I - Bill of Rights (1791)

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ezaziwa njengeSikhathi samalungelo abantu, zimelela isiqinisekiso esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nokuphambana kukahulumeni. Ziqiniswa ngo-1791, lezi zinguquko zaziwumphumela oqondile wezicelo ze-Anti-Federalist phakathi nempikiswano yokuhlobanisa. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabaza uhlu olunjalo, wamisa iziphakamiso ezisekelwe ekuhlongozeni kwezwe ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwesivumelwano somhlangano kanye nezincwadi zokuqala zesiNgisi ezifana neSigqi seSibalo samaLungelo samaZwe. Umthetho wokuqala wawusuphethe isivikelo esithile kakade njenge-writ of habeas pus ezikweletaneni zokuthola izikweleta zemali. Kodwa abagxeki abathiwenzi babethi izikhangiso ezisemthethweni ukuze kuvinjelwe iziphakashalo ezintsha ezisemhlanganweni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Phakathi noMhlangano we-Philadelphia we-1787, abakhi be-radiation abahlanganisanga incwadi yamalungelo, bekholelwa ukuthi imibuso yoMthetho-sisekelo ebekwe ilinganiselwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusilela kwaba yindawo yomhlangano kwabaphikisi abanjengoGeorge Mason noPatrick Henry. EMassachusetts, eVirginia, nase New York, i-ratiationation yagcinwa kuphela ngokuqonda ukuthi izinguquko ziyokwenezelwa ngokushesha. UMamdison, ngemva kokuphikisa lomqondo, washintshwa futhi waqondisa inguquko phakathi kweSishaya-Ngqungquthela Sokuqala. NgoDecember 1791, ezintathu kwezinethi ezintathu zamazwe zagunyaza i-mendmentations eziyishumi kuphela (engxenye yenhlangano eyodwa nengqungquthelana) akuzange kukhokhelwe i-1970.

Izivikelo Zommbila

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: sivikela inkululeko yenkolo, inkulumo, ukudayisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo. Sivimbela ukumiswa kwenkolo yesizwe futhi sivikela ilungelo lokukhulekela ngokuvumelana nonembeza : /_ukusuka okukhulu emasontweni aseYurophu.
  • ISichibiyelo esihlangene: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo, elisekelwe esidingweni sobuso obulawulwa kakhulu. Ukuchaza kwayo kuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zanamuhla.
  • Isichibiyeli sonyaka: sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, okudinga iziqondiso ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. Lesi simiso siye sadluliselwa ekubosheni izintambo, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, futhi imoto iyanqamuka phakathi kwemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • "Izichibiyelo ze-Enshrine] ezilungile ( amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala (izigebengu) , isivikelo ezingozini ezimbili, ilungelo lokuthula, inqubo efanele, imbuyiselo yokuthatha, ukulingwa okusheshayo nomphakathi, ukuphikisana kofakazi, usizo lwezeluleko, kanye nesivikelo ekujezisweni konya nokungajwayelekile.
  • Izimemezelo ze-Prefect: zisho ukuthi uhlelo lwamalungelo athile aluphiki amanye agcinwe abantu, nokuthi amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ugcinelwe imibuso noma abantu.

Ukuhlolwa: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Kahulumeni

Ngokwesiqalo, iSigqi Samalungelo sasebenza kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku Barron v. Baltimore[[FL:1] yaqinisekisa lokhu kulinganiselwa. Ngemva kweMpi Yomphakathi, iSiphendulo se 145 seSimo sika-Claus saba imoto ye- “incorporation" — ukusebenza okungakhethi kweZivikelo zelungelo ezizweni. Ngonyaka wamashumi amabili [ikhulu leminyaka], iNkanto efaka cishe zonke izivumelwano: inkululeko ([[[FLT]]]]] [FFFFFF]]], vFFF3], uqobo, u-194], uqobo, [Fog.[10], u-R.[10][4], u-X.[4], u-ose-evide, u-phaka, u-phakahd ,[4],[4],[4],[10], i-kanye i-Exvoluv], i-kanye, i-[f.

