Table of Contents

Imithetho yokuvikela elinganayo yakha isisekelo samalungelo omphakathi e-United States, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuphathwa ngokufanele nangezindlela ezifanayo ngaphansi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izici zakhe. Lezivikelo, ezisekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho futhi eziqiniswe emashumini amaningi eminyaka emithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, zivikela abantu ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi, ekutholeni izindlu, imfundo, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nezinye izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda kokubili amalungelo akho nemithwalo yakho ngaphansi kwalemithetho kubalulekile ekudaleni umphakathi onobulungisa nolunga.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sesivikelo Esilinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14th Intelligence ithi akukho mbuso ozothi "awuyikho ukuvikela okulinganayo kwemithetho engaphansi kwayo." Leli lungiselelo eliyisisekelo lomthetho-sisekelo lagunyazwa ngo-1868 njengengxenye yeziNguqulo zeSiphendulo ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Isisusa esiyinhloko sale nkulumo sasiwukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungiselelo alinganayo aqukethwe ku-Civil Rights Act ka-186, eyayiqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyoba nelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokulingana ngomthetho.

I-Umeal Protection Claus igunyaza ukuba abantu abasezimweni ezifanayo baphathwe ngendlela efanayo umthetho. Nakuba ekuqaleni kwakuhloselwe ukusingatha ukucwaswa kwabantu ababegqilazwa futhi kuqinisekiswe amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo, ukuvikelwa okufanayo kuye kwakhula kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Namuhla, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo senza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho eUnited States ivikela futhi ilondoloze amalungelo abo bonke abantu ngokulinganayo.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, ngokwezinkulumo zaso, silinganisela ukucwaswa kuphela yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, hhayi ngamaqembu azimele.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Ngaphansi Kwemithetho Elinganayo Yokuvikelwa

Imithetho elinganayo yokuvikela inikeza amalungelo amakhulu avikela abantu ekuphathweni ngokungafanele okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe. La malungelo asebenza ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila komphakathi nokwangasese, okwakha uhlelo olubanzi lokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Isivikelo Ekucwaseni Ngokwemisebenzi

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 sinqabela ubandlululo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili nemvelaphi yobuzwe. Lomthetho wengqophamlando usebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 15 noma ngaphezulu futhi uhlanganisa zonke izici zemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokhela, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nezinye izimo kanye nezimo zomsebenzi.

Ngalé kwe-Word VII, imithetho eyengeziwe kahulumeni inikeza amanye amaqembu isivikelo semisebenzi. I-Melika enoMthetho we-Chucking Act (ADA) inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile futhi ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze indawo yokuhlala engcono. I-Age Discrimination in Observation Act (ADEA) ivikela izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu kusukela ekucwaseni ngeminyaka. I-Exmeal Pay Act ifuna ukuba amadoda nabesifazane bakhokhele imali elinganayo ngomsebenzi ofanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho kahulumeni esebenza kubaqashi abancane, ihlanganisa nezinye izigaba ezivikelwe njengokukhetha ngokobulili nokuchaza ubulili, noma inikeza amakhambi anamandla okunqanda ukwephulwa komthetho.

Amalungelo Afanele Ezindlu Nezivikelo

Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zeFair Hongies Act, lapho kumiswa iSishaya-mthetho ngo-1968, yayiwukuvimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuthengisweni nasekuqashweni kwezindlu. Izenzo zango-1968 zanda ngezenzo zangaphambili futhi zenqabela ukucwatshwa kwemisebenzi yokuqashiswa, ukuqashwa, nokuxhaswa kwezindlu ezisekelwe ohlalweni lohlanga, enkolweni, nakusukela ngo-19794, ubulili. Kusukela ngo-1988, lesi senzo sivikela abantu ngokukhubazeka nemikhaya enabantwana.

I - Civil Rights Act ka - 1968 yenqabela izinhlobo ezilandelayo zobandlululo lwezindlu: Ukwenqaba ukuthengisela noma ukuqasha indawo yokuhlala noma ubani ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, inkolo noma imvelaphi yesizwe. Umthetho futhi wenqabela ukucwaswa ngokwezimo nangokwezimo zezohwebo, ukukhangisa ngobandlululo, nokuphazamisa amalungelo afanelekile ezindlu.

Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi baye baba izisulu zomkhuba wokuhlala ongekho emthethweni, bangase bafake isikhalo eMnyango Wezindlu Nentuthuko YaseUrban [UUD] noma bafake icala labo enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Le nqubo yokuqinisekisa inikeza izindlela eziningi abantu ukuba bafune ubulungisa lapho amalungelo abo okuhlala ephulwa.

Amathuba Emfundo Nokutholakala Ngokulinganayo

Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo zidlulela emfundweni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bathola amathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo. Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSikhungo esilinganayo uClaus iye yaba yithuluzi ekuhlakaniphiseni izimiso zesikole ezihlukene futhi ikhuthaza ukulingana kwemfundo.

Abafundi bavikelwa ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Isihloko se-IX seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972 sivimbela ngokukhethekile ukucwaswa kobulili ezimisweni nasemisebenzini yemfundo. Ingxenye 504 ye-Rehabilitation Act ne-Arect yemfundo (IDEA) iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abakhubazekile bathola izinkonzo zemfundo ezifanele nezindawo zokulala.

Ukufinyelela Ezindaweni Zomphakathi Zokuhlala Nezinkonzo

Imithetho yesivikelo elinganayo iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bayakwazi ukuthola izindawo zokulala zomphakathi nezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Isihloko II soMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964 sinqabela ukuba abantu abakhubazekile bangabandlululwa ezindaweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namahhotela, izindawo zokudlela, imidlalo yemidlalo yeshashalazi nezinye izindawo ezisiza umphakathi.

