Incazelo Yobukhosi: Lokho Obukushoyo Ngezizwe Nabantu

Ubukhosi bungenye yezici eziyisisekelo kakhulu kwezesayensi yezombangazwe, umthetho wezizwe zonke, kanye nohlelo lokubusa kwembulunga yonke. Buchaza igunya lombuso lokuzibusa, ukwenza imithetho yawo, nokulawula indawo yawo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwemibuso engaphandle. Kumazwe, ubukhosi buyinqaba yokuzibusa nokuzinqumela. Kubantu abahlala phakathi kwalezozizwe, buhlela yonke into ngemithetho abayilandelayo ezivikeleni abazitholayo. Ukuqonda lokho ngempela okushiwo yimibuso, indlela eye yaqala ngayo, futhi izinselele ezibhekene nayo emhlabeni wanamuhla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amandla anamandla, ukubusa, ukubusa, kanye nobuhlobo nezizwe zonke.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kobukhosi, ukulandelela umsuka wako ongokomlando, ukuhlola izakhi zako eziyinhloko, nokuhlaziya ukucindezela okubuvivinya ekhulwini lama - 21. Sizohlola indlela ubukhosi obusebenza ngayo, ubuhlobo balo namalungelo abantu, nokuthi ikusasa lingaba namuphi umqondo ohlala njalo osekelwe kulo mqondo ohlala njalo.

Izimiso Zobukhosi Eziyikho

Uma kucatshangelwa incazelo yayo, ubukhosi bubhekisela egunyeni eliphakeme endaweni echazwe. Leligunya liphelele, lokugcina, futhi lizimele. Lisho ukuthi umbuso unamandla okuphelela okunqumela abantu bawo nezwe, nokuthi alikho igunya eliphezulu langaphandle elingaziqeda ngokomthetho lezo zinqumo. Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zezombangazwe nezazi zomthetho ziphikisana ngesimo esiqondile sobukhosi, kodwa eziningi zivumelana ngezici ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ubukhosi bangaphakathi nobukhosi bangaphandle.

Ubukhosi Bangaphakathi

Ubukhosi bangaphakathi buyigunya lombuso lokulawula imingcele yalo. Linamandla okwakha nokumisa imithetho, ukulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuqoqa izintela, ukuqoqa ingcebo, nokuphatha ubulungisa. Lokhu kubusa kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba usebenze njengombusi ongokomthetho wabantu bakhe. Ngaphandle kobukhosi bangaphakathi, umbuso awunakubusa ngokuphumelelayo.

Izakhi eziyinhloko zobukhosi bangaphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo elikhethekile lokukhipha umthetho nokulawula ukuziphatha phakathi kwensimu.
  • Igunya lokumisa nokusebenzisa isimiso sokwahlulela esixazulula izingxabano futhi sijezise ukona.
  • Amandla okukhokha izintela ze - levy nokuphatha izimali zomphakathi.
  • Ikhono lokulondoloza ukulondeka kwangaphakathi ngamaphoyisa nezinye izinhlangano zasekhaya.
  • Ikhono lokuchaza nokuphoqelela ukuba isakhamuzi, ukuhlala, nezimiso zokufuduka.

Uhulumeni obusa ngokuphoqelelwa kuphela ungase ube namandla okwesikhashana, kodwa untula ubukhosi beqiniso obubangelwa ukuqashelwa nokuvunyelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi buvela kubantu, emthethweni, noma emphakathini wezizwe zonke.

Ukubusa Kwangaphandle

Ubukhosi bangaphandle bubhekisela ekuqapheleni ukuzimela kukahulumeni kwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhululeka kwawo ekuphazanyisweni ngaphandle. Lokhu kuvumela isizwe ukuba singene ebuhlotsheni bobuzwe, izivumelwano zezandla, sijoyine izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, futhi sivikele imingcele yaso ekuhlaseleni kwamanye amazwe. Ubukhosi bangaphandle buyisisekelo sesimiso sanamuhla sezizwe zonke, lapho umbuso ngamunye uthathwa njengolinganayo, umshayi we-gallery.

