Indima YobuJuda Ekusekeleni Izindinganiso Zentando Yeningi

Umsebenzi kaJury uvame ukubhekwa njengesibopho somphakathi − iphoqelela ukugcwaliseka nokulibaleka. Kodwa ukubaluleka kwawo kwangempela kufinyelela ekujuleni, kusebenza njengensika ephilayo yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Engxenyeni yawo, umsebenzi wejaji uqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abudilizwa amanani akude eziphathimandla kodwa izakhamuzi ezivamile ezibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, okuhlangenwe nakho, nomuzwa wokungakhethi. Lesihloko sihlola indima ebalulekile yenkonzo yamajaji ekusekeleni izindinganiso zedemokrasi, kusukela ezisekelweni zayo ezingokomlando kuya ezinkingeni zanamuhla, futhi sinikeza ukuhlolisisa okukhulu ukuthi kungani lesi sikhungo sihlala sibalulekile emphakathini okhululekile.

Umlando Wesikhathi Sokuthula

Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala lijaji aliyona into eqanjiwe yanamuhla. Izimpande zalo zihlehlela emuva eNgilandi yeshumini nambili, lapho iNkosi uHenry II yasungula khona umqondo weqembu lamadoda endawo afunga ukuphenya nokubika izindaba zempikiswano yomhlaba nezimangalelwa zobugebengu. Lokhu kuqulwa kwakuqala "ukumangalelwa" kwaqala kancane kancane kwaqala ukuvela ejajini lokuqulwa kwecala namuhla, esiqaphelayo namuhla, indikimba yontanga enecala noma ubumsulwa obusekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwa enkantolo. IMagna Carta ka-1215 yaphinde yaqinisekisa isimiso sokwahlulela ngezenzo zomuntu olingana nabo, ibeka itshe lembombo lenqubo efanele.

E-United States, ukusungulwa koFata kwafaka ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji eMthethweni, okokuqala eSiphakamisweni III futhi kamuva eSiphakamisweni Sesithupha Nesesikhombisa. Lokhu akwenzekanga ngengozi. Lokhu kwaba yingozi. Njengoba babebonele ubulungisa obubodwa bezinkantolo zamakoloni zaseBrithani, baqonda ukuthi amajaji asebenza njengesehlo emandleni kahulumeni. Ngokubeka izakhamuzi ezivamile ``/rather' kubahluleli noma abezombangazwe' kunabahluleli-" indima yabafinyeleli-qiniso, isimiso saqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho izakuchazwa ngelebula lezindinganiso zomphakathi. njengoba ichazwa yi-judiary, inkonzo yejaji, inkonzo “evunayo nesemsebenzini esekela ngokuqondile umthetho.”

  • Yaqala eNgilandi phakathi nekhulu le - 12 njengendlela yokubusa yendawo.
  • Kwamiswa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo eMthethweni - sisekelo waseU.S. (Izigwebo Zesi - 6 Nezesikhombisa).
  • Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi futhi kuvimbela ukuphangwa yizwe.
  • Ibonisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bunikezwe ontanga, hhayi abantu abakhethiwe.

Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi Wobusha Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Umsebenzi kaJury wenza okungaphezu kokunquma amacala ngamanye .Izenzo zisekela izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zikhonza ejajini, zithatha indima efuna ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukungakhethi, nokwenza izinqumo zomphakathi. Lawa amakhono afanayo adingekayo ekukhetheni ofundile. Isenzo sokukhetha abantu ongabazi bezizinda ezihlukahlukene sikhuthaza uzwela nombono owandisiwe, kugcizelela umqondo wokuthi ubulungisa bunamandla uma buhlanganisa amazwi ahlukahlukene.

Ukucwaninga kwe- American Bar Association kuqokomisa ukuthi inkonzo yamajaji ikhulisa ukwethemba umphakathi esimisweni somthetho. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile, zizibonela mathupha ukuthi isimiso singalunga(/nalapho sihluleka khona, ziba abameleli bentuthuko. Ngalendlela, umsebenzi wokwahlulela uyindlela yemfundo yomphakathi eqinisa imisipha yentando yeningi.