Izinkonzo zikahulumeni, kusukela ekutholeni amalayisensi okushayela awenzelwe ukufinyelela izinzuzo zomphakathi, kumelwe zinikezwe ngaphandle kobandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bangahlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi futhi bafinyelele izinkonzo abazidingayo.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Nokho, akumelwe kukhohlwe ukuthi kulapho umbuso udlulisela ukujezisa kwabanye futhi uphika ukuthi abanye "ilungelo lokuvota" livela futhi livikelwe yi-Excime Livince Claus. Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo ziye zasetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa okulungile nokuvimbela ukucwaswa ekuvoteni, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokulingana kwabantu ezifundeni zomthetho kanye nezivikelo zokuvota ngokukhetha ngokungenamthetho.

Ukukhipha Isikhalo Sobandlululo: Izinketho Zakho Ezingokomthetho

Lapho ukholelwa ukuthi uye wabhekana nobandlululo, ukuqonda indlela yokubhala isikhalo ukuze uvikele amalungelo akho kubalulekile. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo zidinga ukuhlangana nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, futhi kusebenza imingcele eqinile.

Ukucwasana Ngemisebenzi

Izikhululo ze-EEOC zimisa imithetho kahulumeni yokucwasa imisebenzi ehlanganisa i-Title VII, i-ADA, i-ADEA, ne-Apare Act. Ngokuvamile, kumelwe ubeke icala ngesenzo se-EEOC phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 180 zokubulala, nakuba lo mkhawulo uhlanganisa nezinsuku ezingu - 300 ezisezikhundleni zazo ezimelene nemithetho elwa nomthetho.

I-EEOC ihlola amacala ukuze ithole ukuthi ikhona yini isizathu esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo luyenzeka. Uma inkampani ithola imbangela, ingase izame ukulungisa lendaba ngokuthula. Uma ukuqulwa kwesivumelwano kungaphumeleli, i-EEOC ingakumangalela noma ikukhiphele incwadi ethi "ilungelo lokukumangalela" ekuvumela ukuba ubhale icala lakho enkantolo yombuso.

Ukukhononda Ngokucwasana Emakhaya

IFair Howard Act inikeza izinqubo zokusingatha ukukhononda komuntu siqu ngobandlululo. Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi baye baba izisulu zomkhuba wezindlu ongekho emthethweni, bangase bafake isikhalo eMnyango weNdlu yezindlu neNguquko yaseUrban [Hud] noma bafake icala labo enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni.

Izikhalazo ze-HUD kuvame ukuqulwa phakathi nonyaka owodwa wesenzo sokukhipha umthetho. I-HUD ihlola ukukhononda futhi ingase izame ukukuxazulula ngokuvumelana. UMnyango woMahluleli uletha amasudi kubantu abasekelwe kuma-parestrary ase-Hud. UMnyango uletha izindaba lapho kunobufakazi benqubo noma ubandlululo noma lapho ukuncishwa amalungelo eqenjini labantu kuphakamisa indaba ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini.

Ukucwasana Kwemfundo Kuyakhononda

Izikhalo zobandlululo ezisemfundweni zifakwa ku-U.S. uMnyango Wemfundo yamalungelo e-Civil (OCR). I-OCR ihlola ukukhononda ngokuveza ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, noma iminyaka emikhankasweni noma eminyangweni ethola usizo lwezimali zikahulumeni. Izikhalo ngokuvamile kumelwe zigcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 zobandlululo oluyiwo.

Isimiso Nezindlela Zokuxazulula Izinkinga Zendawo

Izifunda eziningi nezindawo zinezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi eziphoqelela imithetho emelene nokungavumelani nomthetho. Lezi zikhungo zinganikeza isivikelo esibanzi noma izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, ungabhala phansi izikhalo ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni nombuso, noma ungadinga ukukhipha amakhambi kahulumeni ngaphambi kokulandela izikhangiso zikahulumeni.

Imithwalo Yakho Yemfanelo Ngaphansi Kwemithetho Elinganayo

Nakuba imithetho yesivikelo efanayo inikeza amalungelo abalulekile, inikeza nemithwalo yemfanelo kubantu ngabanye, kubaqashi, abasizi benkonzo nasemabuthweni kahulumeni.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomuntu Ngamunye

Bonke abantu banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye futhi bagweme ukuziphatha okungabonisi bandlululo. Lokhu kusho ukuphatha abanye ngokungakhethi kungakhathaliseki uhlanga lwabo, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Ngisho nasemongweni lapho imithetho emelene nobandlululo ingase ingasebenzi ngokuqondile ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye, izimiso zokuziphatha zokulingana nenhlonipho kufanele ziqondise ukusebenzelana kwabantu ngabanye.

Abantu futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokubika ubandlululo lapho belubona, ikakhulukazi emongweni wemisebenzi lapho ukubukwa kwendaba kungasiza khona ekutholeni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga zesimiso. Imithetho eminingi emelene nokucwasa inqabela ukuziphindiselela kubantu ababika ukucwaswa noma abahlanganyela ekuhlolweni kobandlululo, ukuvikela labo abakhulumayo.

Isibopho Sezisebenzi Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Abaqashi banemithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu engaphansi kwemithetho evikelayo nemelene nokucwasa. Lezi zibopho zidlulela ngalé kokugwema ubandlululo kodwa badala imisebenzi ehlanganisa abantu futhi bavimbele ukuziphatha kokucwasa.

Ukuthuthukisa Isimiso Sokumelana Nenzondo

Abaqashi kumelwe bamise izimiso ezicacile ezibhaliwe ezivimbela ubandlululo nokuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe kuzo zonke izici ezivikelekile. Lezi zinqubo kufanele zichaze ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe, zichaze indlela yokubika ukuphulwa kwemithetho, zichaze inqubo yokuhlola, futhi zichaze imiphumela yokuphula umthetho. Izikhulu kufanele zinikezwe bonke izisebenzi futhi zifakwe eziqeshini zezisebenzi.

