Ukuqonda Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Kwezisebenzi Ezikhulile

Izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu zimelela ingxenye ebalulekile nekhulayo yezisebenzi. Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emithetho emelene nokungahleleki, ubandlululo lweminyaka luhlala luyinkinga engapheli, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuqedwa nokuqulwa kwezingxoxo. Izisebenzi esezikhulile zivame ukuletha ulwazi olubalulekile nolwazi lokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo, kodwa zingabhekana futhi nobuqili obucashile (noma ukucindezelwa okukhulu) ukuze zishiye umsebenzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. E-United States kuphela, ukuTshintshwa kweNkathi yeminyaka esemthethweni (ADEA) kuye kwaba yisivikelo esiyinhloko sombuso kusukela ngo1967, nokwethulwano oluphezulu lweminyaka ekubandlululwayo igcinwe nge-Orceoces Commissiontion Comment (EOC) unyaka ngamunye. Ukuqonda izinga eligcwele lamalungelo angokomthetho akuyona nje indaba yokulalela; kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imali, ukuthatha umhlala umhlalaphansi, nezinzuzo zomuntu siqu phakathi nokwehliswa phakathi nokwehliswa.

Ukuvikelwa Okuyinhloko Okungokomthetho Kwezisebenzi Ezikhulile

Imithetho e-U.S. kanye nezinye izizwe eziningi imisa isisekelo sokulunga kwezisebenzi ezisebenza esikhathini esithile. Lezi sivikelo zihlanganisa ukuqashwa, ukukhushulelwa, imbuyiselo, futhi ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqedwa nokunqanyulwa. Isimiso sesisekelo siwukuthi iminyaka yeyodwa akumelwe ibe yisizathu sesenzo somsebenzi esinzima.

Ubandlululo Lwenkathi Ephakathi KuMthetho Womsebenzi (ADEA)

I-ADEA inqabela abaqashi abanezintsebenzi ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu ukuba bangabenqabeli abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 noma ngaphezulu kunoma isiphi isici somsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokudubula, ukudilizwa, nokukhokhelwa. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abangabodwa, ohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-ADEA ayihlanganisi nje kuphela ukucwaswa (ukungaphathwa kahle) kodwa futhi nemithetho enethonya elibi ngokungenakulinganiswa ezisebenzini ezikhulile (imiphumela ephambene), ngisho noma zibonakala zingaba neqhawe nezindawo ezisebenza ngaphandle kwemingcele. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenziwa izisebenzi ezikhokhelwa imiholo ephakeme kakhulu [1] ngokuvamile osuke esezikhulile kakhulu.

Imithetho YoMbuso Neyabantu Beminyaka Ephakathi

Izifunda eziningi nomasipala zinemithetho yazo emelene nokunqanda ukuhlukana. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California, New York, neFlorida, zimboza abaqashi abancane noma zivikela ngokuqondile ekucwaseni abantu abagugile ngenzuzo. Ezinye zivimbela inkathi yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwezikhundla ezithile zomphakathi. Izisebenzi esezikhulile kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni inganikeza amakhambi engeziwe, njengengozi engakafakwanga, engekho ngaphansi kwe-ADEA.

Isivikelo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sezisebenzi Ezikhulile

Izisebenzi ezingaphandle kwe-United Kingdom, uMthetho we-Esature unqabela ukucwaswa kweminyaka emsebenzini. UMthetho we-Human Rights nemithetho yesifunda saseCanada uvikela izisebenzi esezikhulile, futhi i-European Commission Econficity ifuna wonke amalungu ezwe amise imithetho yokucwasana ngokweminyaka. Lemithetho iyahluka ngokwesilinganiso nangokuphoqelela, kodwa isihloko esivamile siwukuthi ubudala abunakuba ngokomthetho isisekelo sokuqeda noma ukukhipha iziphakamiso ezingezinhle.

Lokho Okufanele Wonke Umqashi Ogugile Akwazi

Nakuba amazwe amaningi elandela izimfundiso ezivumelana nemisebenzi, isivikelo esingokomthetho ekucwaseni ubandlululo lobudala sibangela ukungalingani okukhulu. Umqashi akanakuxosha isisebenzi esesikhulile ngenxa yeminyaka evamile . njengokucabangela umkhiqizo onciphile, ukungakwazi ukufunda amakhono amasha, noma izindleko eziphezulu zezokwelapha. Amalungelo okusebenza ahlanganisa futhi ukungakhethi nokuvikela ekuphindiseleni.