Izici ezibalulekile zobukhosi bangaphandle zihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokuqhuba isimiso sakwamanye amazwe nokumisa izibopho zobudlelwane.
  • Ikhono lokuxoxa nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe.
  • Amandla okulwa nokungenela izibopho.
  • Ukuqashelwa kobuqotho bendawo, imingcele eshoyo ayithandeki.
  • Isimiso sokungaphazamisi ezindabeni zasekhaya zezinye izifunda.

Umqondo wobukhosi bangaphandle waqanjwa nge - Peace of Westphalia ngo - 1648, owamisa isimiso esithi imibuso inegunya elikhethekile endaweni yayo futhi akufanele siphazamise ezindabeni zangaphakathi zezinye izifundazwe.

Ubukhosi Obungokomthetho Bumelene Nobukhosi Bezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kokwehlukana kwangaphakathi, izazi ziyahlukanisa futhi phakathi kobukhosi obungokomthetho nobukhosi bezombangazwe. Ubukhosi obungokomthetho bubhekisela egunyeni elingokomthetho, elingokomthetho lokwenza nokuphoqelela imithetho. Esimisweni sentando yeningi, ubukhosi obungokomthetho buhlala esiGunyeni somthetho noma epalamende. Ngokungafani, ubukhosi bezombangazwe bubhekisela emthonjeni oyinhloko wamandla emphakathini. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, laba abantu ngokwabo, abakhetha abameleli futhi banegunya lokugcina lokuguqula uhulumeni wabo.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuqokomisa umehluko phakathi komuntu onegunya elingokomthetho nonegunya langempela. Umthetho-sisekelo unganikeza iphalamende ubukhosi obungokomthetho, kodwa uma lelophalamende lilawulwa umashiqela noma amandla angaphandle, ubukhosi babantu bezombangazwe buye balulazwa. Ukuqonda lokhu kucindezeleka kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlaziya kokubili imibuso eqinile yentando yeningi nebusa ngempoqo.

Ukuguquka Kobukhosi Okungokomlando

Umqondo wobukhosi ubulokhu ukhona emakhulwini eminyaka, ulolongwa izimpi, inguquko, izinhlangano zefilosofi nokushintshashintsha kwemibuso yomhlaba. Ukuze umuntu aqonde ubukhosi namuhla, kumelwe aqonde ukuthi bavelaphi.

Ukusuka Elungelweni Laphezulu Ukuya Egunyeni Likahulumeni

EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, ubukhosi babuvame ukuqondwa njengobumiswe ngokwaphezulu.amakhosi ayebuswa umusa kaNkulunkulu, futhi igunya lawo lalingabekelwe inselele ngabantu abavamile noma ngisho nesonto ezindabeni eziningi. Inkosi yayingumbusi, futhi izwi layo laliwumthetho. Lombono waqala ukuwohloka phakathi neNguquko neNguquko, njengoba izihlakaniphi njengoJean Bodin noThomas Hobes baqala ukuphikisa ngokuthi ubukhosi babungesona isipho esivela kuNkulunkulu kodwa kwakuyisidingo esiwusizo sokulondoloza ukuhleleka.

Bodin, ebhala ngekhulu le-16, wachaza ukubusa njengegunya eliphelele nelihlala njalo lombuso. Ku Hobbes, ebhala ngekhulu le-17, ubukhosi babuyikhambi lesiyaluyalu sesimo semvelo, lapho ukuphila kwakukude, kumpofu, kungcolile, kunesithukuthezi, futhi kufushane. Abantu banikezela ubukhosi babo ngabanye kuLeviyathani, umbusi ophethe owayezogcina ukuthula. Le miqondo yabeka isisekelo sombuso wanamuhla, lapho ubukhosi bubekwe khona egunyeni eliyinhloko.

Ukuthula KwaseWestphalia Nokuzalwa Kwesizwe

I-Peace of Westphalia, eyasayinwa ngo-1648, ibhekwa kabanzi njengesiqalo sesimiso sanamuhla sezizwe ngezizwe. Izivumelwano ezaqeda iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu zamisa isimiso sokuthi umbuso ngamunye unobukhosi obukhethekile endaweni yawo futhi awuphazanyiswanga ezindabeni zawo zasekhaya. Lokhu kwakuwukusuka okukhulu ohlelweni lwenkathi ephakathi, lapho ukwethembeka kwemibuso, isonto, kanye namakhosi endawo kwadala khona ubukhosi obuyinkimbinkimbi.

