Ukuba Wedwa Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani: Isisekelo Esiqinile Esingaphansi Kokucindezeleka

Ukucindezela phakathi kwezindaba zomuntu siqu nombuso noma ukuqapha kwenkampani akukaze kube kukhulu. Ukuchofoza, ukusesha, nokuhlola indawo kuveza ukwaziswa okungaqoqwa, kuhlaziywe, futhi kusetshenziswe (kaningi) ngaphandle kwemvume enengqondo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda izivikelo zomthetho ezisavikela imfihlo yomuntu ngamunye akuzona nje ulwazi olufundile; kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni ekuphileni komphakathi. Lesihloko silandelela izimpande ezingokomlando zamalungelo eyimfihlo, sihlola indlela inqubo evelele yeNkantolo Ephakeme eye yaguqula ngayo izincazelo zesimanje, futhi sihlola izinselele ezicindezelayo ezibangelwa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola bamanje.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awulichazi ngokucacile ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo. Kunalokho, lelolungelo liye lathathwa embhalweni, ekwakheni, nasemlandweni wezinguquko eziningana. Njengoba izindlela zokuhlola ziqhubeka ziyinkimbinkimbi, izinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho ziqhubeka zilinganisela ukulondeka, izithakazelo zezentengiselwano, nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ukwazi amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweyesine, eyesihlanu, ne-Ninth Refectionsments `ne `ne nendlela izinkantolo eziye zakunikeza ngayo amathuluzi okuzivikela nokufundisa abanye.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Samalungelo Abantu Abangabodwa

Isivikelo sangasese somthetho waseMelika asizange sivele sakhiwe ngokugcwele. Sakhula ngencazelo yokwahlulela, izenzo zomthetho, nokuqamba umphakathi. Lomqondo waqoshwa kakhulu esihlokweni se-1890 Harvard Law Review nguSamuel Warren noLouis Brandeis, abachaza ukuthi imfihlo “ilungelo lokungahlolwa.” Lesosihloko sasabela ephepheni elingenayo imibiko yokwahlulela nemishini emisha njengekhamera ephathwa ngesandla. Namuhla, isimiso esifanayo sibhekene nezinselele ezivela emamathuluzini amakhulu kakhulu.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezivikela Imfihlo

Izinguquko eziningana kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. zinikeza isisekelo sombhalo sesivikelo sobuso obuyimfihlo. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba ungazihlanganisi, okuhlangene nezindaba ezihilela amaphepha omuntu siqu kanye nemininingwane yamanani. ISichibiyeli seSiphendu sisikhumbuza ukuthi ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile akhethekile akusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zilahlekelwa abanye, kuhlanganise nendawo yazo. ISiphendulo seGajimende se-14th's Supremetic Sclaces Iprocessss Ressolue siye sasetshenziswa futhi ukuvikela izinqumo zomuntu siqu ezifinyelwe nguhulumeni.

Lezinguquko zabhalwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwe-nternet, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela zithi izimiso zazo eziyisisekelo zisebenza kubuchwepheshe obusha. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphawula ku- Katz v. United States (1967), iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukucwaninga Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi: “Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe.” Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasungula “ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo eyimfihlo” ukuhlola ukuthi inqubo kahulumeni iqala nini. USurveilnce ogijimela kulokho akulindele udinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu, ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe okuhlukile.

Lendinganiso isetshenziswa ekutholeni i-wamptap, ukulandelela i-GPS, ukwaziswa kwendawo yocingo, ngisho nokuthwebula izithombe ezishisayo. Kyllo v. United States [2001], iNkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa isisetshenziswa se-metayela esishisayo ukuze kutholwe ukushisa ngaphakathi ekhaya kuwuphendlo. Isimiso: ubuchwepheshe bembula imininingwane mayelana nendawo engaphakathi yekhaya ngaphandle kokungena sisekelo sidinga isiqinisekiso.

