Emphakathini wentando yeningi, ukudlala phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kwakha isisekelo sobuzwe obukhuthele. Amalungelo avikela abantu ekuphathweni futhi aqinisekiseni inkululeko eyisisekelo kahulumeni, kuyilapho imithwalo yemfanelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa lezo nkululeko akukululazi okuhle okuvamile. Lobu buhlobo obufanayo yikona okwenza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuqine, kuvumelane, futhi kube nokulunga. Ukuqonda zombili lezizici akuyona nje imfundo, kudingekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo ekubuseni nasekuphileni komphakathi.

Isisekelo Samalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Esiwubuciko

Umqondo wanamuhla wamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ubophelele kakhulu esikweni lenhlalo, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banelungelo elingokwemvelo lokuphila, inkululeko, nempahla, nokuthi ohulumeni basungulwe ukuvikela lamalungelo. Ngokuphana, izakhamuzi zivumelana ngokungenacala nokulalela imithetho futhi zinikele emphakathini ovikela inkululeko yazo. URousseau, okwamanje, wagcizelela ukuthi “intando yesizwe ikhona” futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wezakhamuzi ezihlangene wokuphishekela inzuzo elungile kunenzalo langasese nje. Lemibono yalo yakha i - U. ISivumelo senkululeko neSivumeko somphakathi saseFrance, kokubili esisekela amalungelo abo njengefakelwayo kodwa esihlobene nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza ukuba isibopho esiphelele senkululeko ephelele ngenxa yenkululeko kwabanye.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando: Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya Ezandleni Zanamuhla

Ukumiswa kwamalungelo kuye kwaba yinqubo ephikiswayo kancane kancane, ngokuvamile. IMagna Carta (1215) yamisa isimiso sokuthi amandla enkosi ayengenakho ukuphelela, ibeka isisekelo senqubo efanele nokubusa komthetho. I-Ngishi Bill of Rights (1689) ehlangene nenkululeko yokukhuluma nesicelo. EUnited States, uMthetho-Constitution noMpalment of Rights (1791) wasungula inkululeko yesizwe nezombangazwe, kuyilapho kamuva ukuqedwa kwemithetho yenze ubugqilaze izivumelwano zenkululeko ye-13th), iqinisekiswe isivikelo esilinganayo (1489), futhi ukuvotela amalungelo akhutshelwe amalungelo abesifazane (196) kanye nenkululeko engaphezulu (iInkululeko yamaGregidi engokoniontion of Human Rights) enziwayo yonke indawo. ISivumelo seSivumelwa imibuso yomthetho wombuso (1948) ehlangene nemithetho yomthetho wombuso wombuso wayo ehlangene. Nakuba izivumelwano samuva kamuva ziye zanwe yizinhlangano zezinhlangano zezenhlalo; izinhlangano zezenhlalo ezingokomthetho zezenhlalo ezingokomthetho zezenhlalo, i - orgo, futhi inikeza amalungelo,

Izinhlobo Zamalungelo Ezinhlangothi Ezinkulu

Ukuqonda izakhamuzi ngasinye kusiza ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi yini ezingayilindela kuhulumeni wazo nokuthi iziphi isivikelo ezizijabulelayo.

Amalungelo Omphakathi

Lezi zivikela ukuzibusa komuntu ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, nelungelo lokufihla izindlebe. Enkathini yokusebenza kwamanani, amalungelo omphakathi adlulela ekuvikelweni kokwaziswa, ekubhalweni kwemibhalo eyimfihlo, nasekukhululekeni ekuqashelweni okungadingekile. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo amakhulu omphakathi, izakhamuzi azinakukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa, zihlelele ushintsho, noma zilondoloze ukuphila komuntu siqu ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni.

Amalungelo Ezombangazwe

Ilungelo lokuvota, ukulwela isikhundla, ukwakha amaqembu ezombangazwe, nokunxusa uhulumeni. Amalungelo ezombangazwe ayizindlela izakhamuzi ezimisa ngazo isimiso futhi zibeke abaholi icala. Zintekenteke kakhulu: ukucindezelwa kovoti, ukugunyaza, nemithetho yokubhalisa evimbelayo ingawaphika ngokuphumelelayo lamalungelo amaqembu athile, ilulaze isimiso sentando yeningi sokuhlanganyela okulinganayo.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nangokwenhlalo

Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokusebenza, iholo elifanele, impahla, imfundo yokungena, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokulondeka kwezenhlalo. Nakuba ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ibheka lezi zindawo njengezifiselekayo kunokuba zifanele, zibalulekile ukuze kukwazi ukuthatha ingxenye egcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Umuntu ongakwazi ukukhokhela impilo noma ongenazo izindlu eziqinile akakwazi ukuvota, ukubhikisha, noma ukuhlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo zomphakathi. Imibuso elawula imibuso eqhubekayo iyaqaphela ukuthi ukulondeka kwezomnotho kuyindawo ephambili yokuba isakhamuzi.