Ukunqamuka Kwempi Nokukhula Okungalungile

Ukuqeda okungalungile kuvela lapho umqashi edubula isisebenzi ngesizathu esingekho emthethweni. Kubantu asebekhulile, leso sizathu esingekho emthethweni sivame ukuba yiminyaka. Nokho, ukuveza ukuqedwa kweminyaka okusekelwe ekugugeni kungaba yinselele ngoba abaqashi abavamile ukuvuma ukuthi banezinhloso zokukhipha imvume yobushiqela. Izinkantolo zifuna ubufakazi obuyimfihlo, njengamazwi aphathelene nobudala (“umdala kakhulu ngenxa yalendima”), ukuhlukanisa ngezibalo ukuthi ubani oye wakhululwa, noma ukuphambuka ezinqunyweni ezivamile zokuqeda. Uma izisebenzi ezincane ezinezinkinga ezifanayo zigcinwa zisebusweni lapho ontanga endala elahlwa, ukuthi ukucwasana kungaba ubufakazi bokucwasana.

Ukucishwa kokukha

Ngezinye izikhathi abaqashi abaxosheli isisebenzi esikhulile ngokuqondile kodwa benza isimo somsebenzi singabekezeleleki kangangokuthi isisebenzi sizizwa siphoqelekile ukuba siyeke. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokukhishwa okunika amandla. Uma umqashi enciphisa imithwalo yemfanelo, enciphisa amahora, ehlela isisebenzi emisebenzini engathandeki, noma ephoxa izimo ngenxa yobudala, isisebenzi singase sibe nokuzisho okusemthethweni. Isilinganiso siphakeme: izimo zokusebenza kumelwe zingabekezeleleki, hhayi nje.

Ukunciphisa Impi (RIF) Nezinto Ezisemzimbeni

Izindlela zokudambisa amandla zivamile ekuntengantengeni kwezomnotho. Abaqashi banokuhlakanipha okukhulu kokukhetha izikhundla abangaziqeda, kodwa iziqondiso zokukhetha kumelwe zibe iminyaka yobudala-neuthal. Uma i-RIF ithinta izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakulinganiswa, umqashi angase afaneleke ukuba athathe ithonya elihlukile. Abaqashi abahlakaniphile basebenzisa izimiso eziqondile njengokusebenza, ukukhetha okuphezulu, noma ukuthenga ngokuzithandela amaphakethe − futhi babhala isilinganiso. Izisebenzi ezindala ezithintelwe yi-RIF zingaba nelungelo lokuhlola iziqondiso nesicelo sendlela amaqembu ahlukene angokongathinteki.

Isivikelo Sokuphindisela

Abaqashwa abakhononda ngokucwaswa kobudala, ukumangalelwa ngenhlangano kahulumeni, noma ukuthatha ingxenye ekuhloleni kuyavikelwa ekuphindiseleni. Uma isisebenzi esikhulile sixoshwa ngemva nje kokuveza ukukhathazeka kobandlululo, ukuthi ukuziphindisela kungaveza ukuzisholo okungokomthetho, ngokuvamile okunamakhambi aqine nakakhulu. Ukuzisholo kuphakathi kwecala elivame ukubekwa e-EEOC.

Ukukhokha Nezinzuzo: Ukunakekela Okungokomthetho Okuyinhloko

Amaphakethe okukhokha awadingwa umthetho kahulumeni e-United States, kodwa uma enikezwa, kumelwe avumelane nemithetho yobandlululo lobudala. Izisebenzi ezikhulile ze-Fod Protection Act (OWBPA) zalungisa i-ADEA ukuze zimise izimfuneko eziqinile zezivumelwano zesivumelwano ezinqunyiweyo nezingaphuculisi. Ukuqonda lemithetho kungasho umehluko phakathi kwesicelo sokulahla nokuthola amalungelo alondoloziwe.

Izisebenzi Ezikhulile Ziyazuza Ekuvikelweni (OWBPA)