IWestphalia yafaka umqondo wokubusa indawo, okusho ukuthi imingcele yemingcele nokuthi umbusi wendawo ugcina ngokusho phakathi kwaleyomingcele. Lesimiso saba isisekelo somthetho wezwe lonke futhi sihlala sisemqoka endleleni imibuso esebenzelana ngayo namuhla. Stford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza ukucaciswa okunegunya kokuthi iWestphalia yawulolonga kanjani umbono wanamuhla wobukhosi.

Ukuphakama Kobukhosi Obuthandwayo

Ukukhanyiselwa kwaletha enye inguquko enkulu: umqondo wokuthi ubukhosi ekugcineni bungabantu, hhayi inkosi. Abacabangi njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho usekelwe evumelweni yababuswayo. Lomqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo waba amandla ashukumisayo ekuvukeleni iMelika neFrance futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye waba yisisekelo senkolelo yentando yeningi.

Ubukhosi obuthandwayo busho ukuthi igunya lombuso lisuka kubantu, futhi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni wabo uma uhluleka ukuvikela amalungelo abo. Lomqondo waguqula incazelo yobukhosi ewukubuswa kombusi ngokuphelele wabuyisa egunyeni elihlanganyelwe lombuso. Kwabangela futhi ukucindezeleka okukhona namuhla: uhulumeni uphethe amandla obukhosi, kodwa lowo mbuso ucatshangelwa ukuthi ukhonza abantu abawumthombo wangempela wobukhosi.

Ubukhosi Esikhathini Sangemva Kwekoloni

Ikhulu lama-20 labhekana nokunye ukuguqulwa kwamazwe e-Asia, e-Afrika, nase-Melika athola inkululeko. Kumazwe ayesanda kukhululwa, ubukhosi babungewona nje umqondo ongokomthetho, kwakuwuphawu olusho okukhulu. Lalimelela ukukhululeka ekubusweni kwamanye amazwe nelungelo lokunquma ikusasa lawo. Isimiso sokuzinqumela, ukumiswa kwemithetho yezwe elihlangene, saba isikhalo sokususa imingcele.

Nokho, ngemva kwezindawo zobukoloni zazivame ukubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu zobukhosi bazo. Imingcele eminingi ezuzwe njengefa ithathwa amakoloni ahlukanisa amaqembu ezinhlanga noma imiphakathi enenzondo. Ukuncika kwezomnotho kubantu ababeyizakhamuzi, ukuphazanyiswa yimibuso emikhulu phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nezinhlangano zezindawo ezibuthakathaka konke kwalulaza ukusetshenziswa kobukhosi obungokoqobo. Igebe phakathi kobukhosi obungokomthetho nokulawula okungokoqobo liseyimpikiswano enzima ezizweni eziningi namuhla.

Ukusebenza Kobubusi

Ukuqonda lezi zilinganiso kusiza ekucaciseni indlela ubukhosi obusebenza ngayo ezweni langempela.

Ubukhosi Obuyinqaba

Ubukhosi be-Tertorial buyisici esiqonde kakhulu. Bubhekisela egunyeni likahulumeni elikhethekile endaweni echazwe kahle, kuhlanganise nezwe lakhe, amanzi angaphakathi, ulwandle, nendawo yomoya. Awukho omunye umbuso ongasebenzisa igunya kuleyo ndawo ngaphandle kwemvume kambusi. Lena isisekelo sesimiso sombuso wanamuhla, lapho imingcele iqashelwa futhi ihlonishwa khona.

Ukungavumelani mayelana nobukhosi bendawo kuphakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu neziyingozi zempi yomhlaba wonke. Uma elinye izwe lithi indawo ilawulwa omunye, isimiso sobuqotho bendawo siphulwa, futhi amathuba empi ayanda. Izimpi eziqhubekayo eUkraine, eSouth China Sea, naseKashmir zonke zigxile ekuncintisaneni nobukhosi bendawo.

