Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isiqondiso Esinesisekelo Samalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simi njengensika yenkululeko yaseMelika, ihlanganisa inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu eyakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Kubafundi, othisha, kanye nezakhamuzi ezibophanayo ngokufanayo, iqonda ukuthi lamalungelo asebenza kanjani, futhi lapho imingcele yawo ibaluleke kangakanani ekuqondiseni ukuphila komphakathi. Intethelekiso yeSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu, njengengxenye yeSiphendulo Sokuqala sisingatha umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu wokubusa: uhulumeni unawo kangakanani amandla phezu kwenkulumo yabantu bawo?

Inguquko ifundeka kalula: "Ikhoranti ngeke yenze umthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma inqabe ukuyisebenzisa ngokukhululekile; noma inciphise inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Naphezu kokufinyela kwayo, lomusho owodwa uye wadala amakhulu eminyaka okuchazwa komthetho, impikiswano, nesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqonda lenkululeko emihlanu emongweni wabo ogcwele kunika abantu amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokuphumelelayo futhi baqaphele lapho lawomalungelo esongelwa.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando SeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

AmaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo athola isiko elicebile lomthetho wesiNgisi nefilosofi yokukhanyiselwa lapho enza iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Bethonywe ongqondongqondo abanjengoJohn Locke, owalwela amalungelo emvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla, noJohn Milton, abasekela ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile emsebenzini wakhe Areopagica[, abasunguli bafuna ukuvimbela uhlobo loshushiso olungokwenkolo nokuhlolwa kukahulumeni ababenakho ngaphansi kombuso weBrithani.

I-Colonian America yayibone amasonto asungulwe nomthetho wokuvukela umbuso, lapho abagxeki bakahulumeni bamangalelwa khona ngecala lobugebengu. UJames Madison, umklami oyinhloko weBill of Rights, waqonda ukuthi iriphabliki esebenzayo yayidinga izakhamuzi ezikhuluma ngokukhululekile, zigxeke abaholi bazo, futhi zisekele ushintsho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa. ISiphendulo sokuqala sasingaklanywanga nje njengesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kodwa njengesici sokwakha sokubusa kwentando yeningi ngokwako.

Ukulungiswa kwasekuqaleni kwasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Nokho, ngokunqanyulwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868 kanye nochungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, iSichibiyelo sokuqala safakwa ukuze sisetshenziswe kuhulumeni bendawo kanye nohulumeni. Lenqubo yokuhlanganisa yaqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ebekwe eSichibiyelweni sokuqala yayiyovikela wonke amaMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sini sikahulumeni esingase sifune ukubavimbela.

Inkululeko Eyisihlanu Iyachazwa

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono, imibono, nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Lesivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwamazwi akhulunywayo ukuze sihlanganise izinkulumo ezibhaliwe, imisebenzi yobuciko, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso ezinjengokushiswa kwefulege noma ukuboshwa kwengalo, ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha okungasho lutho. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisisekelo amanye amalungelo entando yeningi asekelwe kuso.

Inkulumo evikelwe ihlanganisa inkulumo yezombangazwe, ukuhlobisa kwezemfundo, ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano, ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano (ngokuzithoba ekuqondiseni okunengqondo), kanye nokukhuluma okungaziwa. INkantolo iye yaqaphela ukuthi ngisho nokucasula, ukungathandwa, noma inkulumo yenzondo, uma ingangeni ezinhlangothini ezithile zenkulumo engavikelekile. Lesi simiso sinikeza umthetho zokwenza ukuba uhulumeni angathuli inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi imicabango iyakucasula, kodwa iveza ukuzibopheka okuyisisekelo kokungathathi hlangothi okufakwe eSijikijikisweni Sokuqala.

Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezingatholi sivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala:

  • Ukuhlohlolelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze: Inkulumo eqondiswe ekuphumeni isenzo esingesona esingokomthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka ikhiqize isenzo esinjalo, esisungulwe Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]].
  • [ amagama ahlabayo: Ukuthuka komuntu siqu okubhekiswe kumuntu ongase abangele ukusabela kobudlova, okuqashelwe ku Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire[[FLT] (1942]).
  • Izinsongo zeqiniso[: Izinkulumo lapho isikhulumi sikhuluma khona ngenhloso engathi sína yokwenza ubudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu elithile.
  • Ukuthandeka : Izinto ezihlangabezana nokuhlolwa okunezingxenye ezintathu okusungulwe Miller v. California (1973]), okudinga ukuba umsebenzi ufune izithakazelo eziphambili, zibonise ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela ehlazisayo, futhi zintula izibalo ezingathi sína, ezobuciko, zezombangazwe, noma inzuzo yezesayensi.
  • Ukudamba[: Izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela lomunye umuntu, nakuba izibalo zomphakathi kumelwe zihlangabezane nendinganiso ephakeme yenzondo yangempela emiswe ku-New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)).
  • [ Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana: izithombe ezibonakalayo zezingane ezihileleke ekuziphatheni kobulili, ezingatholi sivikelo sokuQala iSichibiyelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyahlangabezana yini nendinganiso yenhlamba.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuhlukana okusobala, uhulumeni angase abeke imingcele enengqondo, esendaweni, nendlela yokukhuluma obala, uma imingcele enjalo ingaba yileyo egcwele, ehlotshaniswe ngokuncane ukuze ifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphawulekayo, futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana evulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lidinge imvume enkulu yokulawula izimoto nokuphepha komphakathi, kodwa alinakuphika imvume esekelwe esigijimini sezombangazwe sababhikishi.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Lokukhuluma

Ukuqonda izinga lenkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuhlola izibonelo eziyinhloko eziye zathonya incazelo yalo:

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nenkolo, ezihlanganisa isisekelo senkululeko engokwenkolo kuyilapho zivimbela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

ISimiso sikaClaus senqabela uhulumeni ukuba enze noma imuphi umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke asungule isonto lesizwe, asekeli inkolo ethile phezu kwabanye, noma azithandele ngokungafanele izinhlangano zenkolo. Okushiwo ngokuqondile ngalokhu kunqatshelwa kuye kwaba indaba yempikiswano enkulu, nezincazelo eziphikisanayo ezisukela ekuhlukaniseni okuqinile nokuhlala kwabantu.

Indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokumisa amacala ka-Claus iye yavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Limon v. Kurtzman [181], iNkantolo yamisa uvivinyo oluzingxenye ezintathu: isenzo sikahulumeni asiphulani no-Claus uma inenjongo yezwe, umphumela wayo oyinhloko awuqhubeki phambili noma uvimbele inkolo, futhi awuvusi ukungezwa kukahulumeni ophakeme ngenkolo. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kweLemon kuye kwagxekwa futhi kwashintshwa, kuhlala kunethonya ezinqumweni zenkantolo ephansi.

Isihluthulelo sokubekwa kwecala likaClaus zihlanganisa:

  • Engel v. Vitale (1962): Ukuthandaza okuphoqelelwe esikoleni ezikoleni zomphakathi, uphethe ukuthi ngisho nomthandazo wokuzithandela, ongewona owamaqembu ahlukene, wephula u-Claus ngoba wawuhilela ukuqanjwa kwezwe nokugunyaza ukuqhuba kwenkolo.
  • Everson v. Board of Education (1947): Wasebenzisa i-Claus ezweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane futhi wasekela imbuyekezo kahulumeni yezokuthutha ngebhasi ezikoleni zenkolo, wamisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni anganikeza izinzuzo ngokungathathi-hlangothi ezinhlanganweni zenkolo.
  • Abington School District v. Schempp (1963): Gqaba ukufunda iBhayibheli okuphoqelelwe nokuphindaphindwayo koMthandazo weNkosi ezikoleni zomphakathi.
  • Lynch v. Donnelly (19984): Yabheka ukuboniswa kwedolobha kwesenzakalo senkathi yokuzalwa njengengxenye yesiboniso seholide elibanzi, isikisela ukuthi umongo ubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi ukuziphatha kukahulumeni kuvuna inkolo yini.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

I - Free Execle Claus ivikela ilungelo labantu lokukholelwa nokuqhuba inkolo yabo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni.

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, iNkantolo yasebenzisa ukucubungula okuqinile emithethweni ecindezelayo engokwenkolo, ifuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo futhi asebenzise izindlela ezingenamandla kakhulu ukuze afinyelele. Lokhu kwafinyelela izinga eliphezulu [ku- Wiscon v. Yoder [1972], lapho iNkantolo yavumela khona abazali bama-Amish ukuba bakhiphe abantwana babo esikoleni ngemva kwebanga lesishiyagalombili, ithole ukuthi umthetho kaWisconsian ophoqelelayo wenkululeko yokuzivivinya umzimba u-Expressice u-face uma usetshenziswa ngobuqotho ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo zama-Amish.