ISichibiyelo Sendinyana Namalungelo Angenazo Iziphazamiso

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth siyanikeza: “Umthetho-sisekelo, wamalungelo athile, ngeke uthathwe njengokuphika noma ukulahla abanye abantu.” Lokhu kulunga kuye kwavezwa abahluleli abaphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ngaphezu kwalawo asohlwini oluqondile, kuhlanganise nawasese. Nakuba iSichibiyelo seNinth siyisisekelo esiwukuphela kwesinqumo, siqinisa umqondo wokuthi imfihlo ayiyona into esungulwe abantu banamuhla kodwa inkululeko ejulile.

Ku Griswold v.Connecticut (1965), iNkantolo yawisa umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela ukuvimbela inzalo, yathola ukuthi “imali ye-Constitution” kanye“ne-"ku-Okuqala, yesithathu, yesine, yesihlanu, yesihlanu, neye-Ninth Remections yadala indawo yemfihlo. Lecala laba isisekelo semithetho yamuva yemfihlo.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elalolonga Umthetho Wezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe ngendlela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha.

[[Umthetho:0] Griswold v.Connecticut[[FT:1] (1965) – Imfihlo yomshado

Impikiswano yayiwumthetho wase-Connecticut owaphula umthetho wokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo nelungiselelo lezeluleko zokuvimbela inzalo. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi umthetho wephula ilungelo lokufihla isibopho somshado. UMahluleli uWilliam O. Douglas, ebhalela iningi, waphikisa ngokuthi isiqinisekiso esiqondile kuyiBill of Rights sinepembubras edala “izindawo zomuntu siqu.” Icala laveza ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke angene ezinqumweni eziseduze kakhulu ezenziwa emshadweni.

Katz v. United States [1967] – Ithemba Elilinganiselwe lemfihlo

UCharles Katz walahlwa icala lokugembula okungekho emthethweni okusekelwe ebufakazini obutholakele yiFBI, eyayinamathelisa umshini wokulalela ngaphandle kwendlu yocingo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaguqula isiqinisekiso, ikholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo. INkantolo yenza ukuhlolwa okunezigaba ezimbili okusabusa: umuntu kumelwe ukuba ubonise ukulindele okungokoqobo (ukuthobela) ukuba wedwa, futhi lokho kulindele kumelwe kube yileso umphakathi ozimisele ukusiqaphela njengesinengqondo.

[[UMTL:0] Roe v. Ukuvuleka [[[FLT] [1] (1973) – Ukuvula imfihlo

Nakuba idume kakhulu ngokukhipha isisu, Roe v. Wade waqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokufihla imfihlo lihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. INkantolo yathola ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSinqumo seMibuliso se 14 seSigqizo sika-20 sivikela ukuzimela komuntu ezindabeni zomkhaya nokuzala abantwana.

LAWREnce v. Texas (2003) – Ukuziphatha okuthathiwe

Inkantolo yachitha umthetho waseTexas owawephula umthetho owephula umthetho owenziwe ngokuziphatha kobulili okufanayo. Isinqumo sawephula ngokuqondile amaBowers v. Hardwick (1986) futhi sathi ukuziphatha okuseduze kuyingxenye yenkululeko evikelwe inqubo efanelekile engathiwe. UMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy wabhala ukuthi umbuso awunakululaza ukuba khona noma ukulawula isiphetho sabantu ngokusho ukuziphatha kwabo okuhlobene nokuziphatha okubi. Inkantolo yaqaphela, ayivikeli nje izikhala ezingokomzimba kodwa ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo ezingathi zilungile.

Carbate v. United States (2017) – Amanani e-Amfishini ne-Dimension yendawo

Ecaleni lezenzwele eliphawulekayo lezemishini, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athole imvume yokuthola amarekhodi angokomlando aphathelene nocingo. UTimothy Carpert wabekwa icala lobusela obusekelwe ekutholeni kocingo lwakhe lwaluseduze nezigcawu zobugebengu. INkantolo yathi abantu balindele ukuba babe nemfihlo ngokufanelekile kuyo yonke iminyaka yabo njengoba kwembulwa ulwazi lwendawo ebekwe kuyo amangqamuzana. Lesi sinqumo savuma ukuthi ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bungakha umlando oningiliziwe wokuphila komuntu, nokuthi ukufinyelela lowo mlando kuvikela iSiphendumiso Sesine.