Iziphetho Zempi Yombango (1865 - 1870)

Ukuphela kweMpi Yombango kwaletha inguquko engokomthetho-mthetho. IziNguqulo zeshumi nane, neshumi elinesihlanu ngokulandelana zazibizwa ngokuthi iziHlanziso zeMpi Yombango noma iMpi Yombango (iziphendu), zabangela ukuba ilungiselelo lobugqila liphinde lisungulwe futhi lihloselwe ukusungula inkululeko. Bobabili bachaza kabusha ubuhlali, isivikelo esilinganayo, namalungelo okuvota, nakuba isithembiso sabo sasizothatha elinye ikhulu leminyaka ukuba sigcwaliseke.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865)

I-Instrument yamiswa ngo-December 1865, iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila “ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu lapho lowo mphini ebekwe khona icala.” Kwakuwushintsho lokuqala lomthetho-sisekelo lokwandisa ngokuqondile inkululeko yomuntu kusukela eSigqeni samalungelo abantu. ISichibiyelo sagunyaza futhi ukuphoqelela ilungiselelo laso ngokuphoqelela“imithetho esemthethweni,” amandla asetshenziswa kamuva eMthethweni Wamalungelo Omthetho we-Cvini Amalungelo abantu ka-1866 kanye noMthetho we-Antibrionpeagit ka-1866. Kodwa“ i-agnomenti" yayizosetshenziswa kabi yimibuso yaseNingizimu ngecala i-lrenteting nemithetho ka-Jim Crow, futhi ngokuphumelela iqhubekisela phambili imisebenzi yayo ngokugqizwa kwesijeziso sesijeziso sezelele sobugebengu kuphela ngokukhishwa ngokucandayo nomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868)

Mhlawumbe ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sanikeza “ubuzwe babantu abazelwe noma abangokwemvelo e-United States,” kuhlanganise nalezo zigqila, futhi enqatshelwa ukuvimbela“ amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi,” ukuphuca noma ubani “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho,” noma ukuphika“ ukuvikelwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho.”

  • Isizwe esifanele sokuzalwa (esiqinisekiswe [] United States v. Wong Kim Ark[, 1898])
  • [ Ukuhlanganiswa kweBhili lamaLungelo (njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla)
  • Isimiso sesivikelo esifanayo[ ekukhetheni ubandlululo lobuhlanga (] Barn v. Ibhodi yemfundo, 1954], ubandlululo lweze ubulili ([]Reed v. Reed, 1971]), kanye nomshado ofanayo ([6]Obergefell v. Hodges[FLD:7]], 2015]
  • Inqubo efanele izivikelelo zokwethukela kanye nokuzimela komzimba ( Roe v. Wade, 1973; kamuva yabekwa ku-] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization , 2022]

ISigaba 3 SeSichibiyelo esisusa abavukeli ekuthatheni isikhundla, savuselelwa ekhulwini lama - 20 76 lokuqala ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokufaneleka kowayenguMongameli uDonald Trump ngemva kokuhlasela iCapitol ngoJanuary 6.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870)

ISichibiyelo sokugcina seReconstructs samemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota “lingeke liphiwe noma livinjelwe yi-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili.” Saphawula isiqinisekiso sokuqala somthetho-sisekelo samalungelo okuvota. Nokho, iSichibiyelo asizange sinikeze ilungelo eliphelele lokuvota; izimemezelo zokuphonsa ukuphoqelela ukuvota; amazwe aqhubeka efaka ukuhlolwa kokufunda, intela yokukhokha intela, kanye nokwesatshiswa ngobudlova. INkantolo ePhakathi e eUnited States v. [[FLT: 1] [1876] ukugcinwa kokugcinwa kwesivumelwano somthetho wobandlululo 76] ukuvinjelwa kokungabekelwelwe yisinqumo kuphela imingcele ecacile, hhayi imingcele yokungathathiwe hlangothini. Imithetho ka-voptic i-196565656.