Ukuqeqesha Nemfundo

Ukuqeqesha njalo kusiza izisebenzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo ngaphansi kwemithetho emelene nokucwasa. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kuhlanganise lokho okubangela ubandlululo nokuhlukunyezwa, indlela yokubika izinto ezikhathazayo, kanye nokuzimisela komqashi ukugcina indawo yomsebenzi engenalo ubandlululo. Abaholi nabaphathi badinga ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ngemithwalo yabo yemfanelo yokuvimbela nokusingatha ukucwaswa.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza izimfuneko eziqondile zokuqeqesha. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ukuqeqeshwa komqashi ukuba avimbele ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili ngaphezu kweminye imigoqo. Abaqashi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi bayavumelana nayo yonke imiyalo yokuqeqesha esebenzayo.

Ukufeza Imikhuba Yokusebenza Efanele

Abaqashi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi zonke izinqumo zemisebenzi zithathwa ekuqeshweni nasekuqashweni ngokukhishwa kwemisebenzi, [1] zisekelwe ezicini ezingokomthetho, ezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izimiso eziqondile ekuhloleni abazohlolwa kanye nezisebenzi, ukuqhuba izingxoxo ezihleliwe, ukubhala izinqumo zemisebenzi, nokubukeza isinxephezelo njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhokha ngokufanele.

Izincazelo zomsebenzi kufanele zigxile emisebenzini ebalulekile nezimfanelo ezifanele. Imibuzo yokuxoxa nemisebenzi kufanele ihlobane nezimfuneko zomsebenzi futhi ibuzwa njalo kubo bonke abazohlolwa. Ukuhlola umsebenzi kufanele kusekelwe ekuhleleni okunenjongo, ezihambelanayo emsebenzini kanye nakulokhu okubhaliwe ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukunikeza Amakhaya Anokulinganisela

Abaqashi kumelwe banikeze izisebenzi izindawo zokulala ezifanele zokukhubazeka kwezisebenzi futhi babambelele ngobuqotho ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile. Lokhu kudinga ukuhileleka enqubweni yokuxoxa nezisebenzi ukuze zibone izindawo zokulala eziphumelelayo. Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa izimiso ezishintshiwe zomsebenzi, ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, ukulungisa indawo yokusebenzela, nokulungisa izimiso noma izinqubo.

Ukusabela Ngokushesha Nangokuphumelelayo Ekukhonondeni

Lapho kuphakama ukukhononda kobandlululo, abaqashi kumelwe bahlole ngokushesha, ngokuphelele nangokungakhethi. uphenyo kufanele luhlanganise izingxoxo nonobhala okhonondayo, omangalelwayo, nofakazi abafanelekayo, kanye nokubukeza noma ibuphi ubufakazi obugciniwe. Abaqashi kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo esifanele sokulungisa lapho kutholakala ukuthi bacwaswa futhi akumelwe baphindisele abantu ababika ukucwaswa noma abahlanganyela ekuhloleni.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yosizo Lwezindlu

Abanikazi bezindawo, abaphathi bezindawo, abameleli bezindawo, ababoleki, nabanye abahileleke ekuhwebelaneni ngezindlu kumelwe bavumelane nemithetho elungile yezindlu.

Abaqashi bezindlu kumelwe basebenzise iziqondiso ezingaguquki zabo bonke abafaka isicelo, banikeze ukwaziswa okunembile mayelana nokutholakala kwezindlu, bagweme ukushayela beya ezingxenyeni ezithile noma ezindaweni ezisezingeni ezivikelekile, futhi benze indawo yokuhlala nokulungisa okusesilinganisweni kubantu abakhubazekile. Izikhangiso akumelwe ziveze okuthandayo noma imingcele esekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe.

Ngezinye izikhathi, abaqashi bezindlu bazama ukufihla ubandlululo lwabo ngokunikeza ukwaziswa okungamanga mayelana nokutholakala kwezindlu, bethi akukho okutholakalayo noma ukuthi abafuni bezindlu babeqondisa ezindaweni ezithile ezisekelwe ohlangeni. Abantu abathola ukwaziswa okunjalo okungamanga noma ukuqondiswa okungafanele bangase bangazi ukuthi bayizisulu zokucwaswa.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezemfundo

Izikole nezinhlangano zemfundo ezithola imali kumele zivumelane nemithetho ehlukahlukene elwa nokungavumelani. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza amathuba alinganayo emfundo, ukuvimbela nokusingatha ukuhlukunyezwa nobandlululo, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwabafundi abakhubazekile, nokunikeza izindawo zokulala ezifanele.

Izinhlangano zemfundo kumelwe zibe nezinqubo zokubika nokuhlola izikhalo zobandlululo, abaqondisi abamisiwe ukuba bengamele imithetho emelene nobandlululo, futhi baqeqeshe abafundi nezisebenzi ngokwamalungelo nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yempahla Kahulumeni

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba kumelwe ziqiniseke ukuthi imithetho yazo, izimiso, nemikhuba yayo kuvumelana nezimiso ezivikelayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza izimiso zethonya lobandlululo, ukunikeza ukuvunyelwa okulinganayo kwezinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinzuzo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho nezenzo zobulungisa zobugebengu akukhethi, futhi kusebenzela ngenkuthalo ukuxazulula ubandlululo lwangesikhathi esidlule.

Amakilasi Avikelwe: Ukuqonda Oyisifuba

Imithetho elinganayo yokuvikela nokungavumelani ivikela abantu abasekelwe ezicini ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi "amakilasi avikelwe" ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi ubani ovikelweyo nokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lobandlululo.

