UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umelela umthetho ophakeme wezwe, unikeza ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zokubusa kwaseMelika kuyilapho ngesikhathi esisodwa uveza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni phezu komuntu ngamunye. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda loluhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ekuqondeni imibuso yentando yeningi yaseMelika kodwa futhi nasekuqapheleni amalungelo okulondoloza izimali avikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Lesihloko sihlola imvelaphi engokomlando, isivikelo esiyisisekelo, incazelo yokwahlulela, kanye nokulinganiselwa okusebenzayo kwamalungelo abantu ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, ukunikeza isiqondiso esibanzi esingasetshenziswa ezimisweni zekilasi noma njengekhomba ekhondweni lemfundo yomphakathi.

Umlando

Indlela eya eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo yaqala ngeZiphakamiso zeConfederation, isivumelwano esiqinile phakathi kwezindawo zokuqala eziyishumi nantathu ezabonakala zingafaneleki ngokudabukisayo ekuqondiseni izimali, ezentengiselwano, nesivikelo. Maphakathi nawo-1780, ukungahleleki kwezomnotho, imingcele yezohwebo, nezenzakalo ezinjengesiVukelo sikaShays sagcizelela isidingo segunya elinamandla kakhulu. Ekuphenduleni, izihambeli zahlangana ePhiladelphia ngo1787 ngesivumelwano soMthetho - sisekelo, sabekwa futhi sabuyiselwa futhi iZintlukwano kodwa ekugcineni zenza incwadi entsha ebusayo.

Abadwebi badweba kakhulu ngefilosofi yokukhanyiselwa. Imfundiso kaJohn Locke yamalungelo angokwemvelo `ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla'. Yaveza ukulunga kokuziphatha kohulumeni abalinganiselwe, kuyilapho umqondo kaMontesquieu wokuhlukanisa amagunya wanikeza ipulani yokwahlukanisa igunya phakathi kwe-producation, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi “uYise woMthetho-sisekelo,” waphikisana [[FLT: 0] ku-Féderalist No. 51 ukuthi “icebo kumelwe lenziwe ukuze kuhlulwe ukuvelela, ukuhlolwa nezinganiso zokuvimbela noma igatsha elilodwa ekubuseni abanye. Lezizazi zamanje zakhamba umthetho ohlongowokunga amalungelo abantu ngabanye (izinto ezaze zesobunxele) kodwa ziphumelela kakhulu ukuba ziphumelele.

Inqubo yokuhlunga ngokwayo yabangela impikiswano enkulu. Abalwa ne-Fedalist babefuna isivikelo esicacile kubantu ngabanye, besaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha ungaba nonya. Ukuphikelela kwabo kwaholela esithembisweni seSivumelwano samalungelo abantu se-Bill of Rights (h10) sokulungisa okuqalayo, kanye uMthetho-sisekelo wathathwa. Lokhu kuyekethisa kwaqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa futhi kwamisa isigaba sokuziphendukela okuqhubekayo komthetho sisekelo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Izinguquko zalo eziyishumi zivimbela amandla kahulumeni phezu kwezakhamuzi, zihlanganisa amalungelo ahlobene nenkulumo, inkolo, ukuphatha izikhali, inqubo yobugebengu nempahla.

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala[: ISishayamthetho awenzi umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko ekhululekile; noma inkululeko yokukhuluma, iphephandaba, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, noma ukucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli esihlangene: Ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo alisoze laphulwa.
  • Isichibiyeli esiphindiwe: Akukho sosha elingafakwa ifaceni kunoma iyiphi indlu ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo ngesikhathi sokuthula, noma ngesikhathi sempi kodwa ngendlela egunyazwe umthetho.
  • Isichibiyeli sesine: Abantu balondekile kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kanye nemiphumela emelene nokuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka; akukho zimvume ezingakho.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith : Ukulahlwa kwecala okukhulu kwejaji okudingeka enhloko - dolobha noma emacala adumile; ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili nasekuzibekeleni ngokwethukela; isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele; impahla yomuntu siqu angeke ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte: Omangalelwayo uzojabulela ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingakhethi, atshelwe ukuthi uyini ummangalelwa, abhekane nofakazi futhi abe nosizo lweseluleko.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu: Ilungelo lokuqulwa amajaji ezimpikiswaneni lapho inani lempikiswano lidlula u-20.00.
  • Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Ibheyili eshisiwe, amafashini eqile, futhi izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile zenqatshelwe.
  • Isichibiyeli seNinth: Uhlelo lwamalungelo athile ngeke luthathwe njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu.
  • Isichibiyeli seTenteth: Amandla angaphathiswa i-United States uMthetho-sisekelo, noma avinjelwe izifundazwe, agcinelwe izifundazwe ngokulandelana, noma abantu.

