Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omshado Ezimo Eziphikisanayo

Amalungelo omshado nokuqashelwa ngokomthetho kwemishado ehlangene kumele ukungqubana okubucayi komthetho wezizwe zonke, ubukhosi, namalungelo omphakathi. Kubaphathi besizwe, izikhulu, nemibhangqwana yomhlaba wonke, ukuqaphela ukushada kwabo emingceleni kungaba nokuyinkimbinkimbi. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi umshado owenziwe ngokusemthethweni egunyeni elilodwa ungase uqashelwe ngokuzenzekelayo komunye umthetho wezwe, futhi imiphumela yokungangeni ngokomthetho ingaba mikhulu kakhulu, futhi imiphumela yokungabhaliswa kwefa nentela ingaba yize ibe yize kakhulu, njengoba ukuhambela phambili kwembulunga yonke, ukuqonda lezi zimo ezingokomthetho kudingekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imishadoba ihlonishwayo futhi amalungelo emisha evikelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi avikelekile kuphi lapho ehlala khona noma kusebenza khona.

Lendaba iyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu iqiniso lokuthi izisebenzi zezokuxhumana ngokuvamile zijabulela ukugoma namalungelo ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lonke, okungashintsha izinqubo ezivamile zokubhalisa umshado nokuziqaphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho yesizwe iyahluka kakhulu emibuzweni eyisisekelo enjengokuthi uneminyaka emincane kakhulu yokushada, ukuvuma izimfuneko, ukunqatshelwa kwesithembu noma ukuhlangana kwabesilisa nabesifazane, nesidingo sokugunyazwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezingokomthetho, izinselele ezisebenzayo, kanye nezindinganiso ezilawula ukuqashelwa komshado ezimisweni zezokuxhumana, ukunikeza isiqondiso semibhangqwana, abenzi bezimiso ezingokomthetho, nabenzi bezimiso.

Imisebenzi Yokushada Engokomthetho Elawula Imishado Emisha

Izivumelwano nemibuthano yezizwe zonke inikeza isisekelo sobuhlobo obuhlangene, kodwa azenzakali isimiso esinobunye sokuqashelwa komshado. Amathuluzi amabili abaluleke kakhulu yiVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) neVienna Convention on Consular Relation (1963). Lemihlangano imisa amalungelo nokugonyelwa kwezisebenzi zezokuxhumana nezikhulu zezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise nokungahlangani kwezakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nokuvikeleka kwemithetho yesizwe nezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezizwe. Nokho, ayizikhonziwa eziqukethe amalungiselelo akhethekile okuqashelwayo ngokuqashelwa kwemishano. Kunalokho, umshado uqashelwa ngaphansi komthetho wezwe wonke, olawulwa ngokuyinhloko umthetho wesizwe nezivumelwano zezivumelwano zesivumelwano.

Indima Yezivumelwano Zesayensi Yeminyaka Ehlukahlukene Nezeminingi

Amazwe amaningi aye angena ezivumelwaneni ezikhuluma ngokuqaphelana kwemishado, ikakhulukazi lapho kubekwe khona izisebenzi eziphethe izivumelwano eziphawulekayo zezesivumelwano noma zezikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umhlangano wezikhulu zesizwe ungavumela amanxusa ukuba ashade ehhovisi lawo noma ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lakubo, futhi umbuso ophethe ubophekile ukuba uqaphele ukuthi umshado ukhona. Imihlangano eminingi yamuva yemihlangano, njenge Hague Conference on Private International Law’s Convention on the Celebration and the Cault of the Marrials (1978), izimisele ukuhlanganisa imithetho, kodwa imidanti esemthethweni ilinganiselwe.

Imishado Yabo Bonke Abantu Nokufaneleka Kwabo

Omunye umkhuba ovamile ungowokuba omeleli bemishado yasekhaya bashadise ehhovisi labo noma abathuthi bemishado, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi imishado ebotshelelwe. Ukufaneleka okungokomthetho kwemishado enjalo kuxhomeke ekutheni uhulumeni uqaphela ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu komthetho womshado kahulumeni wasekhaya. Amazwe amaningi abonisa ukuqaphela imishado uma nje umshado uqhubeka usebenza ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni womphakathi. Nokho, amanye amazwe abeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe, njengenkathi yokulinda, ukukhishwa kwemvume yokuvinjelwa, noma ukuhileleka kweziphathimandla zendawo. Ezimweni lapho uhulumeni ungaqapheli ukubophana kwemishado, umbhangqwana ungase udinge ukwenze imikhosi yomphakathi ehlukene ezweni eliphethe ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwawo ngokomthetho ngokomthetho.