Umjaho Nombala

Isivikelo sobandlululo lohlanga nombala sinye sezici ezindala kakhulu neziyisisekelo zomthetho ovikelayo. Lezisivikelo zivimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlazweni lomuntu noma ebala lesikhumba emsebenzini, endlini, imfundo, nezinye izindawo. Ubandlululo lohlanga luhlanganisa ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini zomnombo noma zohlanga oluhlobene nohlanga oluthile.

Umsuka Wesizwe

Ubandlululo lwesizwe luhilela ukuphatha kabi umuntu ngenxa yezwe lakhe, uhlanga, isiko, indlela yokukhuluma, noma ngenxa yokuthi lubonakala lunesizinda esithile sobuzwe. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela kubantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayizakhamuzi noma ukuthi bahlala kuphi, nakuba abanye bengekho ngenxa yezimfuneko ezihambisana nokufuduka.

Inkolo

IFair Howar Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindlu ezisekelwe enkolweni. Ukuvikelwa kwenkolo kudlulela nasemisebenzini nakwezinye izindawo.

Ubulili, Ukuqonywa Kwesizwe Esifana Nesilisa Somlisa Nokuziphatha Okuxekethile Ngokobulili

Ekuqaleni, ukucwaswa ngokobulili kwaqalwa ngendlela ephawulekayo, izinkantolo nezinkampani ziye zachaza imingcele yobulili njengesivikelo sokucwasa abantu ngenxa yokukhulelwa, indlela abakhetha ngayo ngokobulili, kanye nokuzichaza kwabo.

Kumbono ka-2020 uBostock v. Clayton County, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSihlomo VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 wokwenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ebulilini emsebenzini sihlanganisa ukucwasa ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ungungqingili noma umbusi. Le ncazelo iye yathonya indlela ukucwasana ngokobulili okuqondwa ngayo kwezinye izimo.

Ukukhubazeka

Isivikelo sokucwasa abantu abakhubazekile emzimbeni noma engqondweni esinciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi owodwa noma ngaphezulu wokuphila, labo abanomlando wokukhubazeka okunjalo, nalabo ababhekwa njengabakhubazekile.

Ubudala

I-Age Discivation in Accomplial Act ivikela izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekukhetheni imisebenzi ngeminyaka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubandlululo ekuqasheni, ekudubuleni, ekukhokheleni, ekukhokheleni, nakwezinye izilinganiso zemisebenzi. Eminye imithetho yombuso inikeza isivikelo sokukhetha iminyaka yobudala.

Isimo Esibucayi

I - Fair Honging Act, ngaphandle kwezinye, ivimbela ubandlululo ekuhlaseleni imikhaya enabantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka engu - 18 ubudala, lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhaya enabantwana iyakwazi ukuthola amathuba alinganayo okuhlala.

Amanye Amakilasi Avikelwe ngaphansi KoMbuso Nemithetho Yendawo

Izifunda eziningi nezindawo ziye zandisa izigaba ezivikelwe ngapha nangapha kwalezo eziqashelwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izigaba ezivikelwe zingahlanganisa isikhundla somshado, ibutho lezempi noma isosha, umthombo wemali, indlela yobulili nobulili (ezindaweni lapho lezi zingakahlanganisiwe ngaphansi kwesivikelo sobulili), ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nokujoyinana kwezombangazwe. Abantu ngabanye kufanele bahlole isifunda nemithetho yendawo ukuze baqonde isilinganiso esigcwele sesivikelo esikhona.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Ezihlanganiswa Imithetho Yokuvikela Elinganayo

Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo nemithetho emelene nokuhlukana zisebenza ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, zakha uhlelo olubanzi lwesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi.

Amathuba Omsebenzi

Umsebenzi ungenye yezindawo ezilawulwa kakhulu ngaphansi komthetho omelene nokungavumelani. Izivikelo zihlanganisa zonke izici zobuhlobo bomsebenzi, kuhlanganise:

  • Ukukhangisa ngomsebenzi
  • Izinqubo zokusebenza nokuqasha
  • Umvuzo nezinzuzo
  • Izabelo zomsebenzi nokukhushulelwa esikhundleni
  • Ukuqeqesha nokuthuthukisa amathuba
  • Ukuyala Nokuqeda
  • Imithetho nezimo zomsebenzi
  • Indawo yomsebenzi ehlukunyezwayo nenobutha
  • Ukumangalelwa kokubika ukucwaswa noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhloleni

Imithetho eqondile esebenzayo nesebenzayo namakhambi atholakalayo ingase ihlukahluke kuye ngobukhulu bomqashi nokuthi ubandlululo lungakanani.

Ukutholakala Kwezindlu

Imithetho elungile yezindlu ivikela abantu kuyo yonke inqubo yezindlu, kuhlanganise nale:

  • Ukuthengiswa kwezindlu
  • Imali yokuboleka imali kanye nezinye izikweleti zezindlu
  • Ukukhangisa ngezindlu
  • Imithetho nezimo zokuqasha noma zokuthengisa
  • Ilungiselelo lemisebenzi nezakhiwo ezihlobene nezindlu
  • Ukulima nenhlabathi kusebenzisa izinqumo
  • Umshuwalense wasekhaya
  • Indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe nokulungisa izinto ezizosetshenziswa abantu abakhubazekile

Lezi sivikelo zisebenza ezindlini eziningi, ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezithile ezincane ezilawulwa umninizo nezindlu ezilawulwa izinhlangano zenkolo noma amaqembu ezinhlangothini ezithile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Izimiso Zokufundisa

Isivikelo esifanayo semfundo sihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthunyelwa ezikhungweni zemfundo
  • Ngenekile ukufunda amakilasi nezinhlelo
  • Izinhlelo nemisebenzi ye - athlet
  • Ukuyala abafundi
  • Ukuhlukunyezwa nokuqinelwa okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe
  • Ukuthola izimali nemithombo
  • Izinkonzo ezikhethekile zemfundo nendawo yokuhlala
  • Usizo lwezimali nokufunda

Lezi sivikelo zisebenza ezikoleni zomphakathi kuzo zonke izigaba nasezikoleni ezizimele ezisekelwa uhulumeni.