Lamacala abonisa indlela engaguquki: njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola bushintsha, izinkantolo zivumelanisa izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze zilondoloze amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Nokho, ijubane lezenzo zomthetho livame ukuthatha isikhathi esincane ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe, kushiye amagebe evikelekile.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla Yokuhamba Ngezinyawo Nezincwadi Zayo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Namuhla, ukuqapha kwenziwa ohulumeni, izinkampani ezizimele, ngisho nabantu ngabanye. Izilinganiso nobubanzi bezingangomuntu. Imishini yansuku zonke `smartphone', izikhulumi ezihlakaniphile, i-webcam, izimoto ezixhunyiwe/izimoto) ziba amathuluzi okuhlola. Isimiso somthetho esiklanyelwe ukulwela ukuhambisana nendawo ezungezile yezobuchwepheshe.

Isilinganiso Sikahulumeni

Izinhlangano ze - Federal njenge - National Security Agency (NSA), i - Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), ne - Department of Homeland Security (DHS) zisebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuqapha.

  • Ama-Mas aqoqiwe we-metameta- - Amarekhodi kacingo, izihloko ze-imeyili, kanye nama-logi we-inthanethi kungaqoqwa ngezinhlelo ezinkulu njengalezo ezambulwa u-Edward Snowden ngo-2013.
  • Ukulalela nokulalela emathunjini nge-electronic – kugunyazwe ngaphansi kwe-Internemitive Surveilal Act (FISA), kodwa ukukhathazeka kuyaqhubeka ngokuphamba.
  • [ Ukusetshenziswa konogada abaqaphile nemishini ye-Stingray [[FT:1] - Imishini ingahlola izindawo ezinkulu; imishini yeStingray ilingisa imibhoshongo yamangqamuzana ukuze ivimbele ukwaziswa kocingo.
  • [[QUT:0] I-social medication ukuhlolwa kwezezindaba[ - Imishini ihlola izigqebhezana zomphakathi futhi ngezinye izikhathi isebenzise ama-akhawunti ocingo ukuze iphenye. Imiphumela yeSichibiyelo sokuqala ibalulekile.

Uhulumeni uvame ukuphikisa ngokuthi lezinhlelo zidingekile ukuze kulondeke izwe. Abagxeki, kuhlanganise ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqapha okukhulu kuphula ukuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo sesine ngokuhlola okungacabangeli futhi kuphazamisa inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana.

Ukwanda Kwama - corpotery

Izinkampani ezizimele ziqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi okuphathelene nokukhangisa, ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo, nokuzidayisa, okuhlanganisa ukuphenya umlando, indawo, ukuthenga amarekhodi, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezempilo, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yezakhi zofuzo. Imikhuba engokoqobo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukubheka emawebhusayithini nasemidwebeni - Cocookies, amapixels, kanye nokufakwa kweminwe kuvumela izinkampani ukuba zakhe imininingwane eningiliziwe kubasebenzisi.
  • Ukulandelela izindawo - Izandi zivame ukucela izimvume zokungena endaweni ngezizathu ezihlangene nomsebenzi wazo oyinhloko.
  • Ukuhlanganyela nokuthengisa – Imininingwane yomuntu siqu ithengwa futhi ithengiswe izithuthi zemininingwane, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqaphela okubalulekile kwabathengi.
  • Ukuhlola umsebenzi - Abaqaphi umkhiqizo we-raboo, ama-oket, ama-imeyili, ngisho nevidiyo kuyaqinisa, kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nemfihlo yezisebenzi.

I-U.S. ayinawo umthetho kahulumeni obanzi wemfihlo olingana ne-GDPR yaseYurophu. I-California Consumer Accy Act (CCPA) nemithetho efanayo yombuso inikeza isivikelo esithile, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyaguquguquka. i-Exlectronic Frontive Foundation (EFF)[FL:1] isekela amalungelo aqinile ezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nokubonakala.