IZichibiyelo ZeNkathi Eqhubekayo (1913 - 1920)

INkathi Ehamba Phambili yaletha igagasi lezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ezaziklanyelwe ukwenza uhulumeni asabelele ngokwengeziwe nokusingatha ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nokwezomnotho. Phakathi kuka - 1913 no - 1920, izinguquko ezine zagunyazwa, ngasinye sibonisa ukholo lwalenkathi ekubusweni ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile nasemandleni kahulumeni okulawula.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha (1913) – Intela Yentela Yesifunda

Ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme v. Abalimi bavumela iKhonthi yeLoan & Trust Co. (1995]) ukulahla intela yeholo kahulumeni njengentela eqondile engathunyelwanga, abaguquli basunduzela ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo. ISivumelwano seSiphakamiso seSikhulu sekhulu Seshumi Nesithupha ukuba sigunyaze iMnyango wentela “kunoma yimuphi umthombo ovela, ngaphandle kokwabelana phakathi kwamaZwe amaningana.” Lokhu kulungisa indlela yentela yanamuhla eqhubekela phambili nenzuzo kahulumeni esetshenziselwa ukuxhasa izinhlelo zezenhlalo, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, izinkonzo, izikhungo, nokuvikela izwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili (1913) – Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabaphathi

Ngaphambili, izinyunyana zase-U.S. zazikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, umkhuba obhekwa njengokhohlakele nowezigebengu. Umzwelo okhulayo wezikhulu wafuna ukuba izinyunyana ziphendule ngokuqondile kumavoti. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth esilungiselelwe ukukhethwa okuthandwayo kwabasizi be-senamente, sinciphisa ithonya lemishini yeqembu kanye nezithakazelo zenkampani. Saguqula futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni neSigelethi, nakuba abagxeki bethi salulaza ukumelela kwamazwe esimisweni sombuso.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalombili (1919) – Isigwebo

I - ratiation yakhishwa ngo-191973 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1920, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo savimbela ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala obudakayo e-United States. Kwakuwukunqoba kwenhlangano elawulayo, eyayibheka utshwala njengomthombo wobumpofu, ubugebengu, nokuwohloka kwemikhaya. Nokho, iProhibition yabonakala ingathandwa kakhulu, yabangela ukuthengiswa kobumgunyathi, futhi yabangela ubugebengu obuhleliwe.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 (1920) – Ukuthunga Kwabesifazane

Isiphetho somzabalazo weminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba senqabela ukunqatshelwa ilungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobulili. asizange ngokuzenzakalelayo] kuwena wonke abesifazane abanombala (_abesifazane abaningi abanombala), ikakhulukazi abesifazane boMdabu base-America nase-Asia, bahlala bengakhishwa eminye imithetho, kodwa babeka indinganiso yesizwe. ISichibiyelo samandla afanayo aveza iSiphendulo seshumi Nesihlanu, futhi ukudluliswa kwaso kwadinga umzamo omkhulu wezombangazwe: u-93byte samazwe amacala ahlukene, ukungalaleli, ukungalaleli kwesizwe, kanye nethonya leMpi Yezwe I.

Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Omphakathi (1950s -1960)

I - Civil Rights Movement, eholwa amanani anjengoMartin Luther King Jr., uRosa Parks, nabashisekeli bendawo abaningi, bachitha ukwahlukana okungokomthetho futhi bathola isivikelo sikahulumeni ngokuvota, izindlu, nomsebenzi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Esinqumweni esivumelanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kweJaji eliPhakeme u-Earl Warren yamemezela ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungenakulinganiswa ngokwemvelo, kuphulwa iSivikelo sika-Claus weSichibiyelo se-14th. INkantolo yagumbuqela imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elingana” ku Pnety v. [186] [186]). Nakuba ukusungula inguquko kwakuhamba kancane futhi kwahlangatshezwa ngokumelene okukhulu − hlanganise“ i-Southern Confido" kanye nokuphikiswa kobudlova [[FLT] Brown[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wophawu wezwe onqabela ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yezwe. Wawuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zomphakathi ezindlini (izitolo zokudlela, imidlalo yaseshashalazini), ukwenqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, futhi waqinisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo okugunyazwa kwezindawo zokuvota. UMthetho we-Act wabekwa egunyeni likaKhomishane ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus (Isihloko II) neSimemezelo se-145th (I-Tit VII). Ilungiselelo lawo lobulili obungavumelani, lanezelwa njengesethutho seqhinga labaphikisi, laba yithuluzi elinamandla lokulingana kwabesifazane.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Ngemva kuka-1946 “Ihlobo” kanye nokuhlasela okunonya kwabamasheshi eSelma, e-Alabama, uMongameli uLyndon Johnson wakhuthaza ukuba kufakwe umthetho wokuvota. UMthetho wehlisa ukuhlolwa kwamalungelo abantu abafundile, walungiselela ukuqondisa uhulumeni ukubhaliswa kwevoti ezindaweni eziphethe umlando wobandlululo, futhi kwadingeka izinguquko ekutholeni imithetho yokuvota ezindaweni ezifihliwe ukuze kuthathwe “ukuvela” kuMnyango Wezobulungisa. Inkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho [[FLT: 0] i-South Carolina v. Katzenbach[FLT] [196] [196]. Ngo-2013, iNkawundlu yenkantolo ithathe isinqumo [FL:] i-County.[FLT]