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ubukhosi obuthandwayo bubeka umthombo oyinhloko wegunya kubantu.Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo ezakhamuzini zabo futhi kumelwe babuse ngemvume yabo.

Ubukhosi obuthandwayo busikisela futhi ukuthi abantu banelungelo lokumelana noma ukuthatha isikhundla sikahulumeni ohlulekayo ukumelela. Lomqondo usekela ukuguqulwa kwentando yeningi nezinhlangano ezibangela ushintsho lwezombangazwe. Nokho, ubukhosi obuthandwayo bungasetshenziswa. Abaholi abagunyazi bavame ukuthi bathatha isinyathelo egameni labantu kuyilapho becindezela ukuphikisana nokhetho. Igebe phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo nomthetho wentando yeningi liyimpikiswano enkulu kwezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke.

Ubukhosi Bezomnotho

Ubukhosi bezomnotho bubhekisele ekulawuleni kwemithetho kahulumeni yezomnotho, ehlanganisa ukuhwebelana, intela, imali, kanye nokuphatha izimali. Enkathini yokulawula kwezezimali embulungeni yonke, lobu mbuso bubhekene nokucindezela okukhulu. Izivumelwano zezohwebo zomhlaba wonke, imisebenzi yezinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe, nethonya lezinhlangano njenge International Monetary Fund neWorld Bank zingacindezela konke ikhono likahulumeni lokumisa indlela yayo yezomnotho.

Ngokwesibonelo, izwe elithatha imali ebolekwayo kuyi-IMF lingase lidinge ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulungisa noma izinguquko zokwakha ezilinganisela izindlela zalo zokuhlela. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ilungu leqembu lezentengiselwano njenge-European Union kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kobukhosi obuthile bezomnotho ukuze kungene emakethe enkulu. Ukulinganisa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho nokulawula kwezwe kuyimpicabadala eqhubekayo ekubuseni kwembulunga yonke.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zobukhosi BukaHulumeni

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ubuchwepheshe, izinkinga zendawo ezungezile, nemikhuba eshintshayo yokuziphatha kwezizwe zonke konke kuphikisa umbono wokuthi amazwe ayizingcweti ezizimele ngokuphelele.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubambisana

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwahlanganisa umnotho womhlaba, amasiko, nezimiso zezombangazwe zaba yindawo egcwele ukuncintisana. Ukuphakela imingcele, izimakethe zezimali zisebenza ngewashi, futhi ukwaziswa kuhamba ngokushesha. Ezizweni eziningi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo ezenziwa kwelinye izwe zingaba nemiphumela esheshayo kwenye indawo, nokuthi izimpikiswano eziningi, kusukela ekuhleleni ngokwezimali kuya empilweni yomphakathi, zidinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke.

Lokhu kulawula okuncintisanayo. Umbuso ungafuna ukuzibekela izindinganiso zawo zendawo ezungezile, kodwa uma abantu ohwebelana nabo bengalandeli, izimboni zawo zingaba ezingenakuzibamba. Umqedazwe awuyihloniphi imingcele, futhi akukho mbuso ongavikela izakhamuzi zawo ngokuphelele egciwaneni elisakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wabonisa ukuthi ubukhosi bungavinjelwa ngokushesha kangakanani ngamandla angaphezu kwanoma yimuphi uhulumeni.

Nakuba abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuqeda ubukhosi, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi bumane nje bubuguqule. Amazwe ayakwazi ukubuguqula, kodwa kumelwe asebenzise amandla aphawulekayo, kodwa asebenzisane nabanye. Lokhu kuye kwabangela imiqondo enjenge ubukhosi obuphangaleleyo[, lapho amazwe ahlanganyela khona ngokuzithandela igunya lokufinyelela imigomo efanayo.

