Isingeniso: Inkathi Entsha Yokulingana Kwamabutho Ahlomile

Amalungelo omshado kanye ngokomthetho wemishado emishado efanayo nezindawo ezisemthethweni zemishado engokomthetho phakathi nenkonzo yezempi ziye zaguqulwa kakhulu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, imibhangqwana ekhonza ngokushendezayo, efanayo esebenzela iyunifomu ayizange ibhekane nokungaqashelwa kuphela kodwa futhi ikhetheka okunamandla okungaqeda umsebenzi wokuziphilisa. Namuhla, nakuba kunesivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, indlela yokulingana ngokuphelele ayizange iqonde futhi iphelele. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okugunyaziwe komlando, ukunqoba okungokomthetho, izinzuzo eziqhubekayo, izinselele eziqhubekayo, nokuqashelwa kokuqashelwa umshado okukodwa okungokobungasese-mdlanga empini yase-U.S.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Samalungelo Omshado Empini

I - Prese - “Ungabuzi, Ungatsheli”

Ngaphambi kuka-1993, umthetho wezempi wawubanqabela ngokuqondile ongqingili, ongqingili, kanye nabantu abangongqingili ukuba bakhonze. I-Unifone Code of Military Justice yokwenza ukuziphatha kobungqingili, futhi amalungu enkonzo angahlukaniswa ngokuqondisa ngokusekelwe ekubukekeni kwabo kuphela. Umshado phakathi kwabantu abesilisa abafanayo abaxhunyiwe wawungenzeki ngokomthetho ezingeni likahulumeni, futhi uMnyango wezentengiselwano (DoD) wenqaba ukuqaphela noma yiziphi izinyunyana ezinjalo, ngisho noma zingenziwa ezizweni ukuthi kamuva uqala ukukhipha imvume yomshado. Phakathi nale nkathi, imibhangqwana efanayo yezentengiselwano yayihlala ngokwesaba ukudamba. Ilungu lenkonzo elalifisa ukwenza ubuhlobo obungenandlela yokwenza kanjalo, namalungiselelo afanayo afanayo, awekho amandla afana nawommeli, noma awekho amalungelo, noma awenziwayo emishadoba emishaneni emishadweni emishaneni emisha.

Isithi “Ungabuzi, Ungasho Ukuthi” Uyahlehla

Ngo-1993, uMongameli uBill Clinton wasayinwa umthetho owawuvumela ukuba izisebenzi ezingongqingili kanye nongqingili zisebenze isikhathi eside zingekho emacaleni azo. Nakuba “Ungabuzi, Ungathengi” (DADT) waqeda ukuvinjelwa okusobala, kwadala isiko lokufihla isifuba nokwesaba. Amalungu enkonzo angakhululwa uma ethola ukuthi angongqingili / noma uma besolwa. Umthetho owenqatshelwa ngokuqondile ukuthi umshado uwenqatshelwe ngokomthetho: ukuvinjelwa konyaka ka-19969 kwe-Act (DOMA) wachaza ukuqashelwa komshado njengophakathi komuntu nenkomfazane wenjongo yombuso, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo zempi. Umphumela, ilungu lenkonzo yongqingili elishade ngokusemthethweni ezifundayo nezimo zemali ezishintshwe ngokusemthethweni, uyavuma, uhulumeni ogunyazwe yize wavuma imvume efanayo.

I - dadT Ebuyayo Nokuwa Kwe - DOMA

I-repeal ye- “Don Don Not Ask, Dont” ngo-September 2011 yayisisikhathi esipholile. Okokuqala, ungqingili, ubungqingili, nezisebenzi zocansi kungasebenza obala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukukhululeka okusekelwe ekuqondiseni kwabo. Nokho, ukuqaphela umshado kwahlala kuvinjelwe yi-DOMA. Inkathi yokushintsha yafika ngoJune 26, 2013, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yagadla iDoMA e [FLT:] [0] eUnited States v. Umoya .]. Lokhu kubusa kwadinga uhulumeni wamazwe ukuba uqaphele imishado-ex eyayisebenza esimweni lapho yayingenziwa khona. I-DoD yazenza ngokushesha emasontweni ambalwa, uNobhala we-Devicense umemezela ukuthi amalungu akanye namalungu enkonzo asebenza ngokufanelekile, kuhlanganise namakhadi amaningi embuthwali, futhi amaqembu ezindawo zempi. Inzuzo zeze i-D yavumayokuvumayo kokubili emisha.