  • Amandla anika izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye imiphumela engokomthetho futhi enze isimiso sibe nesibopho sokulandisa.
  • Ikhulisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi ngokwenza ubulungisa bube inqubo esobala, elawula umphakathi.
  • ikhuthaza imibono ehlukahlukene, iholela ezinqumweni ezilinganiselayo.
  • Kuqinisa isivumelwano somphakathi: Izakhamuzi zamukela imithetho engokomthetho ngoba yayisiza ekuzilolongeni.

Isabelo Sefa Njengesibopho

Ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini wokwahlulela akuyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ojulile womphakathi. [[FLT: 0] INational Center for State Courts iphawula ukuthi amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-32 abizelwa emsebenzini wokwahlulela unyaka ngamunye, kodwa abaningi bawubheka njengokuphazamiseka. Nokho, isenzo sokuveza, ukulalela ubufakazi, nokukhipha isigwebo sentando yeningi. Kuyithuba ngezakhamuzi ukuba zilahle ubandlululo futhi zikhonze okuhle. Ngokukhonza, abantu ngabanye bayavuma ukuthi abakhokhiswa umthetho kodwa abahlanganyeli abakhuthele ekuqondiseni kwawo.

Inqubo Yokukhetha IJury

Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli − ebizwa i-voir brain (isithombe seqiniso”) (isithombe esiklanyelwe ukuveza i-jaji elungile nengakhethi). Izakhamuzi zikhethwa ngokungathanda emithonjeni efana nezinhlu zokubhalisa amavoti, i-data yemvume yomshayeli, noma imibhoshongo yentela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho okhishwe ngaphandle nokuthi ijaji lihlanganisa inani lomphakathi.

Phakathi nenkathi enzima, abameli bohlangothi ngalunye ababuza abameleli bejaji ukuba bavulule ubandlululo noma izingxabano zesithakazelo. Zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele abajaji “ngembangela” (ngesizathu” noma ukusebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe le“inselele” zokuxosha abasizi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Umgomo awukona ukukhetha ijaji elithanda uhlangothi olulodwa kodwa ukuthola abahluleli abanganquma icala elisekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini kuphela. [[FLT:]U.S. Iwebhsayithi yenkantolo ] inikeza iziqondiso eziningi ngendlela lenqubo egcina ngayo ukulunga.

  • Ukukhetha okungenamzwelo okuvela emithonjeni emikhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ungabameleli.
  • Umbuzo onzima wokuhlola ukungakhethi.
  • Zombili izinhlangothi zingase zithethelele abaculi bejaji ngembangela noma ngenselele eyize.
  • Ukugcizelela izinhlobonhlobo zezizinda, ezivumelana ngokucabangisisa.

Naphezu kwalezi zivikelo, le nqubo ayiphelele. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhluka kwezinhlanga nezenhlalo kungathonya ogcina eqenjini labasizi bejaji, ikakhulukazi lapho izinselele ezilula zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha amalungu athile eqembu. Yingakho izinguquko eziqhubekayo − njengokususa izinselele zokuhlehliswa noma ukwandisa umthombo wejaji () kuxoxwa phakathi kochwepheshe bezezomthetho ukuqinisa ukumelelwa kwentando yeningi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nemisebenzi YaseJury

Ngenxa yazo zonke izimfanelo zayo ezinhle, umsebenzi wejaji ubhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingaqeda indima yawo ekusekeleni izindinganiso zentando yeningi.

Ukuzicabangela Komphakathi Nokunganaki

AmaMelika amaningi abheka umsebenzi wokwahlulela njengomthwalo kunokuba ube yilungelo. Isibopho sesikhathi, ukulahlekelwa iholo (abaqashi abaningi abakhokheli inkonzo yamajaji), nokungahambisani nokuya enkantolo kuvimbela ukuhlanganyela. Lokhu kunganaki kuholela emazingeni aphakeme okungekho emsebenzini kanye nasemqoka enkonzo yomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zibalekela inkonzo yamajaji, amachibi anciphile, futhi abahluleli bangase bangabonisi izinhlobonhlobo ezigcwele zomphakathi.