Izindawo Zomphakathi

Izindawo zomphakathi zokulala zihlanganisa amabhizinisi nezindawo ezihlukahlukene ezisiza umphakathi:

  • Amahhotela, ama - motel nezinye izindawo zokulala
  • Ama - restaurant, izitolo, nezinye izindawo zokudla
  • Izinkundla zemidlalo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini nezinye izindawo zokuzijabulisa
  • Izitolo nezikhungo zezitolo
  • Izimboni ezinjengemabhange, amasalon namahhovisi ochwepheshe
  • Izinkonzo zokuhamba
  • Izindawo zokuzijabulisa
  • Izindawo zokunakekela impilo

Lezi zikhungo kumelwe zikhonze bonke amakhasimende kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banezici ezivikelekile futhi kumelwe batholakale kubantu abakhubazekile.

Izinkonzo Zemali Nezezimali

I - Foundation Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwezikweletu ezisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, inkolo, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, ukuma komshado, ubudala, noma ngenxa yokuthi umuntu uthola usizo lomphakathi.

Izinkonzo Zikahulumeni Nezinzuzo

Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo zidinga ukuba izinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinzuzo zinikezwe ngaphandle kobandlululo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Izinhlelo zosizo zomphakathi
  • Izinkonzo zokwelapha
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho nokwahlulela kobugebengu
  • Ukuthola imvume yokuthenga i - lacensi
  • Izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi
  • Amapaki nezindawo zokungcebeleka
  • Ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nokuhalalisa

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe ziqiniseke ukuthi izimiso nemikhuba yazo akukhethi futhi kumelwe zithathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu batholakala ngendlela efanayo.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezikulahla Ngayo Ukucwaswa

Uma izinkantolo zihlola izivikelo ezifanayo, zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola kuye ngokuthi ihlelwe kanjani kule ndaba.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile

Government classifications that adversely affect a person's fundamental liberties or interests must be justified by a showing of compelling government interest, as well as proof that the distinction is required to further that purpose. This is known as the "strict scrutiny" test. Strict scrutiny applies to classifications based on race, national origin, and alienage, as well as to laws that burden fundamental rights such as voting or interstate travel.

Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlukanisa kufeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo nokuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela leso sithakazelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingenzima kakhulu ezikhona.

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Samalungelo Esilinganiso esasihlongozwa sasiphambi kwalezi zifundazwe futhi ekugcineni sahluleka ukugunyazwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathatha ukuhlaziya okukhulu imfundiso yokuhlukanisa ubulili, okokuqala yasebenzisa indinganiso engokwesiko (ngokuluma) ukuze iqede ukucwaswa, futhi ngemva kokuvota ngokwenza ubulili bube uhlelo olusolwayo, ibeka indinganiso ephakathi nendawo.

Ngaphansi kokuhlola okuphakathi, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kufeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni nokuthi ukuhlelwa kuhlobene kakhulu nokufinyelela isithakazelo. Lendinganiso isebenza ekuhlelweni okusekelwe ebulilini futhi iye yasetshenziswa nakwezinye izigaba. Nakuba kungadingeki kakhulu ukuba ubhekisise, ukuhlola okuphakathi kudinga ukuthethelelwa okunengqondo kwendlela ehlukile yokwelashwa.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal

Izimiso eziningi zibukezwa ngokucatshangelwa okunengqondo, indinganiso ehlonipheke kakhulu yokubukeza. UMthetho-sisekelo awudingi izinto ezihlukile eqinisweni noma umbono ozophathwa njengokungathi ziyafana, futhi iqiniso lokuhlela ngeke libe namvumo. Ngaphansi kokubukezwa okunengqondo, ukuhlelwa kuyasekelwa uma kuhlangene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni.

Umthwalo kahulumeni ngaphansi kokubukezwa okunengqondo awulutho, futhi izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilalela izahlulelo zemithetho. Izinqumo ezisekelwe ebudalani, ekukhubazekeni, engcebweni, nezinye izici eziningi zibukezwa ngaphansi kwalendinganiso ezingokomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba izivikelo zemithetho zinganikeza izivikelo eziqinile.

Imiphumela Ehlukanisayo Yokwelapha

Imithetho yokulwa nobandlululo iqaphela izinkolelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zobandlululo: ubandlululo nokuhlukana. Ukuqonda umehluko kubalulekile kokubili ekumiseni amalungelo nasekufezeni imithwalo yemfanelo ngaphansi kwalemithetho.

Ukwelapha Ngokungahlukanisi

Imithetho ehlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwesigaba esivikelweyo namaqembu angavikelwanga ngokuvamile "ephawuleka njengezenzo zokucwasa ngenhloso" ukuphatha ngokungefani kwenzeka lapho umuntu ephathwa ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yesici esivikelekile. Lolu uhlobo olucacile kakhulu lobandlululo futhi luhlanganisa kokubili ubandlululo olucacile (njengenqubo ephatha amaqembu ngokwehlukile) kanye nokucwaswa okusobala (njengesinqumo esishukunyiswa ukukhishwa kwe-discrinimumus ngisho noma ingashiwonga ngokuqondile).

Ukuze aqale ukwahlulela ngokuhlukanisa, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ummangalelwa uhloselwe ukucwasa. Lokhu kungabonakala ngobufakazi obuqondile benhloso yokwehlukanisa noma ngobufakazi obulandelanayo obusebenzisa izisekelo ezilungisa umthwalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni zomsebenzi, uphahla lwe-McDonnell Douglas luvumela abakhokhi ukuba basungule icala lokucwaswa kwe-prima facie, ngemva kwalokho umthwalo ushintshela kumqashi ukuveza isizathu esingokomthetho, esingadibanisi esingokomthetho sesenzo, bese ubuyela emuva kumphathi we-prithiaptus ukubonisa ukuthi isizathu singumbhalo wandulela.