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Nokuzala

Nakuba kungesona isici sokulungisa, ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuvimbela imicimbi yangasese lavela phakathi nalenkathi. Growold v.Connecticut [1965], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathola “imfihlo” eBill of Rights evikele imibhangqwana eshadile ekuvimbeleni ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] ichaza impi yokukhishwa kwezisu. [[FLT][FLT][FLT][6] [2] [[FLT]] [7] [inhlangano yeze-OMhlawulo], eyaqaphela ukuthi owesifazane unelungelo lokuqeda ukukhulelwa.[FT] [FT] [5] [5] [emperg.Nkahlulo [10]

Ukwandisa Ukukhululeka Kumuntu Ngamunye Ekhulwini Lamashumi Amabili

Ngisho nangemva kwe - Civil Rights Era, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqhubeka icwengisisa futhi yandisa isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zenkululeko yokukhuluma, inqubo yobugebengu, nenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Inkululeko Yokuqala Yesichibiyelo Enkathini Yanamuhla

IWarren neBurger Courts zanikeza isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile emazwini angokomfanekiso ( Tinker v. Des Moines[FL:1]], 1969, ivikela izikhali njengenkulumo yezombangazwe, umkhankaso wokuchitha (nakuba kamuva kuphikisana, [[FLT:]]] Buckley v. Valeo[, 1976, wakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali kuyinkulumo, futhi ngempela, cishe zonke izinhlobo zokukhuluma ngaphandle kwenhlamba, ukuhlamba, nokukhuthaza. [[FLT:]]] . [FLT]]][FLT]][FLT] [FLT]] [5:]]0], iNkakhululo lweNkathi yemithetho evimbela ukuncishiswa kwezombangazwe, futhi izingxoxo zezombangazwe ezihlangene.

Ukuvukela Kwesigebengu

Kusukela Mapp v.O. (1961) — eyasebenzisa umthetho wokususa ezifundeni — futhi imanda v. Arizona (1966], eyayidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusolwa kwamalungelo awo okuthula neseluleko, iNkantolo yashintsha indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo nezakhamuzi. Lemithetho, nakuba iphikisana, iye yaba nesisekelo sesivikelo sesihlanu neSichibiyelo seSitha. I-“Miranda" iye yaba i-stemment ejwayelekile, nakuba izimo zamuva zilinganiselwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili Namalungelo Ezibhamu

Emlandweni ka-1980, lapho iSichibiyelo Sesibili sichazwa njengelungelo elihlangene elihlangene nenkonzo yamabutho. Lokho kwashintsha i-Dialiation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isho ukuthi iSichibiyelo sivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nento yokuzigoma ngaphakathi ekhaya. Mcmoneld v. (2010) ifaka i-galelo lesinqumo ngokumelene nezifundazomthetho. Izinqumo zecala ezithiwayo, njenge Ezweni i-Roflefleverse. [FLT] v[FLD][FFF][5] [202]], isungulectennsts projectivesssmentedment, i-factivessmentedmentation, i-factivesmentmentsment, i-factrigistnation, ehlelwe ngokukancane