Intuthuko Engokomthetho Ephawulekayo: Isinqumo SeObergefell nomthetho WeDoD Olfhaul

Isinqumo SeNkantolo Ephakeme Ka - 2015

Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme sishintshe unomphela ngoJune 26, 2015, nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme owell v. Hodges. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi umshado owengeziwe uyilungelo elibalulekile elivikelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi Nane, ifuna wonke amazwe ukuba anikeze izivumelwano zomshado imibhangqwana esondelene neyohlobo olulodwa futhi aqaphele imishadolo eyenzeka kwezinye izifundazwe. Lesinqumo saqeda isifundazwe ngesiqu sesifunda futhi samisa isilinganiso somshado ezweni lonke. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi imibhangqwana yezempi eshadile eshadile ehlangene nanoma yiliphi iliphi izwe eUnited States manje ishadile ngokomthetho kuwo wonke amazwe nawo wonke nangenxa yazo zonke izinjongo zombuso.

Ukusabela Komnyango Wezokuvikela

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zesinqumo seObergefell, iDoD yakhipha inkulumo eqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinqubo, izinzuzo, nezinhlelo zaziyosetshenziswa ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amalungu enkonzo ashadile angokomthetho kungakhathaliseki ubulili balabo abashade nabo.

  • Ukuqasha abantu abangokobulili obufanayo eMnyangweni Wokufaka Imali Esemthethweni ukuze bathole amakhadi nezinzuzo zokuhlukanisa.
  • I - TRICARE itholakala ngokwelashwa, kuhlanganise nokunakekelwa kwezingane kanye nokuhlelwa kwemikhaya.
  • Isihloko kusiSize Ernctive for House (BAH) ngesilinganiso esizimele.
  • Ukukwazi ukusekela imali yokuhlukana komkhaya, ukuhambela izindawo ezifanele, nokuthutha lapho kushintsha isiteshi (PCS).
  • Amalungelo alandelayo ezinqumo zezokwelapha, ulwazi lwengxwelerha, kanye nokuhlonishwa komngcwabo.
  • Ukuvikelwa ngaphansi kwe - Service Civil Realution Act (SCRA) yokuqashwa nokuqashwa kwemishado.
  • Amahhovisi okusiza angokomthetho manje asedinga ukuba anikeze izinkonzo ezifanayo emibhangqwana ehlanganyela ubulili obufanayo neyabobulili obuhlukile.

I-DoD yaqondisa wonke amagatsha − Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast (ngaphansi kweNqaba Yokulondeka kodwa) ukuze ilungise izimiso zayo, inzuzo, nezimiso zamacomputer ukuze kususwe ulimi oluqondene nabesilisa. Amakhatheyini anikezwa isiqondiso sokuba aqhubeke eqhuba imishado ngokwezinkolelo zawo ezingokwenkolo, kodwa izifakelwa kumelwe zinikeze indawo elinganayo ekungeneni emikhosini yomshado nasemiseni.

Izinzuzo Nokuqashelwa Ngemva Kokwehla Kwe - oberge: Ukubukeka Okunemininingwane

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nomshuwalense

Enye yezinzuzo ezisobala kakhulu zokuqaphela umshado ukunakekelwa kwempilo. Imikhaya efanayo ifanele ukunikezwa i-TRICARE Prime, i-Secret, i-TRARE, noma ukukhetha okukude, enezilinganiso ezifanayo, inciphiso ezingekho, kanye nokushendezwa njengemishado ehlukeneyo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza iseluleko sempilo, ukuvikela ingqondo, nokunikeza iziqondiso zezidakamizwa. Imindeni ehlala phesheya kwezikhungo zempi, i-TRICARE iqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezindawo zokwelashwa kwezempi (ngokuvamile ezingawufuni umshuwalenselo wezwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwe-Federaleasurees Healtheves Belies (FEB) manje luhlanganisa izigwebo ezifanayo zezisebenzi ezisebenza kuhulumeni, kuhlanganise nezasebenza eDoD ezizingeni.

