo zisasebenza ukulinganisela isithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni ekuhleleni kusengaphambili kanye nobuqiniso bezindlela zokuxhumana zanamuhla ezenza ukubuthwa ngokushesha.

Umhlangano Wangaphandle Komphakathi

Nokho, inkulumo etholakala kuyi - Internet ephumela ezinsongweni noma ekuthatheni isinyathelo esiwujuqu sokungabi namthetho ayivikelwe, njengoba nje inkulumo enjalo ingeke ivikelwe ngaphandle kolayini.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngamalungelo Omhlangano Nawokuvinjelwa Kwamalungelo

Ukuvinjelwa: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sivikela zonke izinhlobo zokubhikisha.[FLT:] Ukuba yiqiniso: ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ukuhlangana okunokuthula. Ubudlova, ukubhujiswa kwempahla, ukuvinjelwa kwezimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu, kanye nokuziphatha okungathandeki kwemithetho akwenzeki.

Ukuvinjelwa: Ungabhikisha noma kuphi nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Ukuba yiqiniso: Uhulumeni angabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nemingcele yendlela. Ungadinga imvume yokubuthana okukhulu, futhi izindawo ezithile zingaba yizekwe noma zibekwe imithetho ekhethekile.

Ukungavumelani: Amaphoyisa awanakukutshela ukuba unyakazise noma uhlakaze. Ukuba yiqiniso: Amaphoyisa angayala ukuba asuse lapho umhlangano ungabi namthetho noma ubangele izinsongo ezisheshayo ekulondekeni komphakathi. Nokho, umyalo kumelwe uvunyelwe, ucace, futhi kumelwe unikezwe ithuba elifanele lokuvumelana.

Ukuhlela: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sisebenza ekwakheni impahla.
Ukuba yiqiniso: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sivimbela isenzo sikahulumeni, hhayi ukuziphatha komuntu siqu. Abanikazi bezindawo bangamisa imithetho yabo siqu mayelana nemisebenzi eyimfihlo ezindaweni zabo.

Ukuzifihla: Inkulumo ephikiswayo noma ecasulayo ingavinjelwa.[FLT] Ukuba yiqiniso: ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela impikiswano, ukucasula, nokungathandeki. Imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe ibhekene nokucubungula okuqinile futhi akuvamile ukusekelwa.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela lowomhlangano namalungelo okuphikisa kuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nesezombangazwe sivikela inkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula.

Amazwe ahlukene alinganisela lamalungelo ngokumelene nezinye izithakazelo ngezindlela ezihlukene. Amanye amazwe adinga imvume yangaphambili yayo yonke imihlangano yomphakathi, kuyilapho amanye enezindlela zokuyekelela ngokwengeziwe. Ukuqonda lezi zici zomhlaba kunganikeza umongo owusizo wokuhlola umthetho nenqubo ye-U.S.

Izinselele Zamanje Nezinkinga Ezixazululwayo

Izindaba eziningana zangalesosikhathi ziyaqhubeka zihlola futhi zilolonge imingcele yamalungelo okuhlangana nokubhikisha.

Izigodi Eziyingxubevange

Izindawo eziningi ziye zakha izindawo ezivimbela imingcele ezizungeze izindawo ezithile, njengemitholampilo yokukhipha izisu, lapho imibhikisho ibekelwe imingcele khona. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela eminye yalemithetho evimbelayo kuyilapho zishaya eminye, kuye ngokuthi iklanywe ngokulinganiselwe yini futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo efanelekile yokuxhumana.

Izikhali Zomlilo Ezimpini

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo eSichibiyelo sesibili seSiphendulo namalungelo eSichibiyelo somhlangano weSithako sokuQala kuye kwaqala ukuphikisana. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukuvuleka kwezibhamu ekubhikisheni, kuyilapho ezinye zikwenqabela. IWashington iyisifunda esivulekile, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni uvimbela ukuqondisa izibhamu kwezinye futhi ukhiphe izibhamu ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi ulawula indlela izibhamu ezingaphathwa ngayo noma ziboniswe ngayo. I-RCW 9.41.300 inqabela ukuphatha izindawo zomphakathi eziningana, kuhlanganise namankantolo, amajele, nezindawo zokuvota.

Izinkantolo zisasebenza ukuze zilinganisele lamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ancintisanayo nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulondekeni komphakathi.