IBhili of Rights ekuqaleni yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Lemfundiso yaze yabekwa phansi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868(-* kanye ne-Unist Procession Clause) yayo lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala khona “ukuqinisekisa” iBill of Rights ivikela uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-okhetha abahlanganisi. Lemfundiso iye yanweba cishe wonke amalungelo abantu kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, yenza iBhili le-Rearch of Rights yakwazi ukuvikela izwe ngempela.

Ukuchaza Nokusebenzisa

Ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile lubanzi futhi lungenangqondo, lufuna incazelo yokwahlulela ukuze kutholakale incazelo yalo emongweni othile. Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlola kokwahlulela.

Enye yezici ezishintsha kakhulu zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo iphathelene neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo iye yathi inkululeko yokukhuluma ayivikeli nje inkulumo yezombangazwe kuphela kodwa futhi isho okungokomfanekiso (umz., ifulege elishiswayo ku texas v. Johnson[), 1989, inkulumo yezentengiselwano (umk., ukukhangisa [ngendlela exhumeni]] i-Gracdans & gemarkers v.[FLT] Inkonzo ka-Platemply , 1980], futhi ngisho nenzondo, ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaza isenzo sokungalungi ([FLT:]]] Branburg. v[FLD],[FF], 1969, i-ethoboognome, i-ethofut, i-ognome, i-ethod, i-ethod, i-ognote, i-ofuthe, i-e

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala u-Free Execs Claus iye yaba yindawo yempi. [Ku-] Ukwehlukana kwe-diployment v. Smith (1990), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile okusebenzayo kungase kuthwele imithetho engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuphula uMthetho-sisekelo, isinqumo uKhomisha wakwa-Nkathiwe ngokwengxenye nge-Religious Reformation Act (1993). I-Sivumelo , esivimbela ukuvunyelwa kwenkolo, siye saguqula izimpikiswano zesikole ([[FLT.2]] Engelgel v.[[FLD:3]], [6], 1962) kanye nokuboniswa kweMiyalo yeMiyalo Eyishumi ethathulweni lomphakathi.

Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, indaba yempikiswano ende, yathola incazelo yayo yanamuhla ebaluleke kakhulu ku-Pritury of Columbia v. Heller (2008), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela khona ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nento yokuzidubula ngezikhali ngaphakathi ekhaya. Iminyaka emibili kamuva, [FLT:] [McDonald v. Chicago (2010)) yasebenzisa lokho kuphethe umbuso nohulumeni bendawo ngeSichimende seSiphendu seminyaka engu 14.

Amalungelo enqubo alolongwa kakhulu yiNkantolo. Izixwayiso zeMiranda, ezifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasoli belungelo labo lokuthula nelokuyala, zagunyazwa ku Maranda v. Arizona[ (1966). Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa, ovalayo ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, wasetshenziswa ezizweni emaphandleni. [196]] [196]], futhi ukululeka ezinkantolo kwanwetshwa kubo bonke abamangalelwa [FLT:].[FLT]

Endabeni yokuzifihla, iNkantolo iye yaveza ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzibusa kusuka ku- “penumbras” yezinguquko eziningana. Lelilungelo lasekelwa Griswold v.Connecticut[ [65] [i-(65)) (ukwenqabela ukuvinjelwa kokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo), Roev. [[FLT][FLT][[FLT]] [[3] [7773]) [iqaphele amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu ngaphansi kweSipheketho se 1450 se-Empetheliti ye-Enzipho ehleli phakathi kwezimiso zika-Clabeluss, [[FLT]].[3] Hogrome] [flm] (imelele isibopho sokudlalwa kwesokudla kwesokudla).