Ukuqashelwa Kwemishado Kuyachuma: Izimiso Nezinkinga

Uma umshado wenziwe kwelinye izwe futhi umbhangqwana uthuthela kwelinye, ukuqashelwa kwalo mshado kuxhomeke emithethweni yemithetho yezizwe zonke yomhlaba wonke yezwe elisha eliqanjwe kulo. Amazwe amaningi alandela isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi lix loci dalitions, okusho ukuthi umshado osebenzayo uqashelwa kuyo yonke indawo. Nokho, lesi simiso singaphansi kwemithetho yezwe ehlukile, ikakhulukazi uma umshado wephula umthetho wasobala [[FLT:] [[FLT]] (umphakathi) wesifunda sesifundazwe. Isibonelo, umshado ohilela umakoti, uphoqelelwa, noma umbangowenqanyulwa ngisho noma uvunyelwe ukuba uvunyelwe.

Ukuqashelwa okuzenzakalelayo kuphikisana nezimfuneko zokubhalisa

Amanye amazwe, njengeUnited Kingdom namazwe amaningi angamalungu e-EU, ayaziqaphela ngokuzenzakalela imishado yakwamanye amazwe uma ehlangabezana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokusebenza. Amanye, ikakhulukazi eMpuma Ephakathi nase-Asia, adinga imishado yakwamanye amazwe ukuba ibhaliswe neziphathimandla zendawo ngaphambi kokuba ibhekwe njengegunya lokufuduka, ifa, noma isehlukaniso. Amadiplomat avame ukuthembela ekunikezeni iziqondiso kulezi zimfuneko. Ukuhluleka ukubhalisa umshado kungaholela ekubeni umngane womshado ancishwe imvume yokuhlala, umshuwalensele wempilo, noma ikhono lokuthola ifa lempahla. Ama-Embas kanye nenkokhela ifa kugcina uhlu olugunyaziwe lwabahubi nabaqondisi bezomthetho ukuba basize izinqubo zokubhalisa amazwe.

Umnikeli nesiqiniseko

Inselele ephindaphindwayo yisiqinisekiso sezincwadi zomshado. Amazwe amaningi afuna ukuba izitifiketi zomshado zakwamanye amazwe zibhalwe (ifakazelwe ngaphansi kwe-Hague Apostille Convention ka-1961]) noma ziqaliswe ngokusemthethweni yi-ofisi ye-ofisi yesizwe ekhona ezweni lakhona. Le nqubo ingaba yinkathi yokuhlanganisa nokubiza. I-projectivess, i-mossion yezwe langaphandle ngokuvamile isiza ngokunikeza amakhophi aqinisekisi emisha yomshado. I-equatriatary ayisebenzi ngokuqondile emsebenzini we-mishoni, ama-ontathecationsss noma izinhlangano ezikhethekile zingadingeka. Ukuntula isimiso sokuqinisekisa esisemthethweni esithandwayo yonke indawo sezimiso zobuchwepheshe zezimiso zobuchwepheshe zezimiso zobuchwepheshe kunezela ukukhuthakazelisa i-EPOSTLE impumelelo kancane kancane.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ekuqashelweni Kwabantu Abashadile Okungahambisani Nezimo

Naphezu kokwamukelwa okukhulu kwe- i-ochinis isimiso, izimpikiswano ezinkulu ziphakama ezindaweni ezithile. Lezi zinselele zivame ukuveza ukungavumelani okukhulu kwezezenhlalo ngencazelo yomshado ngokwawo.