Izindlu Nokuthuthela Endaweni Ethile

Amalungu enkonzo ahlala emuva nomngane womshado ofanayo ongowezentengiselwano anelungelo lokuhlala ekhaya, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokuhlala ezisezinhlakeni noma imvume yokuhlala ngaphandle kwesisekelo. I-BAH enezinga elizimele iphakeme kakhulu kunezinga elilodwa, futhi lemali isiza ekuhlawuleni izindleko zokukhokha noma zendlu. Phakathi nokuhamba kwe-PCS, i-DoD ikhokhela uhambo lomngane womshado, ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zomkhaya, nezindawo zokulala zesikhashana. Imibhangqwana ehlangene nempi (yombili izisebenzi ezikanye), ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo lithola i-BHAH ngesilinganiso esizimeleyo, okuyinzuzo enkulu.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Nezinzuzo

Abashadile abafanayo manje bajabulela zonke isivikelo esingokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Uniform Code of Military Justice, kuhlanganise nesivikelo ekuphathweni ngobudlova kwasekhaya, ilungelo lobusha ebufakazini, nelungelo lokwamukela izabelo zelungu lenkonzo elikhokhayo. Uhlelo lwezici zezandla luba oluqondile: ilungu lenkonzo lingakhetha umngane njengomfako wamalungu e-Expartment Life Inshuwarence (SGLI) ngaphandle komfazane ongokomthetho. Ekufeni kwelungu lenkonzo, umngane womshado ufanelekele ukuncitshiswa kanye neNkampano (DIC) eMnyango weNkonzo ka-Besemkhanka) kunoma yimuphi umkathi womshadokazi womshado ongumfelwa.

Izinkonzo Zokusekela Komkhaya

Izikhungo Zokusekela Umkhaya, iMidlalo yoMhlangano Wemikhaya, nezeluleko zikhona kuyo yonke imibhangqwana eshadile ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amakilasi okukhulisa izingane, ukunikeza iseluleko sezimali, nezinhlelo zokusekela ukusekela ukuma kwe-Actal Family Program (EFMP) manje ikhonza imikhaya exhunyiwe encikene nezidingo ezikhethekile zokwelapha noma zemfundo, iqinisekisa ukuthi izabelo zicabangela izidingo zomngane womshado.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nokufezwa

Impikiswano Ezindaweni Ezisezilwandle

Naphezu kokubusa kwe-Obergefell, amalungu enkonzo ahlala phesheya ngezinye izikhathi abhekene nezithiyo eziyingqayizivele. Amanye amazwe aphethe awanakho ukuqaphela umshado ongokobulili obufanayo noma avimbele ukuboniswa komphakathi kobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili. Isimo se-Mandla ase-Agces Agreements (SHOA) singangaqiniseki ukuthi i-Obergefefell awe-sexed awe-odocts (i-sof) ayiqiniseki ukuphatha okulinganayo kwabangane bomshado abafanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungu lenkonzo elishade nomuntu oyedwa eJalimane (lapho umshado usemthethweni) lingasekungahlanganiswe nomshado osemthethweni) uma umngane womshado efuna umsebenzi othandwa ngezempini ngokomthetho ezweni elingawuqapheli ngokomthetho. I-DoD ikhiphe imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-U. U. Umthetho uthola ukufakwa kwesilinganiso esiphansi, kodwa ukuhlangana namaphoyisa sendawo, noma ukuvikelwa kwemisebenzi ethile engokwezinsebenzi.