Izinhlangano Nezinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke

Ukwanda kwezinhlangano ezihlanganisa izizwe kunikeza enye inselele engokwesiko. I-European Union iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu. Izifundazwe ziye zadlulisela imibuso ephawulekayo ezinhlanganweni ze-EU, kuhlanganise negunya kwezohwebo, inqubo yemali ye-eurozone, kanye nezindawo ezithile zomthetho nemithetho. Nakuba amalungu ezindawo zomthetho ezimisele, ukuhlanganiswa kobukhosi kungokoqobo, futhi kuye kwabangela ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe kulabo ababheka ukuphambana kwenkululeko yesizwe.

Ezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise neZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano ye-World Trade Organization, ne-International Criminal Court, nazo zimisa izithiyo ekuziphatheni kwezwe. I-UN Security Council ingagunyaza izijeziso noma ukungenela kwezempi. Inqubo yesinqumo seWTO ingaphoqelela ukuba ishintshe imithetho yayo yokuhweba. I-ICC ingamangalela abantu ngabanye ngezenzo zobugebengu zempi, ngisho noma zikhona izikhundla zabo zezwe. Lemikhakha imelela ukushintshela ekuhleleni komthetho osekelwe emazweni onke, kodwa futhi ibangela ukungezwani kwesimiso sombuso.

Ukubusa Kwamanani Nokuzinza

Inkathi yezobuchwepheshe iye yadala inkundla entsha kakhulu yezimpikiswano zobukhosi. Ukwaziswa kunqamula imingcele, iziteshi zezokuxhumana zisebenza emhlabeni wonke, futhi izifundazwe zizama ukulawula i-intanethi emasimini azo. Ubukhosi bamanani bubhekisela ekhonweni lombuso lokulawula imishini yalo, ukuvikela imininingwane yezakhamuzi, nokuphoqelela imithetho yayo emshinini we-inthanethi.

Ohulumeni abaningi basebenzisa ukulawula okukhulu kakhulu kuyi-Internet, bafuna ukwaziswa okungagcinwa endaweni, kuhlolwe, futhi kuncishiswe izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zakwamanye amazwe. I-European Union's General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) iyisibonelo esivelele sokuqinisa ubukhosi bezobuchwepheshe ukuze kuvikelwe izinto eziyimfihlo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imibuso ye-demoritaritaric isebenzisa ubukhosi bezobuchwepheshe njengendlela yokuzithethelela ukuhlola nokucindezela. Umbango ophakathi kwe-i-interneral Techology, i-internet kanye nesifiso sokulawula kwesizwe singenye yezimpikiswano zezombangazwe ezichazayo. iCounilcil kuManualtion engcono kakhulu ekulawuleni kobumnini wemininingwane.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokulawula Indawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu mhlawumbe kuyinselele enkulu ebukhosini. Akukho simo esisodwa esingakuxazulula kuphela. Ukukhishwa kwegesi ewuhlaza kuyahlangana emkhathini wembulunga yonke, nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukunyuka kolwandle, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, nokuntuleka kwemithombo yengcebo, kunqamula imingcele ngaphandle kokucabangela imingcele yezwe. Ukulungisa isimo sezulu kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene esilinganisweni sembulunga yonke, okuhilela ukuhlanganisa noma ukulinganisela ubukhosi.

Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke njenge-Paris Accounting zimelela imizamo yokuhlela ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni kuyilapho zihlonipha ubukhosi bezwe. Izwe ngalinye lizibekela izisulu zalo, kodwa kunesimiso sembulunga yonke sokulandisa nokuvelela. Kodwa izivumelwano ezinjalo zokuzithandela ziqokomisa futhi imingcele yobukhosi naphezu kwenkinga yeplanethi. Amazwe awafuni ukuyeka ukulawula izimiso zawo zamandla, ngisho nalapho abantu abahle befuna ukuba alawule.