Ithonya Elingalingani

Ithonya eliphambene lobandlululo lenzeka lapho isimiso noma umkhuba ongathathi hlangothi ebusweni unomphumela omubi ngokungenakulinganiswa emalungwini ekilasi elivikelekile, ngisho noma kungekho nhloso yokukhipha icala. INkantolo yachaza i - ADEA ne - Thit VII ye - Civil Rights Act ka - 1964, ngokulandelana kwayo, njengokuvumela ukusho kobushiqela.

Ukuze asungule igalelo lokuhlukanisa, ummangalelwa kumelwe aphawule inkambiso ethile noma umkhuba, bonisa ukuthi inethonya eliphawulekayo elihlukanisayo eqenjini elivikelekile, futhi ibonisa ukuthi lenkambiso ayilunganiswe ngesidingo sebhizinisi noma ukuthi izindlela zokukhipha ubandlululo ezimbalwa zikhona. Uma ummangalelwa enza lokhu kubonise, ummangalelwa anganqoba ngokubonisa ukuthi lomkhuba obekelwe inselele uhlangene nesidingo somsebenzi (ezindaweni zomsebenzi) noma afeze umgomo ongokomthetho (ezindaweni zokuhlala).

Ithonya eliphambene lenkolelo - mbono liyavuma ukuthi ubandlululo lungenzeka ngezimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ezithuthukisa ukucwaswa ngokomlando noma ezibangela imiphumela engafanele.

Imithi Neziyalezo

Amakhambi akhethekile atholakalayo axhomeke ohlotsheni lobandlululo nohlelo olungokomthetho lokho okushiwoyo okushiwoyo okushiwoyo okunikezwayo.

Izingozi Zokulungisa

Izisulu zokukhokha imali yokukhokha imbuyiselo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngokoqobo ngenxa yobandlululo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa iholo elilahlekile nezinzuzo, izindleko ezilahlekile, nokunxephezelwa ngenxa yokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka, nezinye izinkinga ezingezona ezezomnotho. Ezimweni zomsebenzi, ukulimala kokukhokhela umsebenzi kungahlanganisa ukukhokhelwa iholo elilahlekile nenkokhelo yesikhathi esizayo uma ukubuyiselwa kungafinyeleleki.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Yisijeziso

Isijeziso singakhokhwa emacaleni ahilela ukucwaswa ngenhloso lapho ummangalelwa enza ngokulimaza noma ngokunganaki amalungelo omphathi wecala. Lokhu kulimaza kuhloselwe ukujezisa umenzi wobubi futhi kunqande ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Imithetho yezemisebenzi ehlangene nemithetho yokucwasa ehambisana nobukhulu bomqashi nesijeziso, kodwa eminye imithetho kahulumeni ayinazo izikhonkwane ezinjalo.

Ukukhululeka Okungalawuleki

Izinkantolo zingayala ukuba kunqandwe ukucwaswa okuqhubekayo futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphulwa kwemithetho esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa iziyalezo zokushintsha izimiso noma imikhuba, ukumisa izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, noma ukuthatha ezinye izinyathelo zokuvuma ukuze kulungiswe ukucwaswa. Emacala okucwasa, ukukhululeka okungalawuleki kungaba kukhulu, kudinga izinguquko ezibanzi emikhubeni yenhlangano.

Usizo Olulinganayo

Uma kuvela umsebenzi, lokhu kungahlanganisa ukubuyiselwa, ukukhushulelwa noma ukuqashwa. Ezimweni zezindlu, kungase kuhlanganise nomyalo wokuqasha noma ukuthengisela isisulu indawo ethile.

Izindleko Nezindleko Ze - attorney

Imithetho eminingi elwa nokungavumelani nemithetho ekhona ivumela abameli ukuba baphinde bathole izindleko ezinengqondo zommeli. Leli lungiselelo libalulekile ngoba lisiza abantu ukuba baphishekele ukucwaswa ngisho nalapho ukulimala kwabo kungathethelelwa izindleko zokukhokha. Ukutholakala kwenkokhelo kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho yobandlululo iyagcinwa.

Isigwebo Sezakhamuzi

Kulesosenzo somphakathi, inkantolo inganikeza ukukhululeka kokuvimbela (njengesiyalo noma umthetho ovimbelayo), inikeza umonakalo wemali, ikhiphe izijeziso zomphakathi, noma inikeze olunye ukukhululeka okufanelekile. Izijeziso zombango ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni zingaba ezinhlobonhlobo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela imikhuba noma imikhuba yokucwasa.

Ukujeziswa Kwesigebengu

Lapho amandla noma usongo lokusebenzisa amandla lusetshenziselwa ukuphika noma ukuphazamisa amalungelo alungile ezindlu, uMnyango wobulungisa ungamisa ukuqulwa komthetho. Umthetho kahulumeni uvumela ukuqulwa kwanoma ubani “othanda ukulimaza, owesabisa noma ophazamisa omunye umuntu, noma ozama ukwenza kanjalo, ngempoqo ngenxa yohlanga lomunye umuntu, ibala, inkolo noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Abantu abaphula lomthetho babhekene nobulungisa noma ukuboshwa konyaka owodwa noma womabili.