Ukuze kulwiwe nalokhu, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaphakamisa umholo wejaji, zaqala usuku olulodwa/uhlelo lwezimboni, futhi zavumela ukwenziwa kohlelo oluvumelana nezimo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia system yabahluleli [ manje ivumela abaphathi bejaji ukuba basebenze usuku olulodwa noma isikhathi sokuqulwa kosuku olulodwa, banciphise umthwalo ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, ukushintsha umbono womphakathi kuhlala kuyinselele edinga imfundo nenguquko yempucuko.

Ama - bias Aphelele Nobandlululo

Abakhohlisi bangabantu, futhi baletha ubandlululo olungekho olwazini enkantolo − i-biase esekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, ebudaleni, noma ekuzimeni kwezenhlalo. Ngisho nemizamo eqotho kakhulu yokungakhethi ingadanjiswa ubandlululo olucacile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaNsundu basengozini kakhulu yokulahlwa lapho izigebengu zinamalungu amaBlack. Isimiso somthetho sizama ukuxoxa ngalokhu ngokumelene nonyazalo neziqondiso zokunganaki ubandlululo, kodwa izimo zezenhlalo ezigxilile kunzima ukuqeda.

Ezinye izinkantolo manje zinikeza abahluleli ngisho nababahluleli ukuqeqeshwa okusobala lapho beqeqeshwa.

Izingqinamba Ezinengqondo Nezomnotho

Abantu abaningi abanakukwazi ukuthatha isikhathi sokusebenza emsebenzini wejaji. Izisebenzi eziphansi ezisebenzayo, izisebenzi ezisebenza ngezimali, nabantu abasebenza ngemisebenzi bavame ukubhekana nesigwebo sezimali ngenxa yokukhonza. Lesi sithiyo sezomnotho sithinta imiphakathi egwedliweyo, sikhiphela ihhomu labasebenzi abahola imali eshibhile noma abasebenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho. Ezinye izikhulu ziye zasungula izivumelwano zokukhokha, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni awudingi ukuba abaqashi bakhokhele inkonzo yejaji, futhi amabhizinisi amancane amaningi awana ukukhokhela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlu zezinkantolo ezikude nezindawo zokuhlala, ukuntuleka kwezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, nokunganakekelwa kahle kwezingane kwenza kube nzima kwabanye ukuba bahlanganyele kuzo. Izinkantolo seziqale ukunikeza amasheke asemajukujukwini, ama - reverse, nobunzima bokuvalelisa, kodwa lezi zindawo zokulala azikho kuyo yonke indawo.

Umphumela Wobuchwepheshe Ekusebenziseni Imisebenzi Enzima

Ubuchwepheshe bubuye bushintshe indlela umsebenzi wejaji osebenza ngayo, unikeze amathuba nezingozi. Ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokwahlulela kuthinta iqophelo ngalinye, kusukela ekubizeni kuya ekucabangeni.

Ukukhetha I - Internet Uphequlule

Izinkantolo eziningi manje zivumela labo abazoba abameleli bejaji ukuba baqede imibuzo futhi bahlole i-inthanethi ngaphambi kokuba bamise ngisho nonyawo ezinkantolo. Lokhu kulandelana kwenqubo futhi kunciphisa izikhathi zokulinda. Amanye amazwe aye azama ngisho nokuzama ukumelana ne - voir eqhele kakhulu ngengqungquthela yamavidiyo, nakuba lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuhluleka ukuqaphela ulimi kanye nesimilo.