Imishado Efanayo

Enye yezindaba eziphikisana kakhulu ukuqashelwa kwemishado efanayo ehlangeneyo. Nakuba amazwe angaphezu kuka-30 eye agunyaza umshado ongokobulili obufanayo, amanye amaningi, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika, eMpuma Ephakathi, nezingxenye ze-Asia, enza ubungqingili buphambane futhi enqaba ukuqaphela noma yisiphi isibopho esifanayo sobusheshi. Kumazwe ahlukene ahlukene ngokusemthethweni emazweni abekwe emazweni anjalo, isimo somshado wawo sisengozini. Imibuso esemthethweni ingazenqabela ukunikeza amalungelo okuvunyelwana, inqaba ukubhekana nemishadolo emishadolo yomshado njengezedwa. Umthetho wezizwe zonke awufuni ukuqaphela imishado engenziwa phesheya, futhi izimo ezingokomthetho zizithole zisesimweni esinzima: imibhangqwana ehloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo esizwe. [[10] imibhangqwana ehlukene, njengoba ihluleka ukuqaphela imibhangqwana imibhangqwana emishadweni efanayo.[10]

Imishado Edumile Neyisiko

Enye indawo yengxabano ihilela imishado yesithembu. Amanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eNtshona Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, avumela isithembu ngaphansi komthetho wezenkolo noma wesiko. Isikhulu sesizwe esivela ezweni elishade nomuntu oyedwa esithebeni esithathelwe ithemo kodwa sibekwe esizweni esingumphathi wezwe singase sithole ukuthi umshado awuqashelwa lapho ubuyela ekhaya, ikakhulukazi ngenjongo yokufuduka noma yokuthola ifa. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, amanxusa asemazweni athatha isithembu abekwe ezindaweni ezithengiselwe ukuthatha isithembu ngaphansi komthetho, ngisho noma umthetho wawo uvumela imibhangqwana eminingi ukuba iphumelele. Imishado (umz., imishado engokwesiko engabhaliswanga iziphathimandla neziphathimandla) iphakamisa izimpikiswano zokuqamba. Njengoba kusho okuningi, idinga umkhosi wamazwe angokomthetho. [FLT:][FL:]

Ukushada Ngokuphoqelelwa Nokukhohlisa Emshadweni

Imishado ephoqelelwe (ifuna izinzuzo zokufuduka) imelela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ezimweni zezokuxhumana. Abanye abantu bangazama ukusebenzisa ukuzivikela komphakathi ukuze bagweme ukuhlolisisa, bephikelela ngokuthi umshado owenzelwa ehhovisi le-ofisi ungaphezu kwegunya likahulumeni ophethe i-ommemi. Nokho, amazwe amaningi anezindlela zokulwa ne-fraud endaweni yawo, njengezingxoxo eziphoqelelwe, ukuhlola isizinda, kanye nokuqinisekisa kwemvume. Izivumelwano ze-Diplomatic zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo neziphathimandla eziphethe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Emacala owenzelwa imishado ngempela, umbuso wokwamukelwayo ungase ulahle ukuqaphela isibopho, futhi izwe lasekhaya linganikeza usizo esisulwini, kuhlanganise nokubuyisana. [FL:] i-Iennation on Diplation [FFontation]

Ithonya Lamalungelo Nezinzuzo

Imikhaya esebenzelana nezinhlangano zezombusazwe ibhekana nale miphumela emibi kakhulu ngoba ingase idlule ezikhundleni eziningi phakathi nemisebenzi yayo.

Ifa Namalungelo Empahla

Uma umshado ungaqashelwa esifundazweni somphakathi, osele angase angabi nalungelo lokuzuza ifa lefa elikulelozwe. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi kubaphathi bezwe nezindawo ezingaphandle. Ngisho noma umshado uqashelwa esifundeni sasekhaya, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa imithetho yazo yefa, mhlawumbe zikhiphe umngane womshado. Izivumelwano zefa zingavamile, ngakho imibhangqwana ngokuvamile ilulekwa ukuba ikhiphe izivumelwano zefa futhi icabangele izivumelwano zempahla yomshado eziphoqelelwe ukunqamula imingcele.