Izinselele Nezinkinga Eziqhubekayo Ezivikelwa Ngokulinganayo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko engokwenkululeko yomphakathi, kusenezinselele ezinkulu ekufinyeleleni ukulingana kwangempela ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukucwasa Okuphikelelayo

Naphezu kwalezi zikhungo ezingokomthetho, ukucwaswa kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka, ukuhlukaniswa kwengcebo, imfundo, nemiphumela yempilo. Ngo-2017 kwaqulwa izikhalo ezingaphezu kuka-28 000 zokucwaswa kwezindlu kulo lonke izwe. Ezinye zalezi zikhalo zaphumela ekumangalelweni kwamadolobha, amabhange, nabanikazi bezindlu ngenxa yokucwaswa kwezindlu nokuboleka.

Ukucwasa kuyaqhubeka emsebenzini, emfundweni nakwezinye izindawo. Okunye ukucwasa kuyacasha, kodwa okuningi kuyacasha noma kufiphale, okwenza kube nzima ukubona nokukhuluma ngakho. Ubandlululo lwesimiso olusemithethweni, emikhubeni nasemasikweni avamile lungabhebhethekisa ukungalingani ngisho noma kungekho nhloso yokucwasa komuntu siqu.

Izinselele Eziphoqelelwayo

Ukuqiniswa kwemithetho emelene nokucwasana kudinga imithombo eyanele, intando yezombangazwe, nokubambisana kwezinhlangano ezilawulwayo. Izinhlangano ezigunyaza ukugcinwa kwemithombo yemali zivame ukubhekana nemingcele elinganisela amandla azo okuhlola izikhalo nokulandela izikhalo. Ukushintsha kwezombangazwe nakho kuyinselele enkulu. Ukuvikela izindlu ezilungile kwake kwaba umzamo wesigaba sobuphekula, kodwa ukusekela lo mgomo kwezombangazwe kuye kwehla emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Amagebe Ekuvikelweni Okungokomthetho

Kumelwe silungise i-Fair Howar Act ukuze sinikeze isivikelo esingokomthetho ekucwaseni okusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili, ubulili, isikhundla somshado, umthombo weholo, isikhundla esinamacala amaningi, isikhundla esisindile sobudlova basekhaya, noma umlando wobugebengu. Nakuba amanye ama-arement eye andisa isivikelo, izikhala zisekhona ezingeni likahulumeni nasezindaweni eziningi.

Ukungafani Nezinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zobandlululo

Abantu bavame ukucwaswa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngenxa yezici eziningi, kodwa futhi umqondo obizwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwemigwaqo. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane omnyama angase abhekane nobandlululo oluhlukile kulwamadoda amnyama noma abesifazane abamhlophe. Ngezinye izikhathi izisekelo zemithetho ziye zalwa kanzima ukubhekana nobandlululo lwasezindaweni ezihlukene, ngoba zithambekele ekuhlaziyeni ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezizodwa kunokuba ziqaphele ukuthi abantu abaningi basebenzelana kanjani.

Ukucwaswa Okuphelele Nokucwaswa Kwezakhiwo

Ubandlululo olukhulu namuhla lubangelwa ukungaqondi ngokuphelele kwemibono nemibono eguquguqukayo ethinta ukuziphatha nokwenza izinqumo. Ukulungisa ubandlululo olusobala kudinga ukuyeka ukucwasa ngamabomu ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi izimiso, imikhuba, namasiko amaqembu angakuqhubeki kanjani nokungalingani. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ithonya elihlukile, ukuthuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo nokuhlanganiswa, nokusebenzisa imikhuba esekelwe ekunciphiseni ubandlululo.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuthuthukisa Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Ukwakha umphakathi onezimiso ezivikela ngendlela efanayo kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nasezinhlanganweni.

Kubantu ngabanye

  • Zifundise wena [ mayelana nemithetho elinganayo yokuvikela, amalungelo akho, nemithwalo yakho yemfanelo
  • hlola ubandlululo lwakho [ usebenzele ukunqoba amasu avamile nobandlululo
  • Khuluma [ [ukubona] ubandlululo noma ukuphathwa kabi
  • Izenqubo ezihlanganisayo nemikhuba ezikhungweni zomphakathi, zomsebenzi, zomphakathi, kanye nomphakathi
  • Advocate yesivikelo esiqinile nokugcinwa okungcono kwemithetho elwa nobandlululo

Abaqashi

  • Izimiso ezibanzi zokulwa nobandlululo [ ezimboza zonke izici ezivikelekile futhi zinqabela ubandlululo, ukuhlukumeza, nokuphindisela
  • Isho ukuqeqeshwa kwasikhathi sonke kubo bonke izisebenzi ezisemithethweni emelene nobandlululo, izinkambiso zenkampani, kanye nemikhuba yasemsebenzini ehlanganisa
  • Ifektha umgomo, izinqubo ezibonisa ngale[ wokuqasha, ukukhushulelwa, ukukhokhelwa, ukukhokhelwa, nezinye izinqumo zomsebenzi
  • Conuct inkokhelo evamile yezibalo ezicubungulayo ukukhomba nokubuyisela indiva
  • Idala imikhuba yokujoyina ehlanganisayo ukukhanga abazothatha izisulu abahlukahlukene
  • Izinqubo zokukhononda ezicacile futhi uhlole zonke izikhalo ngokushesha nangokuphelele
  • [Foster impucuko egcwele [ lapho zonke izisebenzi zizizwa zaziswa futhi zihlonishwa khona
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Imisebenzi ekhona kanye nemiphumela [ yokubona okungahluka-hlukene
  • [ Izindawo zokulala ezifanele zisebenza futhi zihileleke ezinyathelweni ezinhle ezihlanganisa ukholo