Indawo yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo Employment Division v. Smith (1990]), lapho iNkantolo yayithi ukungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile imithetho esebenzayo yokuthi ukuvivinya izithombo zenkolo ngokulandelana kwayo akungqubuzani nenkululeko yokuzivivinya okukhululekile. Ukusabela kulesi sinqumo, uKhomishane wagunyaza umthetho wenkolo ka 1993 (RFRA), owabuyisela ukucubungula okuqinile kwemithetho enzima kakhulu engokwenkolo. Izimo eziningi ziye zadlula kumthetho owenkolo owenziwe ngesilinganiso esifana neso hlelo lwenkululeko yenkolo.

Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zokuvivinya umzimba ezingahlosiwe zihlanganisa:

  • Reynolds v. United States (1878): Kwamiswa umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela isithembu, ohlukanisa phakathi kwenkolelo engokwenkolo (evikeleke ngokuphelele) nokuziphatha okungokwenkolo (okungase kubekwe imingcele).
  • Cantwell v.Connecticut (1940): Yasebenzisa i Free Expression Claus ezindaweni futhi yavikela oFakazi BakaJehova ekufuneni imvume yokucela inkolo.
  • ISonto laseLukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993): Ukugxumeka idolobha elinomthetho ohlasela umhlatshelo wezilwane zaseSanteria, uphethe leyomithetho ehlose imikhuba ethile yenkolo iphazamisa i-Free Specie Viecle ngisho noma ingathathi hlangothi.
  • Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. [2014] (2014: Waqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano ezisondelene kakhulu zingafaka izimpikiswano ezingokwenkolo ngaphansi kwe-RFRA eMthethweni we-Affordal Care Act womthetho wokuvimbela inzalo wokuvimbela inzalo, wandisa ukufinyelela inkululeko engokwenkolo ephepheni lenzuzo.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Inkululeko yezindaba isebenza umsebenzi ohlukile kumthetho-sisekelo: ukunikeza umphakathi ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni nokusebenza njengesehlo emandleni kahulumeni. Nakuba abezindaba benamalungelo afanayo okukhuluma njengabantu ngabanye, iPress Clause iye yachazwa ukuba inikeze izikhuseli ezengeziwe zokwakha ze-operator, kuhlanganise nokuvikelwa ekuvikelweni kwangaphambi kokuvinjelwa kanye nesivikelo esikhethekile emisebenzini yokuhlanganisa izindaba.

Isivikelo esiyisisekelo kakhulu sezindaba siwukwenqatshelwa kokuvinjelwa ngaphambi kwento engakanqandwa − uhulumeni ovimbela ukukhishwa kwayo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Near v. Minnesota [1931], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho kahulumeni ovumela ukucindezelwa kwecala elibi, ihlazo, namaphephandaba angcolisayo, ukumisa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwangaphambili kungokungavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni. Lesi simiso saphinde saphinda saqalwa ku-ke ku-New York Times. Co. United States (118], iPentagton Page Cap, lapho inqaba khona ukukhishwa kwezincwadi zempi ye-Vietnam.

Iphephandaba futhi lithola isivikelo esikhethekile emthetho wokuhlambalaza. kuNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964]), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi azinakuthola umonakalo wokuhlambalaza ngaphandle kokuba zifakazele ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza izinkulumo zamanga ngengozi yangempela .] Ulwazi lokuthi loludaba lwalungamangalela iqiniso layo. Lendinganiso yadluliselwa kubantu abaphethe Curtis Popublication Co. v. Butts[FLD:] [197]] futhi inikeza indawo ebanzi yokugxeka izikhulu zomphakathi nezindaba ezikhathalela umphakathi.

Ezinye izivikelo zezindaba zihlanganisa:

  • Access enkantolo [: Umhleli unelungelo elifanele lokungenela ukuqulwa kwecala kanye nezinye izikhankaso zokwahlulela, eziqashelwa ku Richmond Maphephandaba, Inc. v. Virginia (1980).
  • Ukuvikelwa kwemithombo eyimfihlo[: Nakuba kungephelele, izifunda eziningi zinemithetho evikela izintatheli ekuphoqelekeni ukuba zembule imithombo eyimfihlo ezimweni eziningi.
  • ukukhululeka enkokhisweni yentela esekelwe ekuqukethe: Uhulumeni angaphoqelela intela ekhethekile ephepheni noma izisulu zezincwadi ezithile ezikhethekile zokuphathwa kwentela okuhlukile.