Ubukhosi Namalungelo Abantu: Ukulinganisela Okungalingani

Enye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu ezikhona phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni namalungelo abantu. Umbono ongokwesiko uthi ukuphathwa kukahulumeni abantu bakhe kuyindaba yasekhaya, futhi abadlali bangaphandle abanalungelo lokungenela. Kodwa izenzo zonya zekhulu lama-20, kusukela ekuQothulweni kwesizwe kuya ekuqothulweni kwesizwe eRwanda, zaholela ekucabangeni okuyisisekelo ngalendawo.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuvikela

Ngo - 2005, i - United World Summit yavumelana nesimiso se - Justice to Vikela (R2P). le mfundiso ithi isifundazwe ngasinye sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela umphakathi waso ezinyaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu bempi, ukuqothulwa kohlanga nobugebengu obuphathelene nohlanga. Uma umbuso uhluleka ukwenza kanjalo, umphakathi wezizwe zonke unomthwalo wemfanelo wokungenela, usebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana, zokusiza abantu, noma ngisho nezokulwa.

I-R2P imelela inselele ebalulekile ekwakheni ubukhosi obungokwesiko. Igomela ngokuthi ubukhosi abulona ilungelo eliphelele, kodwa obunemibandela. Amazwe enza izenzo zonya alahlekelwa ukuzisholo kwawo ukuthi akakho ukuphazamiseka. Nokho, i-R2P isalokhu iphikisana. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ivame ukusetshenziswa njengebhaxa lokungenela ngemibuso enamandla, futhi ilulaza ukulingana kwamazwe azimele. Ukungenela eLibya ngo-2011 futhi izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eSiriya ziqokomisa ubunzima nezingozi zokubhebhebhezela i-R2P. Izizwe ezingosini se-seSivumelwaneni sobudolo sokuvikela kunikeza umbono ogcwele kulo hlelo oluhlanganisayo.

Ukungenela Kokusiza Abantu Nokuzihambela KoMbuso

Impikiswano ngokungenela kokusiza abantu isekela isimiso sobukhosi esimelene nokuvimbela ukuhlupheka. abasekeli bokungenela baphikisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu angowomhlaba wonke nokuthi ubukhosi abunakuba yisivikelo sobushiqela.

Awukho uphetho olulula lwalokhu kucindezeleka. Umphakathi womhlaba wonke uyaqhubeka ulwa nomthetho ongaguquki olingana nemfuneko yobulungisa nemithetho elawulayo. Imfundiso ye-R2P ayikawushintshi iqiniso lokuthi ngokuvamile amazwe anamandla asebenza ngaphandle komcimbi, kuyilapho amazwe abuthakathaka ebhekene nemiphumela yokungasabeli. Inselele itholakala ekuthuthukiseni isimiso esiqinile esivumelana nesidingo sobulungisa nesidingo sokuhleleka.

Ukuthambekela Okuvundlile Ebusekweni Ngekhulu Lama - 21

Izici eziningana ezivelayo zishintsha indlela okushiwo ngayo ukuthi abantu bawuqonda ngayo lo mbono oyisisekelo.

Ukubuya Kokuncintisana Kwamandla Amakhulu

Isikhashana ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kwabonakala sengathi ukuvuleka kwenkululeko kwezizwe zonke kunganqoba, futhi leyondawo yokubusa iyakuba nokuhlanganyelwa futhi iqiniswe. Lenkathi isidlulile. Ukuvela kweChina, ukubuya kwesibindi saseRussia, nokuhoxa kwe-United States ezibophweni eziningi zemikhosi kuye kwabonisa ukubuyela emncintiswaneni omkhulu kagesi. Kulendawo, ubukhosi buphinde bavuselelwa ngamandla avuselelwe.

I-China ikhuthaza umqondo wobukhosi obungalawuleki, igcizelela ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nokungaguquguquki kwendawo. IRussia iye yacela ubukhosi ukuze ithethelele ukuphikisa kwayo ithonya laseNtshonalanga nezenzo zayo e-Ukraine. Ngisho naseNtshonalanga, izinhlangano zobuPropulist ziye zabekela inselele ukuhlanganiswa kobukhosi e-EU futhi zabizwa ukuba zibuyele ekulawuleni kwesizwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ubukhosi, kude nokunyamalala, bulokhu buyigunya lezombangazwe elinamandla.