Ukumelana Nezinga Likahulumeni Ekuxabaneni Nezindawo Zezempi

Phakathi kwe-United States, izimo ezithile zezenhlalo nezombangazwe zingadala ukungajabuli. Nakuba izakhiwo zezempi kumelwe zilandele umthetho kahulumeni, amanye amahhovisi kahulumeni (njengalawo akhipha ilayisensi yomshado noma izitifiketi zokuzalwa) eduze kwezikhungo zezempi zingaba nonobhala owenqaba ukusebenzisa imibhangqwana ehlangene engokwasengathi ihlangene ngenxa yokuphikisana okungokwenkolo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ye-202020 [iNkantolo Yezi] [FLT] [0] Bostock v. County iqinisekisa ukuthi ukucwaswa ngokobulili kuhlanganisa ukuthatha indiva kokuziphatha ngokobulili emsebenzini, akukho ukucwaswa kwemithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni ebanzi esekelwe ezindlini ezisekelwe ekuqondisweni kokuziphatha ngokobulili. Umbhangqwana ofanayo wempi ungabhekana nebhizinisi elinobuthane., ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elincane lezikhulu zomthetho zezempi lilahle imvume yomthetho womthetho womthetho ngemva kwenkantolo ye-Octefellberg, nakuba inkantolo enjalo njalo.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Nezinkonzo Ezingokwenkolo

Impi kumelwe ilinganise ukufakwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo. Inkambiso ka-DoD ka-2018 engokwenkolo yendawo yokuhlala ivumela abefundisi ukuba benqabe ukwenza imishado efanayo uma ingqubuzana nezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo, kodwa abanakukhetha imibhangqwana efuna izinkonzo komunye umfundisi. Amanye amalungu enkonzo abika ubunzima ekutholeni umfundisi ozimisele ukunikeza iseluleko sangaphambi komshado noma ukuhola emshadweni, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini enkolo anzima. Impi ngokuvamile inquma lokhu ngokuvumela umbhangqwana ukuba ufune umbhishobhishobhi ongekho empini ekhonzweni noma ngokusebenzisa umfundisi kwelinye igatsha. Umagazini omkhulu uyaqhubeka uveza iphuzu lobunzima obuqhubekayo phakathi kwemibalwane.

Inkonzo Eshintshayo Nokuhlangana Kwabantu

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila emshadweni ofanayo wobulili, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho kwamalungu enkonzo yokudlulisela uhulumeni kubangele izimpikiswano ezingenayo. I-Trump-era ivala izimpawu ze-transgender (kamuva yashintshwa umqondisi we Biden) kwathinta imishado efanayo lapho abashadile ababili baphuma befana. Izincwadi zomshado zokuqaphela ukuzalwa cishe njengezitifiketi, amalayisense, kanye namakhadi empi (avame ukudinga iziphawulo ezishaye zabesifazane. I-DoD manje ivumela amalungu enkonzo ukuba ashintshe uphawu lwawo lwezesilisa obulili nezincwadi ezifanele, okuthi ngokushintsha okuthiwa kwababili abangase babonakale befana kodwa kamuva. Nokho, umsebenzi wesimo semithetho yezimiso ze-bignotecculture nezimiso ze-bowncreauauat.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nobuwula

Imizamo Engokomthetho: Inhlonipho Ngomthetho Womshado

Ngo-December 2022, uMongameli Bilden wasayina I-Act yomthetho, ehlobanisa ukuqashelwa kwemishado efanayo neyobuhlanga. Nakuba u-Obergefell ehlala engumthetho wezwe, lesi senzo siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yayizogumbuqela isinqumo esikhathini esizayo, uhulumeni wezwe uqhubeke eqaphela imishado egunyazweni. Ngemikhaya yezempi, lokhu kunikeza ungwengwengwengwezi oluwengeziwe lwezokulondeka: umngane ofanayo womshado ngeke alahlekelwe izinzuzo ngenxa yokushintsha komthetho. Isenzo sifuna futhi ukuba uhulumeni uqaphele imishadoba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbhangqwana ungowesilili, uhlanga, noma imvelaphi yesizwe, iqinisa umthetho.