Ukukhokha Intela Nezinzuzo Eziningi

Amazwe amaningi avumela imibhangqwana eshadile ukuba ibhale intela ehambisanayo, ifuna imali evunyelweyo, noma inzuzo ngokungakhokhi intela yefa. Ukungakhokhi kungaphumela ekukhokheleni okukhulu kwentela. Kubaphathi, izivumelwano zentela phakathi kwezindawo zasekhaya nezimenywa zinganciphisa ezinye izimpikiswano, kodwa incazelo yesithi “impoqo” kulezo zivumelwano ngokuvamile ihluleka ukuphula umthetho wezwe ophethe. Ngokufanayo, izinzuzo eziphuthumayo njengomshuwalense wempilo, izinzuzo zempesheni, inzuzo zemali yempesheni, kanye nemali yezemisebenzi yezezimali (umgomo, izakhiwo, imfundo) ixhomeke ekuqapheleni umshado womqashi ngenkonzo yakwamanye amazwe. Uma umbuso wenqaba ukuqaphela umshado, umqashi wezwe angase anikeze izinzuzo zangaphakathi, kodwa abangane bomshado abashadile bangase bangawamukele izinkonzo zenkonzo yomphakathi.

Ukufuduka Nokubuyela Ezweni Elihlukile

Izihlobo zezisebenzi zomantshi zivame ukuthola imvume yokuhlala nemvume yokulawula, kodwa uma nje umshado uqashelwa yisifundazwe. Emazweni lapho isifundazwe esiphethe izakhamuzi singawuqapheli umshado (umz., umshado ofanayo-wesilisa esizweni esingaqashelwanga), umngane angase aphoqelelwe ukuba ahlale ngokwehlukana noma angene ezweni elisebhayisenseni lokubuka izivakashi. Lokhu kudala ukucindezeleka okukhulu okungokomzwelo. Amanye amazwe aye angenisa “imvume yemibhangqwana engashadile, kodwa ngokuvamile anikeza amalungelo ambalwa. I-Yupanian Union[ ithuthuke ngezindawo ezihambela izakhamuzi, okufuna ukuba amalungu angene futhi angene ezakhamuzi, kodwa angazisebenzisi lezi zindawo ezingezona izakhamuzi, kodwa angazisebenzisi izivumelwano ezingokomongokwayo.

Indima Yemithunywa Eyinqaba Ekuqapheleni Okusho Ukuthile

Iziqu zamazwe neziphathi-mandla zisebenza njengephuzu eliyinhloko lokuxhumana kwamazwe abhekene nokuqashelwa komshado kwamanye amazwe. Izindima zawo zisuka ekunikezeni ukwaziswa okungokomthetho kuya ekudluliseleni imvume yezincwadi kanye nokungenelana neziphathimandla lapho kudingeka.

Isiqondiso esingokomthetho nezinkonzo zommesekiso

Imisebenzi eminingi yezokuxhumana ilondoloza ingxenye enikeza isiqondiso ngemithetho yomshado yendawo, ehlanganisa izincwadi ezidingekayo, izikhathi zokulinda, nemingcele yolimi. Bangasiza futhi ekutholeni izinguqulo ezingokomthetho, i-astelles, namakhophi agunyaziwe emishado. Kwezinye izimo, abathunywa bangakhipha “Isivumelwano se-Nompediment” ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi isizwe sikhululekile ukushada ngaphansi komthetho wasekhaya, ongase udingeke ngumbuso waso. Kubaphathi bezwe ngokwalo, umsebenzi ngokuvamile usingatha yonke inqubo yomshado, kuhlanganise nokubhaliswa kwenkonzo yezobuchwepheshe yangaphandle ukuze kuqinisekiswe amalungelo omphakathi wangaphandle.

Ukungenela Nokuqapha

Uma isikhulu senqaba ukuqaphela umshado, inxusa lingase liphakamise impikiswano ngezindlela zobuzwe, liphikisa ngokuthi ukungathathi hlangothi kungqungquthela kwezimiso zomthetho ezingokwesiko zesizwe ezisetshenziswayo. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela imishado efanayo noma izinyunyana ezithathelwana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungenela okunjalo akuphumeleli ngaso sonke isikhathi, kungaholela ezivumelwaneni eziboshiwe ezivumela umngane ukuba ahlale ezweni elinomphakathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. .S. U. U. Umnyango weZwe , ngokwesibonelo, ukhipha ukwaziswa okuthe ngqo ngomshado futhi usebenza nohulumeni abamende ukuba avikele amalungelo abantu baseMelika abaphethe. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, impikiswano ingakhuphumisela inkonzo yezizwe, imingcele yesifunda isifunda sesifundazwe sesifundazwe.