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Ephakeme

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803) – ukubukeza kokwahlulela.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – ubandlululo lobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi olungekho ngokwemithetho.
  • Mapp v.O. (1961) – Umthetho we-Exclussion asetshenziswa ezifundazweni.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] – kwesokudla sokuyalulela abamangalelwa abanecala.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – Amaphoyisa kumelwe azise abasolwa ngamalungelo.
  • ker v. Des Moines Independent School School [1] (1969) – inkulumo yabafundi ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba iphazamise isikole.
  • Roe v. [[1] [773] - Ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho wokukhipha isisu (elibunjwe Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[ ngo-2022], ukushiyela imithetho yokukhipha isisu ezifundazweni).
  • I-Divolity of Columbia v. Heller (2008) – ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuphatha izikhali ukuze azitholele i-efense.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – umshado ofanayo wobuxhume oqashelwa njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinguquko ezakhiwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, izimo zezenhlalo, nezinselele ezintsha ezingokomthetho zilokhu zishintsha imingcele yamalungelo abantu, zenza umthetho womthetho - sisekelo ube umkhakha onamandla.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamalungelo

Alikho ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo eliphelele. Uhulumeni angase alawule amalungelo lapho ukwenza kanjalo kufeza isithakazelo esishukumisayo emphakathini, uma lomthetho uhlelwe ngokulinganiselwe futhi ungasithwesi ngokungadingekile isisekelo selungelo.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingalinganiselwa ngokulinganisela “isikhathi, indawo, nangendlela” yezimiso eziqukethe-neutral futhi ishiye eminye imigwaqo esele yokuyiveza. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingadinga imvume yokuqhuba imidlalo emikhulu eqenjini ukuze lilawule izimoto nokuphepha komphakathi. Ukuchaphazelwa kobudlova, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlamba, ne “ukulwa amagama” izigaba zenkulumo ezingavikelwanga yiSiphequlo Sokuqala (] Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire[FL:3], 1942).

Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali livumela izimiso ezinengqondo, njengemiyalo elandelanayo, ukunqatshelwa ukuba uphathwe yizigebengu noma yingqondo egulayo, kanye nemingcele yokuphatha izibhamu ezindaweni ezizwelayo njengezikole nezakhiwo zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza kwacaca ukuthi ilungelo lesibili leSichibiyelo “alinamkhawulo” ([[[FLT:]]] Heller []).

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki kungenxa yokufuna okungacabangeki okungavumelani nezizathu ezilindelekile, kodwa futhi nasezimweni ezizwakalayo, ukuphenya, “imfundiso ewubufakazi”. INkantolo iye yagunyaza futhi“izidingo ezikhethekile” ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa kwezisebenzi ezithile zomphakathi nabafundi abahilelekile emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole.

Ukulondeka kwesizwe kungathethelela ukulinganiselwa okungakholeki. Phakathi nesikhathi sempi noma naphezu kwezinsongo zamaphekula ezithembekile, uhulumeni angaphoqa izinhlelo zokuqapha, ukuvalelwa, noma imingcele yokuhamba, nakuba le zenzo kusamelwe zidlule ukuhlangana komthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo. Umbango phakathi kwesivikelo nenkululeko uhlolwe ezimweni ezinjenge Kormatsu v. United States[FFLT:3] (1944), eyasekela ukuhlangana kwe-Melika eMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, isinqumo esiye somthetho - ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukulinganiselwa okwengeziwe kuvela ku- Fiversenth’s Fime Evilt Protection , enqabela imithetho yokuhlukanisa kodwa evumela ukuhlelwa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, noma ezinye izigaba kuphela uma yanelisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola kokwahlulela ngokohlanga, ukuhlolwa kwesigaba, ukulingana kwezimiso eziningi zezomnotho.