Ukubukeza Kwezimiso Nendlela Yokuphila Ehlukile

I-DoD ilokhu ihlola izinqubo zayo zokususa ubandlululo olucacile. Ngo-2021, umnyango wenezela indlela yobulili njengesigaba esivikelekile kuzo zonke izinhlelo ze-Unity. IButho Lomoya ne-Butho Lombutho liye lalungisa izinqumo zalo zomsebenzi ukuze libe nezindinganiso zezesilisa nobulili obufanayo ngezindlela ezithinta imibhangqwana efanayo (umz., igama lomngane womshado ofake iyunifomu yeyunifomu) manje lingase libonakale ngamagama alinganayo awesikhathi sokugcina). Advoccationism amaqembu anjenge- iNhlangano yamabutho eMikhosi yaseMelika [A] [indlela ekhethekile] neyamajajilo abhekene [[FLD [FFFF:2]] AS] AlD, aqhubekela ukuqoqwa kwemithene ye-'iemindex, i-'index'emindex'emistssssss, ngokusekela izime ezindaweni ezihlukene emikhayeni

Imininingwane Nokubonakala

Enye inselele engapheli ukuntuleka kokwaziswa okunembile kwemibhangqwana yezempi ehlangene nezentengiselwano. Ukuhlola kwe-DoD kuthukela kuhlanganisa ukuma noma ukubuzwa kwezingane, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlola ukuthi zingaki amalungu enkonzo asemishadweni efanayo naziphi izidingo eziqondile. Ngo-2023, i-DoD forverticticals, i-Equity, ne-Enclusion ememezela izinhlelo zezokushayela i-LGBBQ+ izimpawu zezenzo zokuzithandela. Imiphumela, ilindelekile ekupheleni konyaka ka-2024, ingasiza ekusizeni izinzuzo zokulungisa, indlu, nokusekela umphakathi. Izilinganiso zakuqala zisikisela ukuthi imibhangqwana ecishe iyi-15 000-externeatly ihlanganisa izinhlelo ze-injini eyodwa esebenzayo, amalungu acishe abe ngu-5000.

Ukufuna Nokubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke

Isimiso sezempi sase-U.S. sokuqashelwa komshado ongokobulili obufanayo siye sathonya ezinye izizwe. Amalungu e-NATO anjenge-United Kingdom, Canada, i-Jalimane, ne-Australia kakade anikeza ukuqaphela okufanayo kumalungu awo enkonzo. I-DoD ngokuvamile ihlanganyela imikhuba emihle kakhulu ngemihlangano ye-bitenate futhi ishintshanisa izinhlelo zayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. uBukhosi basemoyeni base-U. busebenze neRoyal Air Force ukuze buhlele izindawo zokuhlala zabangane abakanye abahlangene. Njengoba i-LGBTQ+ yembulunga yonke iqhubelana phambili, i-U.S.

Isiphetho: Isisekelo Esakhiwe Kodwa Umsebenzi Usasele

Isu lokungavumelani kwamalungelo omshado alinganayo enkonzweni yezempi kuyisivumelwano samandla okulawula, ukuhola, nokungalawuleki okungokomthetho. Kusukela ekuthuleni okubuhlungu kwesithi “Ungabuzi, Ungatsheli” ukuya ekulinganani okuphelele [[Flutte:0]] [Obergefel v. Hodges, futhi kusukela ekupheleni kwesimiso sezinsuku ezilandelayo [inhlonipho ye-Ortect, ibutho lezempi liye lasuka ekubeni yisithiyo ekuba yisivimbeli sokulingana ukuba yisibonelo sikahulumeni. Nokho, izinselele zihlala emphambweni yemithetho yezwe, yaphesheya kwezwe, esemthethweni, engokokukhonza isithembiso, indawo engokwenkolo, kanye ne-baurecrae ekhona. Izivumelwano zezempi zisadingeka zivunezelwe, ngezinye izikhathi, izikhulu zezikhulu zezokuqeqesha futhi ziqeqeshe izikhulu zeze zikwazile ukusebenza.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo ebhaliwe:[[[Umthetho:1]