Ukwanda Komphakathi Nelungelo Lokungabonwa

Amakhamera ezindaweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo enqamule imigwaqo, amapaki, kuya kukhula. Abafundi belayisense, izimiso zokuqashelwa kobuso, namakhamera omzimba amaphoyisa akha imbobo yokuqapha engabangela ukuqapha okungokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikanqume ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuhlangana kwemininingwane yevidiyo ngaphandle kokusola kuphazamisa iSichibiyelo Sesine. Nokho, [FLT]] Carcent isikisela ukuthi lapho uhulumeni ehlanganisa umbhalo omude wezokuhamba komuntu, kungadingeka uvumelwane.

Ukuqapha komphakathi kuphakamisa futhi izinkathazo zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ukungawazi nokuhlangana kuyavikelwa, kodwa uma ukubukeka komphakathi kungabhalwa futhi kuhlaziywe, ikhono lokuphikisa noma lokuhlela ngaphandle kokuphindisela liyaphela. Brennan Center yeJaji[ ifaka uphawu lokusetshenziswa okwandayo kokuqashelwa kobuso ngokugcinwa komthetho kanye nethonya layo elingenakulinganiswa emiphakathini yemibala.

Amalungelo Akho Nezivikelo Eziwusizo

Ukuqonda isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo wakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, okulandelayo kuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile ukuze ulondoloze isikhathi sakho sokuba wedwa.

Ukuqaphela Lapho Amalungelo Akho Eshukunyiswa

Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine isebenza ekufuneni uhulumeni kuphela. Izinkampani zangasese aziboshelwe ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa imithetho enjenge-Electronic Communications Access (ECPA) nemithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni inikeza imingcele ethile. Uma ukhuluma ngokugcinwa komthetho:

  • [[UMTL:0] Unelungelo lokuthula. Akudingeki uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokuzichaza kwezinye izimo (ngokuncika kumthetho wezwe).
  • Unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuvuma ukuseshwa. Uma amaphoyisa entula imvume futhi engasebenzisi imvume, sho ngokucacile: “Angivumelani nokusesha.”
  • [ Unelungelo kummeli. Ngemibuzo yokuqulwa kwejele, iziHlulo zeSihlanu nesesithupha ziqinisekisa ukumelelwa okungokomthetho.

Imithetho ye-minute digital isayi-ex jick. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola okuqukethwe ucingo olubanjwa phakathi nokuboshwa. Umqondo ofanayo usebenza kuma-laptop kanye nezinye izisetshenziswa.

Ukusebenzisa Amathuluzi Okusebenzisa Imfihlo

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlonipha isikhathi somuntu oyisebenzisayo bunganciphisa ukuchayeka ekuqapheni. Cabangela ukusebenzisa:

  • [[NTL:0] I-VPNS eyimfihlo - - Khomba i-inthanethi yakho ye-IP bese ufihla ikheli lakho kuwebhusayithi kanye nama-IPSP.
  • Ukubhala ngezibalo zemiyalezo [ -Isibonakaliso, i-App, kanye ne-i-myal usebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo-kuye-ekupheleni kwe-impela ngokwephutha.
  • Abayaluzi abaqondiswe e-Privtacy kanye nezandisi – Firefox nge Ingledid Trailting Protection, Brave, noma i-Tor Syaluzi singavalela abathungi bemikhondo.
  • Amamenenja wephasiwedi nesiqiniseko sengxenye ezimbili [ - ukunciphisa ingozi yokuhlehla kwe-akhawunti engadalula imininingwane yomuntu siqu.
  • Ukuhlola njalo izimvume zezinhlelo – Okhaleni lwakho, ukubukeza iziphi izinhlelo ezikwazi ukufinyelela endaweni, ikhamera, umbhobho, nokuxhumana, kanye nokucima ukungena okungadingekile.