Abanikazi Bezindlu

  • Sebenzisa izimiso ezingaguquguquki, ezinenjongo zokuhlola[ kubo bonke abafaki bezicelo
  • [[[UMTL:0] Iziqeqeshi zezisebenzi [[[QL:1] emithethweni elungile yezindlu nezimfuneko
  • Gcina amarekhodi anemininingwane yezinhlelo, izinqumo, kanye nokuxhumana
  • Bona ukukhangisa [ ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akubonisi okuthandayo noma ukulinganiselwa
  • Izindawo zokulala ezifanele nokulungiswa [ kubantu abakhubazekile
  • Respond ngokushesha ekuhlaliseni izicelo futhi ihileleke ezinyathelweni ezihambisanayo

Ezinhlanganweni Zemfundo

  • Izimiso zokulwa nokungavumelani necala zicacile nezinqubo zokukhononda
  • Ukuqeqesha [ kubafundi, abafundisayo, nezisebenzi emalungelweni nasemithwalo yabo yemfanelo
  • qinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlelo, imisebenzi, nezakhiwo
  • [[Acct:0] Ukuhlukumeza nokuqinela abanye ngokushesha futhi ngokuphumelelayo
  • [ Izindawo zokulala ezifanele [ kubafundi abakhubazekile
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Imikhuba yokuyala [ yezinto ezingahlukanisayo
  • shosho okuhlanganisayo kwezifundo zesikole ezibonisa imibono nezenzakalo ezihlukene

Amathonya Kahulumeni

  • Ibheka imithetho, izinqubo, nemikhuba [ ukuvumelana nezimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela
  • Umehluko wokwahlukanisa ukali wezimiso nezinhlelo
  • qinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo ezinkonzweni nezinzuzo zikahulumeni
  • Izinkonzo zokufinyelela ngolimi kubantu abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa isiNgisi esilinganiselwe
  • Yenza izikhungo nezinhlelo kufinyeleleke kubantu abakhubazekile
  • Qeqesha izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezidingweni ezimelene nobandlululo
  • Ukucubungula nokuhlolwa kokwaziswa ukubona okuhlukile kanye nentuthuko yesilinganiso
  • Engage with affectedcommunities in policy development and implementation

Imithombo Yezinto Nemininingwane Engeziwe

Numerous resources are available for individuals seeking to understand their rights, file complaints, or learn more about equal protection laws.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo

  • [ I-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EOC) - Imithetho yobandlululo lwemisebenzi kahulumeni futhi inikeza ukwaziswa ngamalungelo omsebenzi ([ www.eoc.gov)
  • Izindawo zezindawo nentuthuko yase Urban (HUD) - Imithetho yezindlu elungile futhi ihlola ukukhononda kwezindlu ( www.hud.gov)
  • ISivumelwano seJaji lamaLungu - Imithetho yamalungelo esizwe ezindaweni eziningi ( www.const.gov/crt)]
  • ITreement of Office yemfundo yamalungelo e-Polity - - Isekela ukukhandleka kobandlululo emfundweni ( ingosi.gov/ocr)

Imibuso Nezimo Zendawo

Izifunda eziningi zinezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ezimisa imithetho emelene nokungavumelani. Lezi zikhungo zingabizwa ngokuthi amakhomishane amalungelo abantu, iminyango yamalungelo abantu, noma imisebenzi elungile nezinhlangano zezindawo zokuhlala.

Usizo Olungokomthetho

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uye wacwaswa, cabangela ukuxhumana nommeli owenziwe ngezomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi noma umthetho wemisebenzi. Abameli abaningi banikeza izicelo zokuqala. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho namaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi zinganikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi kubantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

Izinhlangano eziningi ezingazuzisi zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi nokulwa nobandlululo. Lezi zinhlangano zinikeza imfundo, ubungangamsha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, iAmerican Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU), iNational Howard Horles Alliance, kanye nezinye eziningi zigxile ezimpikiswaneni ezithile noma emiphakathini.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yesivikelo elinganayo imelela isibopho esiyisisekelo sokulunga, isithunzi, nethuba elilinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Lemithetho ivikela ekucwaseni emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, ezifundweni, ezindlini zomphakathi, nakwezinye izici eziningi zokuphila. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kwale mithetho kukunika amandla okuqaphela nokubekela inselele ubandlululo lapho luqala. Ukuqonda imithwalo yakho yemfanelo kukusiza ukuba unikele emphakathini onobulungisa nolungana.

Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu kusukela ekunqanyulweni kweSichibiyelo se - 14th nokudluliswa komthetho ophawula amalungelo abantu, kusekhona izinselele. ubandlululo luyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi amagebe ekuvikeleni okungokomthetho ayaqhubeka eshiya abantu abathile besengozini. Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nasezinhlanganweni ukuba zingahambisani nencwadi yomthetho kuphela kodwa zivumelane nezimiso zokulingana nokuhlanganisa isivikelo esifanayo.

Ngokuzifundisa ngemithetho elinganayo yesivikelo, ukuhlola ubandlululo lwethu, nokulwela ukwakha indawo ezungezile ezindaweni zethu zomsebenzi, emiphakathini nasezinhlanganweni, sonke singanikela ekufezeni isithembiso sesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Uhambo lokulingana kweqiniso luyaqhubeka, kodwa ngomzamo oqhubekayo nokuzimisela, singaqhubeka sithuthuka sisondela emphakathini lapho wonke umuntu ephathwa ngenhlonipho, nalapho wonke umuntu enamathuba okuthola khona kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unezici zakhe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho, umqashi osebenza ukwakha indawo yomsebenzi ehlala abantu, umgcini wezindlu ozinikele emikhubeni elungile, noma isakhamuzi esikholelwa ekulinganani nasebulungiseni, ukuqonda imithetho yesivikelo efanayo kubalulekile. Lemithetho inikeza kokubili isivikelo ekucwaseni nohlelo lokwakha umphakathi olinganayo. Ngokwazi nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho, ukufeza imithwalo yakho yemfanelo, nokukhuthaza intuthuko eqhubekayo, ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isivikelo sabo bonke.