Indima Yemfundo

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kuyimfuneko yokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, izikole zinomthwalo okhethekile wokufundisa uMthetho - sisekelo neSikole Samalungelo Abantu, zisiza abafundi ukuba bazizise isivikelo abasijabulelayo nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana nawo.

Imfundo ephumelelayo yomphakathi ithatha ngekhanda ukugcinwa kwesijeziso. Ihilela ukuhlaziywa okubucayi kwamacala abalulekile, izingxoxo ezisobala zezimpikiswano zamanje, nemisebenzi yezandla eletha izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ekuphileni. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi bangahlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala lokuhleba elisekelwe enkantolo ePhakeme, baphikisana ngencazelo yesijeziso esingavamile,” noma ukuzwa kwemithetho ezindabeni ezinjengokukhuluma ngenkululeko kuyi-intanethi.

Amaphuzu Okufundisa Awusizo

  • Ukuhlaziya kobukhazikhazi: Yabela abafundi ukuba bafunde futhi baxoxe ngemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, bagxile emaqinisweni, umbuzo ongokomthetho, ukucabanga okukhulu, nokuphikisana. Imivubukulo njenge Iproject inikeza ukuqopha nokufushanisa.
  • Iziphakamiso: Hlela inkantolo yemot lapho abafundi bephikisana khona ngecala elicatshangelwayo elisekelwe ezinsukwini zamanje, noma umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo abahlongoza futhi baxoxe ngalo ngezinguquko ezintsha.
  • C izenzakalo zamanje ezixhumene[: Abafundi balethe izihloko zezindaba ezikhuluma ngezingxabano eziqhubekayo zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe oluqhubekayo mayelana nezimpikiswano zenkululeko yokukhuluma kwezezokuxhumana, imithetho yokulawula izibhamu, noma amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yobuchwepheshe(*) futhi bazihlaziya ngolimi lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • Okuhlangenwe nakho kobuni: ukuhlela ukuhambela emagcekeni enkantolo, iziteshi zamaphoyisa, noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze ubone ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo asebenza kanjani. Ukuhambela okungokoqobo kwesakhiwo seNkantolo Ephakeme nakho kuyatholakala nakuyi-inthanethi.
  • Imithombo eyimfihlo[: Sebenzisa umbhalo wangempela womthetho-sisekelo, amaphepha, nezinkulumo noma izincwadi ezingokomlando ukuze usize abafundi baqonde izinhloso zabakhi bomdwebi nezimpikiswano zoMsunguli.

Othisha futhi kufanele bagcizelele ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi ephilayo echazayo inguquko. Ukufundisa kokubili umongo wokuqala nezinhlelo zanamuhla kuhlomisela abafundi ukuba bacabange kabi ngamalungelo nangemithwalo yemfanelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge ii-Cicops ne iMakethe yesizwe [[[FLT:]] inikeza iposi nempahla eklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwekilasi ngesihle.

Isiphetho

Umthetho - sisekelo owenzelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ufezu olungokomlando futhi umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Kusukela kuyiBill of Rights kuya eSichibiyelweni seshumi nane, futhi kusukela eMarbury kuya eObergefell, indaba yamalungelo aseMelika ingeyokwandisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuvuselelwa ngenkulumo yentando yeningi nangencazelo yokwahlulela. Abafundisi abangenisi lendaba emakilasini abo abafundisi nje umlando noma umthetho; balungiselela intsha ukuba ifune amalungelo ayo siqu futhi bahloniphe amalungelo abanye.

Njengoba izwe lilwisana nezinselele ezintsha − ukufihla imfihlo, ukungaqondi kahle, ukuqaphela ubuso, ukuhlakanipha okungekona okungokomthetho (*) nokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kuqinile. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ifa lazo elingokomthetho ngokomthetho zisesimweni esingcono kakhulu sokulilondoloza. Ngokukhuthaza ukufunda umthetho-sisekelo ezikoleni, sitshala imali ekukhuthazeleni inkululeko ngokwayo.