Uma umqashi ecela ukuba isisebenzi esesikhulile sisayine imvume yokucwasa umuntu osekhulile ngenxa yokukhetha omdala, i - OWBPA ibeka izimfuneko eziqondile ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi umqashi uyamazi futhi uyamthola ngokuzithandela. Izimfuneko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ulimi olucacile noluqondakalayo: Isivumelwano kumelwe sibhalwe ngesiNgisi esingesikhonzi esicacile (noma ulimi oluyinhloko lwesisebenzi) kanye namalungelo e-ADEA.
  • [ inkathi yokucabanga:[ Isisebenzi kumelwe sinikwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-21 ukuze sicabangele isivumelwano (izinsuku ezingu-45 uma kuyiqembu uhlelo lokuphuma olushukumisayo).
  • [ Inkathi yokukhipha izivumelwano: Ngemva kokusayina, isisebenzi sinezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokuqeda isivumelwano.
  • Izimfuneko ezifinyelelwe iqembu elizikhululayo: Eqenjini, umqashi kumelwe anikeze ukwaziswa ngezihloko zomsebenzi kanye neminyaka yezisebenzi ezakhethwa ukuba zibulawe nalabo ababengakhethwanga, ngakho isisebenzi esidala singahlola ukuthi ubandlululo lwenzekile yini.

Lomthetho uyithuluzi elinamandla kuzisebenzi esezikhulile. Noma isiphi isehluleki esingavumelani ne-OWBPA asisebenzi, okusho ukuthi isisebenzi singaqhubeka sifuna ukumangalelana ngokucwasana ngisho nangemva kokwamukela iholo elinqunyiwe.

Izinzuzo Nezindlela Zokucabangela

Ukuqapha kungahlanganisa nokuqhubeka komshuwalense wempilo, iminikelo yokuhlela umhlalaphansi, noma izinkonzo zokuthatha umhlalaphansi. I-Musnere Infeed Infied Security Act (ERISA) ilawula izinhloso eziningi ezizuzisayo zabaqashi, kuhlanganise namasuntswana. Abaqashi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi izinzuzo ezithenjisiwe ziyakhokhwa ngempela nokuthi ukuhlela amabhukwana avumelana nalokho okunikezwayo. Kwezinye izimo, izisebenzi ezindala zingaba nelungelo lokuthola isilinganiso esikhethekile senkathi yokubhalisa ngaphansi kwe-COBRA (I-Okwakene i-Omnibusbeucbecration Revition Act) ukuze ziqhubeke zikhokhela izilinganiso zempilo zeqembu kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-18 (noma isikhathi eside kakhulu ezimweni ezithile).

Ukuphokophela Ijubane Njengesisebenzi Esikhulile

Izisebenzi esezikhulile zivame ukuba nezingxoxo zokunqamula izingxoxo kunokuba ziqaphele. Izici ezinjengobude benkonzo, ulwazi oluyingqayizivele, kanye nokuchayeka okungokomthetho komqashi kungathethelela ukukhokha imali engaphezulu noma izinzuzo ezengeziwe. Kuwukuhlakanipha ukuxoxa ngakho:

  • Amasonto noma izinyanga ezengeziwe zomholo
  • Imali yomshuwalense wezempilo okhokhelwayo ngesikhathi se - COBRA
  • Ukwenyuka kwejubane lokukhetha amasheya noma iminikelo yomhlalaphansi
  • Izinkonzo zokuphuma nokusekela futhi
  • Isivumelwano sokungathathi hlangothi noma incwadi enhle yokutusa

Ngenxa yokuthi ukwehlukana kuyisivumelwano, yonke into iyavumelana kuze kube yilapho isivumelwano sisayinwa. Abaqashi abaningi balindele ukuba i-emuva ne-full, ikakhulukazi uma isisebenzi sineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 futhi sesineshumi leminyaka noma ngaphezulu sikanye nenkampani.

Ukuphindela Ngokomthetho: Izindlela Zokukhetha Lapho Amalungelo Ephulwa

Lapho isisebenzi esesikhulile sisola ukuthi ubandlululo lobudala luthonya ukuqedwa noma izimfuneko zesithembiso, isinyathelo esisheshayo siyagxeka.

Ukumangalela I - EEOC Noma I - Agency KaHulumeni

E-United States, icala lobandlululo kumelwe libekwe nge-EEOC phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 zesenzo sokukhipha icala (noma izinsuku ezingu-300 uma umthetho wendawo usebenza). I-EEOC ihlola iphuzu, i-mediate uma kungenzeka, futhi ingakhipha incwadi elungile yokudlulisela imvume yesisebenzi ukuba sikhiphe icala langasese. Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokuhlola ingathatha izinyanga ezingu-300, izisebenzi eziningi zidlulela enkantolo ngemva kokwamukela isaziso sokuqondisa okulungile. Akukho mthetho ngaphansi kwe-ADEA ongathunyelwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ikhambiso lokuqala lokuphatha nge-EOC.