Ubufakazi Bezinombolo Enkantolo

Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kuxhomeke kakhulu ebufakazini be-odigic − i-email, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, ukuqapha, kanye nezingodo zokwaziswa. Abaqondisi-mininingwane kumelwe bakwazi ukuqonda nokuhlaziya lokhu kwaziswa. Izinkantolo manje zinikeza iziteshi zokubuka nomyalo ocacile wendlela yokusingatha imiboniso ye-oday. Nokho, ukunkimbinkimbinkimbi yobufakazi bezemishini ingabanqoba abagcini bejaji abangenalwazi, abangakwazi ukufunda, bengase bahlanekezele indlela abawachaza ngayo amaqiniso.

Izingozi Zokwaziswa Kwangaphandle Nokungaqondi

Mhlawumbe inselele enkulu yezobuchwepheshe yingozi yokuba abahluleli bathathe ukucwaninga okuzimele noma bachayeke ekudluliseleni icala. Imithetho yezezindaba inganikeza abagcini bamajaji ubufakazi obungaqondakali, izindaba, noma ngisho nobudlelwane obuqondile kumacala athakazelayo. Lokhu “ngaphandle” kululaza ukuthembeka kwecala. Abahluleli manje banikeza iziyalezo eziqinile zokugwema ukuphenya nge-ingosi yezezindaba zezenhlalo, futhi ezinye izinkantolo ziqoqa amathuluzi omshini phakathi nokuhlolwa. [[FLT: 0] UTudiary’s juciary yesiqondiso seze jarr nezokuxhumana inikeza isibonelo sezenzo ezinhle kakhulu, kodwa abagcini bezokusebenza.

Izakhamuzi Ezifundisayo Ngemisebenzi Enzima

Izakhamuzi eziningi zifika emsebenzini wokuqondisa izigebengu zingaqondi ukuthi inqubo isebenza kanjani, amalungelo azo noma umthwalo onzima womthwalo wazo wemfanelo.

Isikole Nemfundo Esekelwe Emphakathini

Ukudlulisela izifundo zesimiso sokwahlulela ezifundweni zezembubhiso ezisemuva kwezesizwe ezisezikoleni eziphakathi. Abafundi bangafunda ngenqubo yokuqulwa kwemithetho elandelwayo, umehluko phakathi kobugebengu nomthetho wesizwe, nomqondo othi “kungatshazwa ngokunengqondo.” Ukuqulwa kwecala lika-Mock, ngokuvamile kulawulwa yizinhlangano ezingazuzisi njenge izinhlelo zemfundo yoMthetho-Rected Education [, kunikeza intsha okuhlangenwe nakho kokuthile kwalokho okwenziwa yijaji.

Kubantu abadala, amashabhu omphakathi nohambo lwasenkantolo lungavala igebe. Izinkantolo eziningi manje ziphethe “iSikhulu Sokwazisa Amasonto” ezinezindlu ezivulekile nezinhlelo ze-Q&A. Imitapo nezikhungo zomphakathi zinganikeza abahluleli bendawo noma abameli izinkulumo, okwenza ijaji litholakale.

Imithombo Yezinto Esetshenziswa Ezingeni Lemishini

Ngasikhathi sinye sibizwa, abasizi bejaji badinga isiqondiso esicacile, esifingqiwe. Amawebhusayithi amaningi asenkantolo anikeza ama-CDELT, i-FAQ, nezincwadi ze-jar anezimo ezibonisa i-vidiyo. I-Federal Jurdor Handbook [ iwusizo olungcono kakhulu, oluchaza imisebenzi nezibopho zezimiso ze-hulo. Abagqugquzeli bejaji abangase bahlole lezizinto ngaphambi kokuba inkonzo isize ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka futhi bathuthukise izinga lokucabanga.

Ukuthuthukisa Isiko Lokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Ngaphandle kwemfundo, imiphakathi ingagubha inkonzo yamajaji njengempumelelo yomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuqulwa kwecala isikhathi eside ngezitifiketi, zikhuluma ngenkonzo yazo emaphephandabeni endawo, noma zifaka izenzakalo ezincane zokuqashelwa zingasusa umthwalo. Abanye abaqashi banikeza isikhathi esikhokhelwayo sokusebenza njengesibopho senhlangano. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka umsebenzi wokwahlulela obhekwa nontanga nezikhungo, zithambekele kakhulu ekuwufinyeleleni ngenhlonipho nangokuzimisela.