La mathuluzi awayona neze into engavimbela ukugadla, kodwa aphakamisa izindleko zokuwaqapha futhi avikele iminikelo eminingi.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Futhi Uhlanganyela

Imithetho yangasese nemithetho yenkantolo ishintsha ngokushesha. Izinhlangano ezifana ne- Electronic Foundation , i-ACLU, kanye ne-Amfiscial Relationhouse kukusiza ukuba uqhubeke. Ukuthatha imithetho eqinile, njenge-American Datamslycrect and Protection Act (ADPPA), futhi kuyagxeka. Ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho nokhetho lwezilinganiso ezihlobene nemfihlo kungaloza amalungelo esikhathi esizayo ezibalo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuvikeleni Isikhathi Sokuba Wedwa

Othisha banezikhundla ezikhethekile zokulungiselela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba siqonde futhi siqinise amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izinyathelo Zokufundisa Ngamalungelo Omuntu Ngasese

  • [[QTL:0] Ukuhlaziya kokufunda [ - Abafundi bafunde izifushaniso ze KAtz, Isizawo[, kanye , kanye [[FLT]] .TYY [[FLT]]] futhi baxoxe ngokuthi imiphumela ithinta kanjani indlela yabo yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe.
  • C izingxoxo zamanje zezenzakalo[ – Sebenzisa izihloko zezindaba ezimayelana nokwephulwa kokwaziswa, izinhlelo zokuqapha, noma imithetho emisha yemfihlo njengesiqalo sezingxoxo zasekilasini.
  • Izimo kanye nokudlala indima [ - Yenza izimo lapho abafundi kumelwe banqume ukuthi ukusesha kuyanengqondo yini, ukusebenzisa indinganiso yeSichibiyelo sesine.
  • [ Izifundo ze-Digitary yokuba isakhamuzi [ - Fundisa amakhono asebenzayo emfihlo: u-aschemo oluqinile, ukwazisa i-phishing, ukuqonda izinqubo zobuso be-mscreen.
  • Izikhulumi eziphambili kanye nohambo lwasemasimini - Mema abameli, abameleli bezindaba zomuntu siqu, noma ochwepheshe bezokusebenza nge-inthanethi. Hlela ukuhambela emagcekeni enkantolo noma ezingxenyeni zemithetho zikahulumeni.

Othisha kufanele balandele imikhuba emihle: ukuhlonipha ulwazi lomuntu siqu lwabafundi, ukugwema ukuqoqwa okungadingekile kokwaziswa komuntu siqu, nokusebenzisa amathuluzi emfundo agunyaziwe kuphela, ayimfihlo. Izimiso zesikole ezilinganisela ukuqashwa kwezokuxhumana kwabafundi − njengokungasebenzisi i-software yokuhlola ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okucacile.

Ukuhlanganisa Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nemfundo Ebanzi

Amalungelo obusodwa awayona indaba eqanjiwe. Ngokuhlobana nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokuhlangana, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esilinganayo. Izifundo zokuqapha zingahlanganisa izinkulumo eziphathelene nobulungisa bezinhlanga (ukuqapha ngokungenakulinganiswa kwemiphakathi emincane), ukulandisa ngentando yeningi, nendima yobuchwepheshe emphakathini. Ngokuhlanganisa, abafundisi basiza abafundi ukuba babheke isikhathi sokuba bodwa njengesisekelo sobuhlalisane bentando yeningi, hhayi nje ukuzikhethela komuntu siqu.

Isiphetho

Imfihlo ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala ingaphansi kokucindezela okuqhubekayo kohulumeni nokuhlola kwezentengiselwano. Izivikelo zomthetho ngokomthetho ezisungulwe yisi-Crene, isiHlanu, isi-Night, neSichibiyelo seshumi nane ezisalokhu zibalulekile, kodwa kumelwe zivikelwe futhi zivuselelwe. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark ezivela ku Griswold[ ku-[FLT] Carcent [[] zibonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingazivumelanisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zobuchwepheshe obusha, kodwa izenzo zomthetho nokuqaphela umphakathi zibaluleke ngokufanayo.

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda lamalungelo kuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela. Ngokufundisa umthetho wemfihlo, ukukhuthaza isivikelo esiqinile, nokusebenzisa amathuluzi okuqondisa ayimfihlo, abantu bangasiza ekulondolozeni inkululeko yokuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo lihloselwe ukuqinisekisa. Ukuhlala ufundile ngemithombo ethembekile njenge ACLU, EFF, ne Brennan Center kuqinisekisa ukuthi wena nabafundi bakho ningahamba ezweni eligcwele ukuqapha ngaphandle kokudela inkululeko echaza umbuso wentando yeningi.