Ukuthambekela Kwamanje Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuqashelwa komshado ezimweni ezingokwezimo kushintsha kancane kancane, kushukunyiswa izinguquko ezibanzi zezenhlalo nezenzakalo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukwanda Kokwamukelwa Komshado Ongokobulili Obufanayo

Njengoba amazwe amaningi ebhalisa umshado ongokobulili obufanayo, ukucindezela kuyakhula ezizweni ukuqaphela ukuhlangana okunjalo okungenele phesheya. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji ayikayidingisisi ngokuqondile lendaba, kodwa izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zesifunda ziqhubekisela phambili isimiso okungamelwe amazwe akhethe imibhangqwana ehlangene nesobulili. Ezizweni ezihlangene, amanye amazwe angene ezivumelwaneni ezilandelanayo ezihlanganisa ukuqashelwa okufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited States neUnited Kingdom zinelungiselelo elihlobana ngokusemthethweni ezindaweni ezithile mayelana nezinjongo zokuxhumana. Ukuthambekela kusikisela ukuthi phakathi kwesizukulwane, ukuqaphela okuzenzekelayo imishado eyodwa kungase kube imishado ekhululekileyo, kodwa ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke kusekude.

Ukubhalwa Kwemishado Ngokwezinombolo Nokugcinwa Kwayo Ngokwezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amakhambi amasha ezinkingeni zokuqaphela. Amazwe amaningana asebenzisa izisekelo zemishado ezingokwezinombolo ezivumela ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kwamarekhodi omshado. I-Hague Conference ikhuthaza i-International Istifiketi somshado[ International of Marriage] (], ibhukwana lezilimi ezivamile elingase lenze lula ukuqashelwa kwemigqa. Uma lamukelwa kakhulu, amathuluzi angenza umthwalo owehla nge-accompers nowokukhulula. Nokho, ukuphumelela kuya ngemuva ngenxa yemininingwane yemibango kanye nezindleko zefa likahulumeni. Okwamanje, imisebenzi eminingi yezobuchwepheshe iyaqhubeka incike ekuqinisekiseni kwephepha.

Imishado Yesiko Nengokwenkolo

Kunokuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi abasekeli bomhlaba wonke, abaphakathi kwesifundazwe, abachaza imishado abahluleka ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zemikhuba engokwesiko nengokwenkolo. Amanye amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njengaye Committee e-Recoriation of Women [, aye abiza amazwe ukuba aqaphele zonke izinhlobo zomshado ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko nenkathi elinganiselwe. Kuwo wonke amanxusa, lokhu kungasho ukuthi amazwe azimisele kakhulu ukuqaphela imishadolo engokwesiko ebhalwe kahle. Nokho, ukungathi ukuqina phakathi kokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokuhlukanisa amasiko kuyo kusaqhubeka.

Isiphetho

Ukuqashelwa kwemishado ehlangene nemithetho eguquguqukayo kuhlala kuyindawo eguquguqukayo futhi ekhungathekisayo yomthetho. Nakuba isimiso ilex locilis sinikeza isiqalo, ngaphandle kwesimiso somphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi kudala umsebenzi wemithetho eguquguqukayo. Izinhlangano, izibalo, imishado, nemibhangqwana yezizwe, ukuqonda lezizimo ezingokomthetho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo azo. Ukuhlela ukuthatha iseluleko esingokomthetho ngaphambi komshado, ukuhlanganisa isibopho semithetho eminingi, nokuqinisekisa zonke izincwadi kufanelekile ngokufanelekile ngokufanelekile. Kumelwe ukuba kuqinise izingozi eziningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaqondisisebenzi namazwe abezizwe kumelwe baqhubeke besekela izimiso ezingoko nezindawo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho wombuso womhlaba wonke. Izinhlangano zezinhlangano ezihlukene ziqiniseke kakhulu futhi zingezona ezingekho ezinhle kakhulu.