Ukusebenza ngokuzithandela ekubuseni kwendawo, okunjengokukhonza emabhodini akhona noma emakomitini ezikole, kungenza nomkhuba wokuhlanganyela komphakathi enkonzweni yamajaji. Lapho abantu behlanganyela emphakathini, baqonda ngokwengeziwe ukuthi kungani izindaba zabo zikhona enkantolo.

Ukushintsha Inkathi Yekhulu Lama - 21

Ukuze kulondolozwe indima yekomiti yokuqondisa imibuso yentando yeningi, lesimiso kumelwe sishintshe. Izinguquko eziningana ziye zazuza ukuhlanganiswa kochwepheshe bezomthetho nabenzi bezimiso.

Ukwandisa IChibi LaseJury

Izifundazwe eziningi zithembele ezinhlwini zokuvota, ezingahlanganisi abavoti abangabhaliswanga, ababodwa, nalabo abangabhaliswanga ekuvoteleni. Ukufaka uhlu lwelayisense, amarekhodi entela, kanye nezindawo zokuthola usizo zomphakathi kungaveza iqoqo eligcwele. Ezinye izifundazwe seziqalile ukuvumela abangezona izigebengu ukuba bakhonze emajaji ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuhlala kwezakhamuzi kuyadingeka ku-$_hayi, /h[=indawo yakhona] kuyisigxobo esanele ekwahlulele.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukusekela Nokusekela

Ukukhulisa ijaji kukhokhela okungenani iholo eliphansi, ukubuyisela izindleko zokuhamba, nokunikeza ukunakekelwa kwabantwana kwamahhala noma kwabadala phakathi nenkonzo kungasusa izithiyo zezomnotho. Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zasungula izikweleti ukuze zigunyaze umqashi ukuba ashiyele umsebenzi wejaji ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Isimiso sokuhamba esikhokhelwayo sikahulumeni singamisa indinganiso yesizwe.

Ukukhuluma Nobias Ngezinguquko Ezidaliweyo

Ezinye izinkantolo manje zisebenzisa “uhlu lokuhlola” nesiqondiso sokuhlela esihlelwe kahle ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lobuntu obuvelele nobandlululo oluphelele. Ukuvumela abahluleli ukuba bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi (ngokuvunyelwa yijaji) kungathuthukisa futhi ukuthola iqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhawu zangemva kohlelo lokuqeda ukucushwa kwezincwadi zisiza abacwaningi nabahluleli ukuba baqonde indlela izinqumo zabo ezifinyelelwe ngayo, kuholele ekuqondiseni iziyalezo ezingcono nemithetho elandelwayo ekhethwe abahluleli.

Isiphetho

Umsebenzi kaJury ungaphezu nje kokuba isibopho esingokomthetho; kuwukubonakaliswa okuphilayo kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Kunika abantu abavamile amandla okuhlanganyela ekuqondiseni ubulungisa, kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi amandla asuka emphakathini, futhi kwakha ukwethemba ukubusa komthetho. Nokho, lesi sikhungo sibhekene nezinsongo zangempela: ukunganaki komphakathi, ukucwaswa kwesimiso, imingcele engokomnotho, kanye namandla aphazamisayo obuchwepheshe. Ukusekela izifiso zentando yeningi, kumelwe siqinise isibopho sabahluleli ngemfundo, inguquko, nomkhosi wesiko. Ngaso sonke isikhathi isakhamuzi siphendula izicelo, sikhonza ejaji, futhi sikhonza idemokhriske ngobuqotho, idemokhristu iba isilinganiso esiqinile kakhulu. Ikusasa lobulungisa lixhomeke ekuvumeni kwethu ukuthwala umthwalo wemfanelo.