Nokho, inkululeko yokunyathelisa ayilinganiselwe. Izindaba zihlala zingaphansi kwemithetho evamile yokungavumelani, kuhlanganise nemithetho enqabela ukuphambana komgunyathi, ukweqa umthetho, nokweba.

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa

Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula livikela ikhono labantu lokuhlanganisa ndawonye ngenjongo yokusho. Leli lungelo libalulekile ekubutheni kwezombangazwe, ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, nasebuthweni. Ilungelo lokuhlangana lihlobene eduze nenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaliqaphela njengelungelo eliyisisekelo elidingekayo ekusebenziseni ezinye iziNkathi Zokuqala.

Ilungelo lokuhlangana lisebenza emibuthanweni eminingi, ehlanganisa ukubhikisha kwezombangazwe, izinkonzo zenkolo, ukuqashwa kwezisebenzi, imihlangano yeqembu lezokuhlalisana kanye nemikhosi yamasiko. Imfuneko eyinhloko iwukuthi umhlangano ube nokuthula, ilungelo alidluliseli emibuthanweni ehilela ubudlova noma ukusongela umphakathi ngokushesha.

Nakuba uhulumeni engenakuyinqabela imihlangano esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni, ingabeka imingcele enengqondo yesikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokulawula izinqubo zemihlangano yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lidinge imvume yokuhlanganisa izimoto, ukumisa imithetho yomsindo ukuze kuvikelwe izindawo zokuhlala, noma ukubekwa kwezindawo ezizungeze izikole nezindlini zenkantolo. Nokho, imingcele enjalo kumelwe ifakwe ngokungenamdlandla, ilungiswe ngokulinganiselwe, futhi ishiye ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ezifanele.

Izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokuhlangana zihlanganisa:

  • Deme Jonge v. Oregon (1937): INkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lokuhlangana njengelungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iqeda ukuqiniseka kokuhlanganyela emhlanganweni weQembu lamaKhomanisi.
  • [ACP v. Alabama [1958]: Ukuvikela amalungu e-NAACP kuvela ku-station, eqaphela ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa ukuba amalungu enhlangano athule ilungelo lokuhlangana nokuhlangana.
  • Gregory v. Chicago [1969]: Yaqinisa ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula ngisho nalapho ibhekene nokuphikiswa okunonya. INkantolo yagumbuqela ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo abantu ababoshwa lapho isixuku siqala ukungalawuleki, siphethe ukuthi abashushisi bamademoni abanakujeziswa ngenxa yezenzo zabaphikisi.
  • I-National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977]): Esinqumweni esaphikiswayo, iNkantolo yavikela ilungelo lama-Nazi okuhamba emphakathini nabasinda ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe abaningi, iphethe ukuthi ukuhlasela kukodwa akunakuthethelela ukuvimbela umhlangano onokuthula.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo livumela abantu ukuba bakhononde, bafune usizo, noma basekele ushintsho lwenqubo ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso. Lelilungelo liphakathi kwamalungelo entando yeningi amadala kakhulu e-anglo-American egunya lombuso wentando yeningi eMagna Carta neSigqizi seManglay Amalungelo Amalungelo Ka 1689. I-Liceplo Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usaqhubeka usabela kubantu ababusayo.

Ukunxusa kuhlanganisa izinto eziningi ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa:

  • Amacala amangalelayo kuhulumeni noma kumalungu azimele ukuze afune amakhambi angokomthetho.
  • Ukuthola izishaya-mthetho nezikhulu eziphethe zegatsha ukusekela noma ukuphikisa umthetho.
  • Ukusayina nokufaka izicelo ezinkampanini zikahulumeni noma ezinhlanganweni.
  • [ Ukuhlolwa [ ekwahluleleni komphakathi nasemicimbini yemithetho.
  • Izinhlamvu ezibhalwe phansi, ukuthumela ama-imeyili, noma ukwenza izingcingo kuziphathimandla ezikhethiwe.
  • [ Izilinganiso ze-colletiat nama-astendendum ezisho ezivumela ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yalivikela ngokungaguquguquki ilungelo lokunxusa, ngisho nalapho isicelo sihilela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni noma izimbangela ezingathandwayo. United States v. Cruikshank (1876), iNkantolo ichaza ilungelo lokunxusa njengemfanelo yesizwe evikela ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa ilungelo lokufaka eSikhundleni sokulungisa izikhalo. NAICP v. [1963]), iNkantolo ivikela inqubo yesizwe yokucela amalungelo esizwe efuna amalungelo abantu ngenxa yokumangalelwa, iphethe ukuthi ukufakwa kwecala kuyisimo sezombangazwe nokuvikela intethelelo yokuqala.