Imithetho Yangasese Nezinqubo Zokuxazulula Inkinga

Uma isisebenzi siwina ukucwaswa kobudala, amakhambi angahlanganisa iholo elikhokhelwayo, iholo elingaphambili (iholo elilahlekile), umonakalo okhishwe kabili (imali eholwayo uma uphulwa ngamabomu), kanye nemali yabameli. Ngokungafani ne-Title VII, i-ADEA ayivumeli ukukhokha noma ukujeziswa, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni inganikeza. Ukumangalelwa kweqembu nakho kungenzeka uma isimiso senkampani sihlasela izisebenzi ezindala ngamabomu, njengasesigabeni somphakathi.

Izivumelwano Zokujezisa Nokuhlangana Kwabantu Ngabodwa

Izivumelwano eziningi zemisebenzi manje zihlanganisa izigaba eziphoqelelwe ukuba izisebenzi zixazulule izingxabano ngaphandle kwenkantolo. Nakuba i-Federal Arbitration Act ivame ukuphoqelela izigaba ezinjalo, ukufaneleka kwabaphakamisi be-ADEA ekuhlolweni kungaphansi kwezindinganiso ezifanayo ze-OWBPA uma umxhaphazi eyingxenye yesivumelwano sokuqeda izingxabano. Abaqashi kufanele bahlole ngokucophelela noma isiphi isigqephu sesivumelwano sabo somsebenzi noma ebhukwini elingasekho. Ezinye izivumelwano zokugweba zifihla ngokucacile ukuthi ukucwa kweminyaka ethile, noma izinkantolo ziye zazithola zingagunyaziswanga uma ziphika amalungelo ayisisekelo okugunyazwayo.

Imithombo Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo

Izisebenzi ezindala akudingeki ukuba ziqondise lezi zindaba zodwa. [[FLT: 0] I-EEC’s Age Discrection ikhasi inikeza isiqondiso esingokomthetho nezindlela zokufaka izikhangiso. Izinhlangano ezingafaki nzuzo njenge AARP ['s arective's sholor [[FLT:]]] inikeza izimali futhi ingaxhumanisa abantu nabameli abakhethekile emthethweni womsebenzi wabadala. [[FLT:] Izinhlangano ezingakhokhisi iziyalezo zomthetho [[FLT:]] zinikeza isiqondiso sobandlululo lobudala., futhi izinkampani eziningi zesifunda zithinta izinkonzo ezisemsebenzini ezinezinye ezikhona ezisebenza.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Abaqashi Abangagwema Ukunethezeka

Abaqashi abafisa ukuphathwa kahle izisebenzi esezikhulile kuyilapho benciphisa ingozi engokomthetho kufanele basebenzise izimiso ezicacile, ezingathathi hlangothi nabaphathi bezitimela abakhetha ukukhula. Izindlela ezilandelayo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthobela:

  • Ukukhishwa kwezinqumo zenkathi yobudala ngokuphuphuma: Sebenzisa izilinganiso eziqondile njengezingamanani omsebenzi, amarekhodi okuyala, noma ukukhula (lapho ukukhula kungasebenzi njengomthetho womthetho wokukhetha iminyaka).
  • Isiqinisekiso sebhizinisi ledokhumende:[ Noma isiphi isinqumo sokuphetha kumele sisekelwe isizathu esingokomthetho, esingasokulahla esibhalwe phansi ngaphambi kokuba isinqumo sigcine.
  • Isibonisi somphumela emaqenjini obudala avikelwe: Ngaphambi kokwenza ukunciphiswa kwejubane, sebenzisa izibalo ukuze ubone ukuthi amazinga okukhetha izisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka-40 aphakeme kakhulu.
  • Izinhlelo zokuzithandela zokuthenga ngokulinganayo: lapho unikeza izisusa zomhlalaphansi zakuqala, uqinisekisa ukuthi zizimisele ngempela futhi izisebenzi zinokwaziswa okwanele nesikhathi sokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini.
  • ngokuphelele ne-OWBPA: Kunoma isiphi isivumelwano sokuthi i-ADEA amalungelo adingekayo, inikeza inkathi edingekayo 21/45 yosuku lokucabangela, inkathi yokususa usuku lwesikhombisa, kanye nobudala obuningiliziwe nezihloko zomsebenzi zezindawo eziphumayo.

Ukulalela akwenzeli nje kuphela ukunciphisa ingozi yokufuna ukuxabana kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa isiko lemisebenzi elinolwazi olubalulekile noluyinzuzo. Amaqembu aneziqu zeminyaka ezingafani avame ukudlula amaphini ayizidlakela, futhi ukuvikela izisebenzi esezikhulile kungaba inzuzo yokuncintisana.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Kwabaqashi Asebekhulile Ababhekene Nesimo Sengqondo

Uma uyisisebenzi esesikhulile esitshelwe ukuthi isikhundla sakho siyaqedwa noma udedelwa, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele kungavikela inhlalakahle yakho engokomthetho nengokwezimali.

