Kubantu abashadile abangababaleki nabafuna isikhoselo, ilungelo lokushada aliyona nje indlela enzima yokuvikela ngokomthetho, ubunye bomkhaya, nokuzinza ezweni eliyikhaya. Kodwa embulungeni yonke, lemibhangqwana ibhekene noxhaxha lwemingcele engokomthetho engabambezela, enzima, noma evimba ngokuphelele ikhono layo lokuhlela ubuhlobo bayo. Ekulahlekelweni kwezincwadi nemithetho evimbelayo yokuhlala eqinile nokungalawuli imithetho engokomthetho, ukuvimbela ibhodlela, izithiyo, izithiyo ziyaqina. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokushada, ababaleki nabafuni bezindawo zokukhosela izimoto, ngokuvamile abaphucwale ekulahlekelweni izinzuzo eziyingozi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, amafa, ukukhubazeka komkhaya, ukuncintisana kwezimo ezingokomthetho, ukungqubuzana kwemikhaya yabo, ukuguquguquka kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa imishadolo, ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho, ukuvuselelwa kwezindlela zokuhlala phambili, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo ezindaweni ezifanele ukudlulayo zonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukudlula, ukudlula kwazo.

Ukuqonda Indawo Ephakeme Engokomthetho Yababaleki Nabafuni Be - Asylmum

Abafuni Be - Asylmum

Ababaleki nabafuni bezikhundla banezimo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho, ezithinta ngokuqondile amalungelo abo omshado. ungumuntu onikezwa isivikelo ngaphansi kwe-FLT:1] ngaphansi kwe- 1951 Refugees Convention ngenxa yokwesaba okusungulwe kahle koshushiso ezweni lakubo. [[FLD:]] aslyum archer [ oweqa izwe lakhe futhi osebenziselwe isikhundla sababaleki kodwa ongakatholi sinqumo sokugcina. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi amazwe amaningi angenisa umshado ubophe imvume yokuhlala noma ukufuduka ngokomthetho. Nakuba ngokuvamile ababaleki beye baqaphela isimo esingokomthetho esivumela izinqubo zomshado, abafuni bezindawo zokukhoselisa imishado, futhi babhekene nezimo eziqinile, ukulibala, ukunqiniswa kwelungelo lokunga, noma ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuhlala.

Izindinganiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ilungelo lokushada lihlanganiswe emthethweni wezizwe zonke. ISiphakamiso 16 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (UNIversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) sithi “amadoda nabesifazane abaphelele, ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa ngenxa yohlanga, ubuzwe noma inkolo, banelungelo lokushada futhi bathole umkhaya.” Ngokufanayo, iSiphakamiso 23 seNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngamalungelo omphakathi (ICCCPR) siqinisekisa ilungelo lokushada futhi simise ukuthi amazwe kumelwe aqinisekise amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo elinganayo ngenxa yokwakheni. I-5555 Bobaleki ayihloniphi imishadoba, kodwa isivikelo sawo ngenxa yesimo sababaleki (i-Actle 12) sidinga ukuqaphela ubuhlobo bangaphambi kwalokho. Nokho, lezi zinqubo zomhlaba zishiye imibhangqwana engabantu abangavikelekile izivumelwano zemithetho yasekhaya izenza imishadolo.

Ukungezwani Komthetho Ohlanganisa Abantu Nomthetho Womkhaya

Umshado wababaleki nabafuni bezikhoselo uhlala ekwahlukaneni komthetho wezokufuduka nowomkhaya. Amazwe aphethe izivakashi ngokuvamile adinga ubufakazi besikhundla esingokomthetho, indawo yokuhlala, isiqu, kanye nekhono lokushada − izimfuneko okunzima ngazo kubantu abafudukayo ukuhlangana nazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eminingi yamazwe ethutha kwamanye amazwe ayifuni imishado engabhekwa njengemishado ekwazi ukugcinwa isakhiwo esiqinile, okuholela ekuhlolweni okungokwesiko, okuholela ekuhlolweni okungokwengeziwe kwemithetho ye-Catch-22: ukushada, ukuba umbaleki udinga isimo esiqinile; ukuthatha isikhundla esiqinile, umshado ungabhekwa njengowezenziwa ulwe noma ukubuyiselwa komkhaya. Ukungali qophini kudinga kokubili inguquko engokomthetho nokusekela.

Izithiyo Ezikhethekile Ezingokomthetho Ezibhekene Nemibhangqwana Efuna Ababaleki Ne - Asylmu

Imingcele Engabangela Ukuwohloka Komshado

Amazwe aphethe abeka izimpawu ezihlukene ezingahlanganisa ababaleki nabafuna isikhoselo. Imingcele evamile ihlanganisa:

  • Isilinganiso sobudala esiphansi nesikhulu kakhulu[: Ezinye izifundazwe zimisa iminyaka engaphansi ye 18 (noma ephakeme ngemvume yabazali) kodwa futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, zibekela isilinganiso esiphezulu somshado, esingathinta ababaleki asebekhulile.
  • Isibonakaliso sekhono elingokomthetho: Imibhangqwana kumelwe ibonise ukuthi ayikashadi. Ababaleki ababaleka ngaphandle kwemithetho yesehlukaniso noma izitifiketi zokufa komngane womshado olahlekile babhekene nezithiyo zezincwadi ezingalawuleki.
  • Izivumelwano ezihilela izinyunyana ezihilela izizwe: Amazwe ambalwa avimbela ukushada phakathi kwababaleki nezakhamuzi ezihlala abakheli, ngokusobala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa kokufuduka, kodwa izinkambiso ezinjalo zilimaza imibhangqwana ngokungenakulinganiswa.
  • [ Ukukhishwa komshado ongokobulili obufanayo: Emazweni amaningi agcwele, imibhangqwana exhunyiwe, imibhangqwana efanayo (noma ababaleki noma abantu besizwe) ayikwazi ukushada, iphoqelela i-LGBTQ+ ababaleki ukuba bahlale ebuhlotsheni obungabonakali ngokomthetho ngaphandle kobugovu.