Amalungelo Angokwesiko

Abaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini exubene nezilimi eziningi, amalungelo amasiko avikela amasiko olimi, imikhuba yenkolo, nefa lamaqembu amancane. Lamalungelo ngokuvamile afakwa emithethweni yesizwe noma ezivumelwaneni zezizwe, njenge-UN Declaration on the Rights of Ivority Peoples. Ukuhlonipha izinhlobonhlobo zamasiko kuyisibopho sombuso wentando yeningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho qembu elincishiswayo noma eliphoqelelwe ukuliselwa.

Umphumela Obucayi Wemithwalo Yemfanelo

Amalungelo angenamithwalo yemfanelo angaholela esiphithiphithini, kuyilapho imithwalo yemfanelo engenamalungelo iba ubushiqela. Abashisekeli bedemokrati njengoBenjamin Constantin noJohn Stuart Mill bagcizelela ukuthi inkululeko kumelwe isetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele yokuhlonipha abanye. Nansi imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko egcina idemocracy iphila.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwengxenye

Ukuqamba kungumthwalo wemfanelo osobala kakhulu, kodwa kudlulela ngalé kwebhokisi lokuvota. Ukuya emahholo edolobha, ukuhlanganyela nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokuhlala waziwa ngezindaba zendawo, zesizwe, nezizwe zonke konke kuyingxenye yesizwe esikhuthele. Kuphansi kwe-democracy, idlanzana elincane, elishukunyiswe, lingalawula isimiso; ukuhlanganyela okukhulu kuqinisekisa izithakazelo. Imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa nokukhonza ezindaweni zokwahlulela, okuyisibopho esiqondile nesingaphansi kwemisebenzi esekela umthetho.

Inhlonipho Ngamalungelo Abanye

Lokhu kuvumelana kokusebenzisa amalungelo akho siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile akukuvumeli ukuhlukunyezwa, ukubhebhethekiswa kobudlova, noma ukuhlanjalazwa. Emphakathini ozibandakanyayo, izakhamuzi kumelwe zibekezelele imibono eziyithola ingathandeki kuyilapho zikhuluma ngokumelene nenkulumo yenzondo ehlasela amaqembu angenazisulu. Ukuhlonipha futhi kudlulela ekuzinzeni: ilungelo lokwaziswa alinike muntu imvume yokuhlupha abanye noma ukusakaza amanga. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi uKarl Popper saphawula, ukubekezelela ukungabekezeli inselele kuholela ekubhujisweni kokubekezelelana kwemibono; i-democraticus kumelwe ibeke imikhawulo yokuvikela ukwakheka ngokwako.

Ukulalela Imithetho Elungile Nokubekela Abangalungile Inselele

Umphakathi okhomba umthetho uxhomeke ekuthobeleni umthetho jikelele. Kodwa umthwalo wentando yeningi awusho ukuthatha imithetho yentando yeningi. Uma imithetho ingalungile, izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wokumelana nezindlela ezingokomthetho, ukuphikisa, ukubhikisha komphakathi, futhi ezimweni ezidlulele, ukungalaleli komphakathi njengoba kushiwo nguHenry David Thoreau noMartin King Jr. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu wabonisa ukuthi ukwephula imithetho yokuhlukanisa kwakuyisibopho sokuziphatha esaqinisa uMthetho-sisekelo. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukungalaleli okunjalo kumelwe kungabi nabudlova futhi kuvume imiphumela engokomthetho ukuze kuqokomise ukungabi nabulungisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nenkonzo Yomphakathi

Intando yeningi ingaphezu kwesethi yezinqubo; idinga umuzwa wokudalelwa. Ukusebenza ngokuzithandela ezikoleni zendawo, ukuhlanganyela ekuhlanzekeni komphakathi, ukusekela amabhange okudla, nokweluleka intsha kuyindlela zokwakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo. Imisebenzi kaRobert Putnam ye-senal i-Bowling Alone[ yaphawula ukuncipha kwesivumelwano somphakathi eUnited States, isithi ihlanganisa ukuhla kwezombangazwe nokungathembana kwezinhlangano. Izinhlangano zokwakha ngokuqondisa inzuzo eqondile ziwumthwalo wemfanelo okhokhela ukuthemba nokubambisana.