Ukuzingelwa Kwezinkambiso

Ukubhikisha okukhulu, njengalokho okuhlangene nenhlangano yamaOccupe nokubhikisha kwamuva nje, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi ababhikishi bangahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinga Lobuchwepheshe

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa ekubhikisheni kubangela ukukhathazeka ngasese futhi kungase kubangele ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi weSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Okwengeziwe

Izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza labo abafuna ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo abo emihlangano nokubhikisha izinto eziwusizo:

Isibonelelo somphakathi sase-Americana seLiberties Union (ACLU): I-ACLU inikeza iziqondisi ezibanzi zamalungelo ababhikishi, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okuqondile okungokombuso. "Yazi Amalungelo Akho" izinto ziwusizo kakhulu kulabo abahlela ukuhlanganyela emibukiso. Ukuvakashela www.aclu.org

Abaqondisi bemithetho besizwe Guid: Lenhlangano inikeza izingqapheli ezingokomthetho ekubhikisheni futhi inikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwamalungelo okubhikisha nokusekela okungokomthetho.

Isichibiyeli sokuqala:[ Ingxenye ye Freedom Forum, lenhlangano inikeza ingcebo efundisayo ngazo zonke izici zomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuhlanganise nemihlangano kanye namalungelo okunxusa.

Exlectronic Foundation (EFF): Kunolwazi oluhlobene nokuhlelwa kwemidwebo kanye nenkulumo kalayini, i-EFF inikeza izinto eziwusizo ku www.ect.ff.org[[FL:3]].

Izinhlangano zenkululeko yangaphakathi zendawo:[ Izifunda eziningi namadolobha zinezinhlangano zendawo ezigxile ezindabeni zenkululeko yomphakathi futhi zinganikeza ukwaziswa okuqondile ngokomthetho wakho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Amalungelo okubutha nokubhikisha awakho nje njengezimiso ezingokomthetho ezicatshangelwayo, kodwa njengamathuluzi awusizo okuhlanganyela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Kusukela ekumisweni kwabesifazane abafuna ukulwa nokulwa namalungelo omphakathi kuya ekuhleleni, kusukela ekumasheni kwempi kuya ekubhikisheni kwempi, kusukela eLGBTQ+ amalungelo kuya ekuvimbeleni indawo ezungezile, ukubhikisha izinhlangano nokubhikisha bekuyimishini yentuthuko yezenhlalo. Lamalungelo aqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalabo abangenayo ingcebo, amandla ezombangazwe, noma ukufinyelela kwemithombo yezindaba kungenza amazwi abo azweke.

Kusemqoka ukuvikela ukuhlangana okuqinile namalungelo okuphikisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbono wezombangazwe uyini, yenza ukuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuzwa imibono ehlukahlukene futhi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekuqondiseni imiphakathi nezizwe zazo.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sokuqala samalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokubhikisha yizisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika. Lamalungelo anika izakhamuzi amandla okuqoqa, ukuveza ukungavumelani, ukusekela ushintsho, nokunxusa uhulumeni wazo. Nakuba kungesona isiphi isisekelo, zithola isivikelo somthetho sisekelo esiqinile esiye saqiniswa phakathi namashumi eminyaka esibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo . . . "Ukuqonda amalungelo], ukulinganiselwa kwawo, nokusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo, kubaluleke kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi. Noma uhlela ukuboniswa, uhambele phambili, noma umane usebenzise izwi lakho ezindabeni ezikhathaza umphakathi, ukwazi isivikelo sakho somthetho-sisekelo kukwenza ukwazi ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo ngokomthetho.

Kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni nakumthetho, ukuhlonipha lamalungelo akusona nje isibopho esingokomthetho kodwa kuyisibopho sentando yeningi. Izimiso ezicacile, eziqukethe, eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwesandla, kanye nesivikelo sabashushisi abanokuthula kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa inkululeko yazo engokomthetho-mthetho.

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguquka futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izimiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa abantu namalungelo okuphikisa azishintshi: uhulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, ukuveza imibono yabo, nokunxusa ushintsho. Lamalungelo, afakwe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, ayaqhubeka esebenza njengezindlela ezibalulekile zokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nentuthuko yezenhlalo.

Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa lamalungelo ngendlela ethembekile, izakhamuzi zinikela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wentando yeningi yaseMelika − isakhiwo esixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo, ekuhlanganyeleni kwabantu bazo zonke izizinda nemibono. Amalungelo okuhlangana nokubhikisha awazona nje izivikelo ezingokomthetho; ziyizimemo zokuhlanganyela ekulolongeni ikusasa lemiphakathi yethu nesizwe sethu.