Impikiswano Yomthetho - sisekelo Wanamuhla (2000/Presenter)

Ikhulu lama-2024 lamakhulu okuqala liye laletha amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ezindaweni ezintsha: izinto zobuchwepheshe, ukulingana kwe-LGBTQ, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka. Lezimpikiswano zibonisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokusabela ezimisweni zomphakathi ezishintshayo zobuchwepheshe.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nokulingana Komshado

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokucindezelwa, iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ukuphila futhi uthanda abantu abangongqingili. Lawrence v. Texas (2003), yalahla imithetho ye-sodomas njengephula umthetho wenkululeko ngaphansi kwe-Sect Process Claus. [[FLT:]] United States v. [[FLT][FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]] [2013]) yalulaza i-Devisiwe i-Desectal Act, [[FLT] v]. Hodgg.[FLT][5] [iright:5] [icektions progreadsssss progreadssssstions progrem] izimotives ze-ligic (ivom] izimo ze-Cestimulationssssssssss) ezilandelayo, futhi i-acimanediase, isebenzisa isimo

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine efuna imvume enengqondo nesekelwe entweni okungenzeka iye yahlolwa ngobuchwepheshe obusha. Riley v. California[ (2014, iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awafuni ukuthi angakwazi ukuphenya izinto eziqukethwe yi-tec cell cell nocingo ngaphandle kwemvume. [Umthetho]] I-Cardenter v. United States (2088) yandisa leyo khono efuna ulwazi lwe-cellmasollation, yaqaphela ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba bathule ngasese kuyo yonke inqubo yabo engokoqobo. Lezi zinqunulo zisikisela ukuthi iNkamelo yemithetho esemthethweni ivumelanisa ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zezibalo, nakuba imibuzo eminingi efuna ulwazi, nokukhanyisa.

Ukugonywa Nemingcele Yamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo ubusa futhi ukuphatha kwezomuntu ongeyena u-1982. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi ngisho nabafuduki abangagunyaziwe banelungelo lokuveza inqubo efanele nesivikelo esifanayo kwezinye izimo. Plyler v. Doe (19982] [i-awuwuphula umthetho wase-Texas onqabela imfundo yomphakathi ukuba ingabhalwanga abantwana, bethi abantwana abamsulwa futhi benqaba imfundo ingadala ukuvinjelwa okuhlala njalo ngaphansi kwesigaba. [[FLTLT:]]Trump v., 2018]), u-2018, kodwa ngemva kweNkanto eqinile futhi benqaba ukubuza umongameli i-DA.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Onganqunywanga

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo akusona isiqephu esivaliweyo kodwa ukulandisa okuqhubekayo okulolongwe ngokuthembisana kwesizukulwane ngasinye nencwadi yokusungula. Kusukela kuyiBill of Rights kuya kwiZichibiyelo zeMpi Yabantu, kusukela kwiNkathi Eqhubekekayo kuya kwi-Civil Rights Movement, nakunkathi ye-accommetics, amaMelika aye achaza ngokuphindaphindiwe uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba andise inkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa. Okunye ukukhula kuye kwadabuka kabuhlungu, kwagoqwa, noma kwaphikiswa kakhulu (*) ukuphakazelwa kwecala Roe v. Wade.[, ukuncishintshwa kwesivikelo sokuvota, nokuphikisana ngezenzo zokuvota.

Ukuqonda lezi zenzakalo eziyingqophamlando kubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela njengendaba yolwazi olungokomlando kodwa njengesiqondiso sabasekeli besikhathi esizayo nezakhamuzi. Umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo uhlala ungashintshi kakhulu, kodwa injongo yawo yokuphila nokuphefumula ngokulungisa, ukuchaza kokwahlulela, umthetho, nokulwa kwezenhlalo. Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha . "ukuhlakanipha okungasungulwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, i-ibersecurity"." Ukuhlola kwaseMelika kungaphinde kuvivinye ukuthi umthetho wesizwe esihlukene futhi onamandla ungawavikela yini amalungelo ezwe.