Ukukhokha Intela Nokusekela Izinto Zomphakathi

Intela ixhasa imfundo, izisekelo zezakhiwo, izinkantolo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nesivikelo sombuso wentando yeningi ngokwayo. Ukuba nomthwalo wemfanelo kuhlanganisa ukukhokha isabelo somuntu esikhululekile nokusekela imali kahulumeni ebonakala kalula, ephumelelayo. Ukubalekela intela noma ukungagwemi akunciphi nje kuphela izimali kodwa kunciphise imithwalo yemisebenzi kwabanye. Kule sivumelwano sezenhlalakahle, kusikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi zinikela ngokwesilinganiso ukuze zithole izinzuzo ezihlangene.

Ukusebenza Kwamalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo: Ukuhlola Icala

Izimiso ezingokwesayensi zisebenza kakhulu uma zihlolwa ezimpini nasezinqumweni zangempela. Nakhu sithola ucwaningo lwendaba yokuqala futhi sinezela nezinye eziningana.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu (United States)

Umzabalazo omude wamalungelo okuvota e-United States ubonisa indlela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo okuhlanganyelwa ngayo. Phakathi nenkathi kaJim Crow, ama-Afrika ahlukaniswa ngokulandelana ngokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, nobudlova. Abaxhasi abanjengoJohn Lewis noFannie Lou Hamer bafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze babhalise inani labavoti − ukuvota ngelungelo lokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhola umphakathi. I-Voting Rights Act ka-19656 ayizange ibe ukuphela kodwa yayiyisiqalo; namuhla, izinhlobo ezintsha zokuvotela imfuno idinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Izakhamuzi ezikhetha ukungavoti zilahle umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko, okwenza wonke umuntu abe buthaka.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nomhlangano Onokuthula: Inkathi Yasentwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla

ETunisia nase Egypt, izakhamuzi okwakudala zincishwa amalungelo ezombangazwe zasebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana nezokulwa kwezembutho kanye nokuphikisa kwemigwaqo ukufuna idemokrasi. Zabonisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuhlangana nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile libaluleke kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zithatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela ngokuthula nangokulungisa izidingo zazo. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi njengase-United States, ACLU iphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokubhikisha kumelwe livikelwe ngisho nalapho umyalezo ungathandeki", kodwa futhi ababhikidi banomthwalo wokugwema ukubhujiswa kwempahla nobudlova, okululaza ukufaneleka kwabo nokucasula kwabo.

Ukuthatha Izenzo Zendawo Ezungezile: Isimo Sezulu Siyagadla Futhi Izakhamuzi Zinomthwalo Wemfanelo

Inhlangano yembulunga yonke yesimo sezulu, eqokonyiswe yisikole sikaGreta Thunberg, ibonisa isizukulwane esisha esithatha umthwalo waso wemfanelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Intsha isebenzisa ilungelo layo lokubhikisha kuyilapho ifuna ukuba ohulumeni nezinhlangano bahloniphe izibopho zabo zokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Lenhlangano iye yaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba ziqaphele ilungelo lendawo ezungezile enempilo, (ilungelo eliphethe isibopho sokunciphisa izinyawo ze carbon, ukusekela amandla avuselelwe, futhi ibeke abangcolisi abanecala. Ukuhlobaniswa phakathi kwempilo yemvelo nemibuso yentando yeningi kuhlolwa izinhlangano ezinjenge World Resources Institute ]]

Amalungelo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yokwanda Kwabantu

Ubuchwepheshe buye bakha imikhawulo emisha yamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo lingaphansi kokucindezela okuqhubekayo okuvela ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane yenkampani nokuqashelwa nguhulumeni. Izakhamuzi ezizisa isikhathi sokuba wedwa kumele zizifundise ngokukopishwa kwemibhalo eyimfihlo, zisekele izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ezinjenge- Exrectronic Foundation [[[[FLLT:1]], futhi zisekele imithetho eqinile yokuvikela ulwazi. Ngalesosikhathi, izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wokugwema ukusakaza udaba olungenalwazi kuyi-intanethi, ukusebenzisa imithombo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ngokwezimiso zezenhlalakahle, nokuhlonipha imingcele yabanye abantu. Ukushukuma kwe-tekthemstela imithetho yezentando yekhulu lama-20.

Izinselele Zokulinganisela Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elimiswe kahle, ukulinganisela kuyavivinywa njalo. Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, ukudideka, ukuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni, nokungalingani kwezomnotho konke kuphazamisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo.