Nokho, ilungelo lokucela linemingcele ebalulekile. Isicelo asikuvikeli ukunxusa okungagunyazi okusetshenziselwa ukuhlukumeza noma ukulimaza abanye, futhi uhulumeni angajezisa abantu abafaka amacala angenangqondo noma abasho amanga ngamabomu ekuqulweni kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungelo lokucela alifuni ukuba uhulumeni anikeze usizo oluceliwe ($) kuphela ukuzwa nokucabangela isikhalo ngokholo oluhle.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyaqhubeka sidala impikiswano enkulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha nezimo zezenhlalo kuvivinya imingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinombolo

Ukuvela kwezindawo zezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwaveza amathuba okuveza anzima kakhulu kuyilapho kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokuphathelene nobukhulu beSichibiyelo sokuqala ezikhaleni ze-metagic. Izinkampani zomuntu siqu njenge Facebook, Twitter, ne-YouTube zilinganisela izinto ezisezitejini zazo ngokwezimfuneko zenkonzo, eziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi lezi ziteshi kufanele ziphathwe njengabadlali bamazwe ababhekene nemingcele yeSichibiyelo sokuqala. Umthetho wamanje umi ukuthi izinkampani ezizimele zingakhetha ukulinganisela ngokwezilinganiso zazo, nakuba izimpikiswano eziphathelene neSigaba sama-Deccency Act nomthetho wesikhululo ziqhubeka ziguqulwa.

Zonda Inkulumo Nenkulumo Enzima

Ukucindezela phakathi kokuvikela ukugqashuka ngokukhululekile nokulwa nobandlululo nokuhlukunyezwa kuhlala kukubi kakhulu emakolishi. Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo enenzondo nehlazo ezimweni eziningi, amayunivesithi kumelwe alinganisele lesivikelo ezibophweni zawo ngaphansi kweSihloko seSivumelwano seSi - VI soMthetho wezemfundo ukuze alondoloze izindawo ezifundisayo ezingenakho ukuhlukunyezwa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi abafundi emayunivesithi omphakathi bathola isivikelo esiphelele seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa izikole zingasekela inkulumo ewusongo lweqiniso, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukugqugquzela ubudlova.

Imithetho yokukhuluma ejezisa ukucwasa kwenkulumo ngokuvamile iye yahlatshwa phansi njengemibhoshongo noma efiphele kakhulu, kodwa amayunivesithi angamukela isikhathi sombono wemibono, indawo, nezimiso zendlela futhi angayala abafundi ukuba baziphathe, ngokuphambene nenkulumo, okuphula imithetho yokuhlukumeza. Impikiswano ngenkulumo yasesikoleni iyaqhubeka ishintsha, ezinye izizwe zimisa umthetho odinga amayunivesithi omphakathi ukuba athole isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Imali Njengenkulumo

Ukuqaphela kweNkantolo Ephakeme ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali ukuze usekele noma uphikise abameleli bezombangazwe kuhlanganisa inkulumo evikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala kuhlala kungesinye sezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu nomthetho-mthetho. Kuqala Buckley v. Valeo[ futhi kuqhubeke [[[FLT:]] i-CIIN] i-United [F].FEC[FLT] [2010] [2010] [0] futhi [[FLT] [imvun.].FECCP[FLT][5] [20] [0] futhi iNkathi imingcele yeze imingcele yezentengo yezentengo yeze yezengongongongo yezombangazwe, uma kuviwe ukusekela ukusekela kwemigomo kwezombangazwe kwezombangazwe.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nemithetho Yokumelana Nezingxabano

Impi phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nempi yokunqanda ukuhlukana iye yabangela ukuncitshiswa okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Icala elihilela ukukhulula kwenkolo ezinkonzweni zomshado ezihlangene nobulili obufanayo, izimfuneko zokuvala inzalo, neLGBTQ ilwin-discrination liye lavivinya imingcele ye-Free Execle Clausle and RFRA. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FL:0] Amacatecshop, Ltd. v. Coloradovin Rights Commoradom Commission[[[FLT:] (20:8)) igwema imingcele yokuthi yini abanqabi benkoloyo benqabe inkonzo efanayo yemibhangqwana ehlukene, esikhundleni sokubusa [indawo enciphile. impikiswano iyaqhubeka futhi iyaqhubeka incishisiwe ezinkantolo ezinkantolo ezikhundleni.