Lemingcele iphikisana ngokuqondile nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezidinga ilungelo lokushada ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa okungenazimiso.

Ummemezelo Nobufakazi Bokuba Ungubani

Mhlawumbe isithiyo esisakazeke kakhulu imfuneko yezincwadi ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile ababaleki nabafuna isiphephelo abangeke bakwazi ukuzenza.

  • Amaza okungena enqanaweni noma amakhadi esizwe okuchaza i-: Kungenzeka ukuthi alahleka, abhidlikile, noma ashiywa ngemuva phakathi nendiza.
  • Izitifiketi zokuzalwa: Ababaleki abaningi bavela emazweni lapho ukubhalisa ukuzalwa kungaphelele noma amabhukwana ashiywe ngesikhathi sokuthatha indawo.
  • Izitifiketi zomshado zangaphambili noma imithetho yesehlukaniso: Uma umuntu ayeshadile ngaphambili, kumelwe afakazele ukuthi umshado uphelile (a) umsebenzi ongase uphele uma izinkantolo noma izimemezelo zokubhalisa zasekhaya zingafinyeleleki.
  • Isibonakaliso sobuzwe noma indawo yokuhlala engokomthetho: Abafuni be-asylmu abafuna ukulinda bangase bantule incwadi engokomthetho efakazela ukuba khona kwabo ngokomthetho ezweni lommemi.

Enye imibhalo − njengeshicelo i-affidavit, izitatimende zofakazi, noma izitifiketi zokubhalisa (akwamukelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi), kushiya imibhangqwana ingenayo ekupheleni kwe-bureaucracy. Amanye amazwe aqale ukwamukela imibhalo ebhaliwe ye-UNHCR njengezinto ezithathelwa indawo, kodwa lomkhuba awuhambi.

Ukuphindela Nokufuduka

Emazweni amaningi, abantu kuphela “abahlala ngokungemthetho” abangashada. Ababaleki abanezimo zesivikelo zesikhashana, abafuni bezikhoselo abalindele izinqumo, futhi labo abanemvume yokungena emakhaya abangase balahlekelwe yilencazelo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, abafuni bezikhoselo kumelwe bafake isicelo semvume ekhethekile yomshado, futhi lenqubo ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, lapho bengase bathuthelwa endaweni ehlukile yokuhlala noma ngisho badingiswe.
  • E - United States, abafuna isiphephelo ngaphandle kokunikeza isiphephelo sokugcina bangase babhekane nezinkinga zokuthola imvume yomshado ezifundazweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi uma bengenayo inombolo yeNsirhelelo Yezenhlalo noma i - ID yezithombe ezithwetshulwe uhulumeni.
  • Emazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi agcwele abantu anjengeLebanon noma iJordan, ababaleki ngokuvamile abanawo amakhaya angokomthetho alinganiselwe, beshada nesizwe (noma ngisho nomunye umbaleki) — ngokuvamile okungenakwenzeka ukungenela ngokomthetho.

Le migoqo eyisisekelo ayivaleli nje kuphela umshado kodwa futhi yakha izisusa zokushada ngokwethukela, okungabhaliswanga ngokomthetho okushiya imibhangqwana ingenazo isivikelo esingokomthetho.

Ukuqashelwa Kwemishado Yesiko Nenkolo

Ababaleki abaningi bangena emishadweni ngokwesiko noma ngokwezenkolo emakamu, emazweni athunyiwe, noma emiphakathini yamakhaya. Ngisho noma lezi zinyunyana zigunyazwe ngokomthetho ezweni lakubo, izifundazwe eziziphethe zingase zenqabe ukuziqaphela, ikakhulukazi uma kungekho ukubhalisa komphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuqaphela, abangane bomshado abakwazi ukuthola amafa, amalungelo efa, noma izinzuzo zezenhlalo. Lendaba ithinta ikakhulukazi abesifazane, abangase bathembele kakhulu ekusekeleni izikhundla ezingokomthetho zezenhlalakahleni ngemva komshado.

Izindleko Nemithwalo Engokwenzuzo

Ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho, izindleko ezingokoqobo zomshado − ukuhumusha izincwadi, ukuhumusha iziphakamiso zomthetho, ukuya ezindaweni zokubhalisa, [1] kungavimbela ababaleki abahlala ebumpofu. Amanye amazwe adinga ukukhishwa kwemigoqo, ukubukeka, noma izingxoxo eziningi, konke okunzima ukuhambisana nezindawo zomshado lapho umuntu esengenamali, engenazo izinto zokuhamba, noma engakwazi ukuthatha isikhathi sokusebenza.

Ithonya Lezithiyo Ezingokomthetho Emikhayani Yababaleki Ne - Asylmus Efuna

Ukulahlekelwa Yisivikelo Esingokomthetho

Ngaphandle komshado oqashelwa ngokomthetho, imibhangqwana yababaleki incishwa amalungelo amaningi imithetho yezwe ewanikeza abangane bayo bomshado.

  • Ukuthola izinzuzo zokunakekelwa kwempilo nokulondeka kwezenhlalo.