Ukungatholakali Nokuncipha Kokwazi Ukuba Izakhamuzi

Idemokrasi esebenza ixhomeke ekukhetheni ngolwazi. Uma ukulandisa okungamanga kusakazeka ngokushesha kunamaqiniso, izakhamuzi azikwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo wokufuna iqiniso uyalulazwa. Ukuphakama kwemibono yozungu, ukungenela kwezangaphandle kokhetho, kanye namagumbi okuvota okukhipha imithetho-algorithn kuye kwenza ukuba ukwazi ukufunda izinto ngemishini yezokuxhumana kube umthwalo obucayi. Ohulumeni, iziteshi, nabafundisi bonke banendima, kodwa izakhamuzi ngabanye kumelwe futhi zizenzele ukuqinisekisa imithombo nokuhlanganyela ezinkombanweni ezihlukahlukene. Inhlangano yePoynter inikeza imithombo yezindaba elawula izinto futhi isebenzise iziteshici zezindaba ezinomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezwi Nelungelo Lokudlala

Ngisho nanjengoba ilungelo lokuvota liyisithiyo esibanzi ngokucatshangelwayo, esiwusizo liyaqhubeka: imithetho ye-ID eqinile, izindawo zokuvota ezincishisiwe, ukukhishwa kwemibhoshongo yamavoti, nokususwa kwe-felony diffrankce. Lamacebo athinta ngokungalinganisi inani lamaqembu amancane, ampofu, nabasha. Umthwalo wokuvota uba cishe ongenakwenzeka uma uhulumeni umisa izithiyo. Ekuphenduleni, izakhamuzi namaqembu azimele anezikhungo anawo anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvota, wokuvota, nokungenela imvume, nokuhlanganyela ekufundiseni abavoti. Umsebenzi we- Brenan Center yeJaji [[FLT] uqokomisa ukulwela nokuvikela amalungelo okuvota.

Ukuziqhatha, Ukuhleleka Komphakathi, Nemingcele Yokukhuluma

Lapho ukubhikisha kukhula kube ubudlova, ngokuvamile isifundazwe sicela ukuphepha komphakathi ukuze kuvinjelwe amalungelo emihlangano. Lokhu kudala ukulinganisela okunzima: izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuveza ukungavumelani ngokuthula, futhi ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela kokubili ilungelo lokubhikisha nokuphepha kwabo bonke. IHhovisi le-UN yeKhomishane Ephakeme yamalungelo abantu [[ inikeza iziqondiso zokuphikisa okungokomthetho okuphathelene nelungelo labantu. Ekwenzeni, ukukhulumisana okucacile, ukuqeqesha amaphoyisa, kanye nokuveza amacebo angokomthetho okusobala kuyasiza ekulondolozeni lokhu kulinganisela.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuhlanganyeleni Kwentando Yeningi

Akukho ntando yeningi okungasinda ngaphandle kolwazi oluthenjiswe izakhamuzi. Imfundo ayikona nje ukuthatha ngekhanda amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni; kufanele ifundise ukucabanga okugxekayo, impikiswano, nemikhuba yokubopha ngentando yeningi. Izikole zingalingisa ukhetho, ukukhohliswa kokhetho, ukukhohliswa kohulumeni babafundi, futhi zikhuthaze uhulumeni wobuhlalisane. Ngemva kwezinhlelo zomphakathi, izikole zomphakathi, namakilasi emfundo abantu abadala andisa ukuqonda. Imfundo enjenge iSicins[FLT inikeza imithombo yesandla ukuze ifundise abafundi indlela abasebenza ngayo nokwenza izivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundo kumelwe ikhulume ngokufunda, isiza abafundi ukuba baqaphele ukucwasa amaqiniso, futhi baqonde indima yezemfundo ekhululekile ekuphatheni amandla. Imfundo yentando yentando yeningi ngempela ayinike izakhamuzi ukuba bafeze amalungelo abo kuphela kodwa nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo yabo.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Oqhubekayo Wokuba Izakhamuzi

Idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo obonwayo. Idinga ukuqapha nsuku zonke, ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, nokuzimisela ukulinganisela ukuvumelana nenzuzo evamile. Amalungelo esiwajabulelayo .(ukukhuluma, ukuvota, ukuhlangana, nokukhululeka ekucindezelweni). Izizukulwane zokulwa. Ingalahleka uma izakhamuzi ziwaphatha njengelungelo ngaphandle kwemisebenzi efanayo. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvota, ukuhlonipha abanye, ukukhokha izintela, ukukhokha izintela, ukulwa nokungalungisi, nokwakha umphakathi awupheli ngemva kokhetho. Umkhuba oqhubekayo osekela imfucucuko yokuphila kwentando yeningi. Ngokuthatha kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo, izakhamuzi ziqinisekisa ukuthi idemokhrasi iyaqhubeka ikhona, ihlala ikhona, ikhona, futhi iza ezizukulwaneni.