Isiqondiso Esisebenzayo Sokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sokuqala akuyona nje indlela yemfundo. Ukwazi amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi nasekuvikeleni lawomalungelo lapho ephikiswa. Nakhu ukucabangela okusebenzayo kokusebenzisa inkululeko ngayinye kwezinhlanu:

  • Speech: Khumbula ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni engakwazi ukucubungula inkulumo yakho ezimweni eziningi, izinhlangano ezizimele ezinjengobaqashi, amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, namayunivesithi angasese angabeka imingcele yazo. Imingcele kahulumeni kumele ifinyelelwe ngokomthetho futhi ilungiswe kancane, kodwa awunalo ilungelo lokukhuluma embonini yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo.
  • Inkolo[: Unelungelo lokuqhuba inkolo yakho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni, kodwa ukuziphatha okungokwenkolo kungaphansi kwemithetho engathathi-hlangothi, evame ukusebenza. Uma umthetho uthwesa kakhulu ukusebenza kwakho okungokwenkolo, ungafuna ukukhululeka ngaphansi kwemithetho yenkululeko yenkolo ye-RFRA noma yesizwe.
  • Izindawo[: Izindaba zijabulela isivikelo esinamandla ekuvimbeleni kwangaphambi kanye nokuhlanjalazwa, kodwa izintatheli azinalo ilungelo elikhethekile lokuthola impahla kahulumeni ngaphezu kwaleyo eyanikezwa umphakathi ovamile. Izintatheli zingadingeka ukuba zifakazele ngomsebenzi wobugebengu eziwufakazelayo, futhi zingaphansi kokuphambana okuvamile nemithetho yangasese.
  • [ [: Ungahlela futhi uhlanganyele ekubhikisheni okunokuthula nasemibhikishweni ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni, kodwa ungadinga imvume yokuhlanganisa imibuthano emikhulu ethinta ukuphepha kwezimoto noma komphakathi. Qaphela ukuthi uhulumeni angabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nemithetho ebekelwe imingcele, kodwa angeke akhethe ngokusekelwe esigijimini sakho.
  • Isicelo : Unelungelo lokukhuluma nezikhulu zikahulumeni ngezikhalo noma ngenkambiso ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso. Lelilungelo linwebela ekuhlawuliseni, ekungeniseni, nasekunikezeni iziphetho ezihlongozayo. Uhulumeni kumelwe acabangele isicelo sakho kodwa akudingeki ukunikeza usizo olucelayo.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sokuqala simelela isibopho esiphawulekayo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesimiso sokuzilawula sentando yeningi. Inkululeko yayo emihlanu (inkululeko, inkolo, imithombo yezindaba, imihlangano, nesicelo) hlela izimo zomphakathi izakhamuzi ezingazicabangela kuwo, zigxeke abaholi bazo, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zibeke uhulumeni icala. Ukuqonda izinga namathuba alenkululeko yentando yeningi akubalulekile ekuvikeleni izithakazelo zakho kuphela kodwa ekufezeni imithwalo yakho njengesakhamuzi efunda ibhukwini lomthetho.

Nakuba imingcele eqondile yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala iqhubeka iguquka ngokubekwa kwemithetho nomthetho, izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zikhona: uhulumeni ungase ungawahloli amazwi asekelwe embonweni wawo, angase angasunguli noma athande noma iyiphi inkolo, futhi kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo abantu okuqoqa, ukukhuluma, nokunxusa koshintsho. Ngokuqonda lezizimiso kanye nendikimba ecebile yomthetho wendaba ozichazayo, abantu bangasebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokuqiniseka nangokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, i-Cornell Information Institute inikeza imithombo eminingi, futhi i-American Liberties Union [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwezindaba zenkululeko yokukhuluma ne-ligita. Isikhungo se-Free Speach Specity e Central Tennessee State University [ ilondoloza i-datator yamandla egcwele yezehlakalo oluqalayo nemisebenzi yemfundo.