Bhala Yonke Into

Gcina umbhalo wezingxoxo, ukubukeza inqubo, ama-imeyili, nanoma yikuphi ukukhulumela okwenziwa ngeminyaka yakho, izinhlelo zakho zomhlalaphansi, noma iholo lakho. Uma umphathi ekhulume ngokuthi “ulungele igazi elisha” noma“ unendawo yethalenta elincane,” lokhu kungaba ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda. Futhi bhala ukuthi ezinye izisebenzi ezinezindima ezifanayo ziphathwe kanjani ngokwehlukile.

Ungasayini Ngokushesha

Abaqashi bavame ukunikeza izivumelwano zenkathi enqunyiweyo, kodwa unelungelo lokuthatha isikhathi umthetho okunika sona. Ngisho noma isivumelwano singayikhathazi ngokucacile i-OWBPA, uma uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 futhi ucelwa ukuba uthathe iziphakamiso zeminyaka engu-40, umthetho usho inkathi yokubukeza yezinsuku ezingama-21. Sebenzisa leso sikhathi ukubuza ummeli ofunda umthetho wezemisebenzi.

Bhekana Nomthetho Womsebenzi

Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho angahlola isivumelwano sokuhlukanisa, anikeze iseluleko sokuthi izimfuneko ze-OWBPA ziye zahlangatshezwana yini, futhi axoxe kangcono. Abameli abaningi abasebenzayo banikeza izingxoxo zokuqala zamahhala. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, imitholampilo engokomthetho noma izinhlangano ze-bar commetary zisiza. Kwezinye izimo, abameli bangathatha amacala okucwasa ngezimali ezikhokhelwayo.

UNegotiate, Ungamane Wamukele

Ngisho noma uhlela ukusayina umenzi wecala bese uqhubekela phambili, ngokuvamile kufanelekile ukucela intuthuko. Ungacela isikhathi eside, izinkonzo zokuthatha indawo, noma ukukhomba okuhle. Abaqashi ngokuvamile bazimisele ukwandisa imali ekhokhwayo noma ukunikeza izinzuzo ezengeziwe zokugwema ingozi yokumangalelwa, ikakhulukazi uma beqaphela ukuthi isisebenzi sithintane nommeli.

Yazi Intela

Inkokhelo yemali ekhokhelwayo ngokuvamile ikhokhelwa njengemali evamile. Nokho, uma ingxenye yemali inikezwa umholi wentela yenye intela, kungenzeka ingaphansi kwentela ekhokhelwayo. Abanye izisebenzi bangase bafune ukucela ukuba isehlukaniso sihlelwe njengomnikelo e-akhawuntini yomhlalaphansi noma njengendawo yokukhokha izintela ezibekelwe indawo yayo. Ukubheka udokotela wentela noma ummeli wezimali kuyatuswa ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe noma isiphi isivumelwano.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Isithunzi Namalungelo Kuyo Yonke Iminyaka

Amalungelo angokomthetho ezisebenzi esezikhulile ekuqedweni nasekuhlukaniseni izimo anamandla kodwa adinga ukuqiniswa kwemithetho yobudala. Imithetho yokucwasa yobudala njenge-ADEA ne-OWBPA inikeza isivikelo esidingekile, kodwa isiza kuphela labo abazi amalungelo abo futhi bawaqinise. Ukuthi uyisisebenzi esibhekene nokudilizwa kwezisebenzi noma umqashi ohlela ukuncishiswa, ukuqonda lemithetho kuthuthukisa ukungalingani futhi kunciphise ukubiza. Izisebenzi ezindala ezinolwazi lungalawula lenguquko ngokuqiniseka, zivikele izindleko zazo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi iminyaka yazo yomnikelo ihlonishwa, hhayi ngaphansi kwenani eliphansi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, umbhalo ogcwele we-ADEA ukhona ekhasini le-EEOC. Isethulo se-CoBRA qhinga le-OK sichaza amalungelo empilo aqhubekayo. [[FLT:] AAARP] E-Legic Uncedo [[ lunikeza isiqondiso sokuthola ummeli. Njalo funa iseluleko sochwepheshe sezeluleko lwezempilo ngenxa yesimo sakho esithile.