Ubukhosi Bemininingwane Nomngcele Wamanani

Njengoba ukuphila kuhamba kuyi-inthanethi, ukulawula ukwaziswa sekuyisihluthulelo sokulawula. Izwe liqinisa ilungelo lokulawula ukugeleza kwemininingwane, ukugcina ukwaziswa endaweni, nokuvikela izakhamuzi zazo ekuhloleni noma ekuxhashazweni kwamanye amazwe. I-European Union’s GDPR iyisibonelo esiphambili, kodwa amazwe aseNdiya kuya eBrazil athuthukisa izisekelo zawo zokulawula imininingwane.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-intanethi engenamingcele ibangela ukungezwani nobukhosi bezwe obungokwesiko. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana angathonya okhetho, asakaze ukwaziswa, futhi ashukumise ubudlova emingceleni. Izwe lizama ukuphoqelela imithetho yalo eziteshini ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke. Ikusasa lobukhosi ngokungangabazeki liyohilela ukulwa okuqhubekayo kokulawula indawo yezokuxhumana.

Ubukhosi Nempilo Yembulunga Yonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sadalula kokubili ukuqina nokungalawuleki kobukhosi. Amazwe avala imingcele, afaka imingcele, futhi ancintisana ngemithi yokugoma, konke lokhu ngenxa yokuvikela izakhamuzi zawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sifo sabonisa ukuthi usongo lwempilo lwembulunga yonke ludinga ukubambisana kwembulunga yonke. INhlangano yezempilo yabhekana nemingcele egunyeni layo, futhi amazwe acebile agxekwa ngokufihla imijovo lapho amazwe ampofu ehlupheka.

Ingabe kufanele kudingeke ukuba amazwe ahlanganyele ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokugqashuka kwezifo? Ingabe kufanele kube khona izindlela zomhlaba wonke zokusakaza imithi yokugoma? Izinhlangano zempilo zomhlaba wonke kufanele zibe negunya elingakanani?

Indima Yabameli Abangesiso Isifunda

Abadlali abangesibo abezwe, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, amaqembu amaphekula, kanye nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezizweni zonke, bonke baye bakhula. Laba bafeli basebenza emingceleni futhi ngokuvamile babekela igunya lemibuso inselele. Inkampani enjengo-Apple noma i-Google isebenzisa amandla ezomnotho alingana namazwe amaningi. Iqembu lamaphekula elinjengo-ISSIS, ngezinye izikhathi, liye lalawula futhi lasebenzisa izindlela zobukhosi ngokwalo.

Ukuvela kwabadlali abangesibo abezwe akusho ukuphela kobukhosi, kodwa kuyawenza lukhuni umbono. Amazwe kumelwe manje ancintisane futhi abambisane nomphakathi omkhulu wabadlali, futhi kumelwe athole izindlela ezintsha zokulawula ezindaweni lapho igunya lawo lincintiswa khona. Umbuso ozimele ulokhu uyingxenye eyinhloko yezombangazwe zembulunga yonke, kodwa awusakwazi ukuthi unegunya noma ithonya.

Isiphetho

Ubukhosi abuyona into engabonakali ecatshangelwayo yemfundiso yezombangazwe. Umqondo ophilayo, ophikiswayo, noguquguqukayo othinta ukuphila komuntu ngamunye kuleplanethi. Uchaza imibuso yohulumeni, amalungelo ezakhamuzi, nemithetho yokuthembisana kwezizwe zonke. Kusukela ekuTshiseni kweWestphalia kuya esikhathini sezokusebenza kwemishini, ubukhosi buye bavumelana namaqiniso amasha kuyilapho buhlala buyisisekelo sombuso.

Namuhla, ubukhosi bubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezibangelwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nezimiso ezishintshayo zamalungelo abantu. Kodwa bukhona futhi njengophawu olunamandla lwesizwe nokuzinqumela. Kumazwe, ubukhosi buyindlela yokuzimela ephelele yokuzibusa. Kubantu, kokubili kuyisivikelo nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ukuqonda incazelo yayo, umlando wayo, nekusasa layo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi lombuso, ukubusa, nokuphatha nobudlelwane bembulunga yonke.

Incazelo yobukhosi ingase iqhubeke ishintshashintsha, kodwa umbuzo wayo oyinhloko awukashintshi: ubani onegunya lokubusa, futhi ngesisekelo esinjani?