Umshado sekuyisikhathi eside usebenza njengesisekelo sokuqashelwa okungokomthetho nokungokwenhlalo, unika abashadile iqoqo elibanzi lamalungelo nesivikelo elidlulela empahlani, efeni, ekukhokheleni intela, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasemithwalo yemfanelo yabazali. Kodwa njengoba inqubo yezenqubo ishintsha futhi imibhangqwana eminingi ikhetha ukuhlala ndawonye ngaphandle komshado osemthethweni, izivumelwano ezingokomthetho kuye kwadingeka ukuba zivumelane. Izivumelwano zokubambisana ziye zavela njengethuluzi elisebenzayo kubantu abangashadile ukuze bachaze amalungiselelo abo ezimali nawezomuntu siqu, kodwa isimo sabo esingokomthetho siyahluka kakhulu, kushiya imibhangqwana eminingi ezindaweni ezimhlophe ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwezivumelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omshado nokuhlalisanayo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho okumelwe baqondise ukushintsha umthetho womkhaya nesimiso sezenhlalo.

Umbono Ongokomlando Ngomshado Nokuhlalwa Kwezimo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube sekhulwini lamashumi amabili leminyaka, umshado wawuyisimiso esingokomthetho esikhethekile sokuqaphela ubuhlobo basekhaya. Iziphathimandla zezenkolo nezesizwe zanika imibhangqwana eshadile inqwaba yamalungelo “‘ ifa ngokusebenza komthetho, ilungelo lokuhlala, ilungelo lokuhlangana, ukuba nempahla, negunya lobuzali elizimele. Ukuhlobana ngaphandle komshado ngokuvamile kwakunehlazekile futhi, kwezinye izifunda ezicacile, ezinqatshelwe ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile owenqatshelwa ukuhlangana kwabantu abangashadile njengobufebe, futhi imibhangqwana intula izivumelwano ezingokomthetho. Njengoba izinhlangano eziningi zezenhlalo zikhululekile phakathi nekhulu leminyaka leshumi elinambili, umthetho owenziwe ngemva kwezeze. Izihlobo ezingashadile zazingenakuba nento ewusekelayo amalungelo okungamukelekile noma ukuhlukana. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi izimiso zanamuhla zomthetho ziye zazama ukuhlalisa izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ngenxa yokuvinje kuphela.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuhambisani. EScandinavia, ukubhalisana nemithetho yokuhlalisana kwavela kwasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, kwanika abangane abangashadile amalungelo anele. Ngokuphambene, amazwe amaningi ase-U.S. asabheka imibhangqwana ehlala ndawonye njengezihambi ezingokomthetho, ishiya ukuba ithembele kuphela emthethweni wesivumelwano. Lo msebenzi osemthethweni ubangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kwemibhangqwana, ikakhulukazi leyo enqamula imingcele.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Ahlobene Nomshado

Umshado unikeza amalungelo amaningi asemthethweni azenzekelayo nemithwalo yemfanelo engekho kubantu abahlala ndawonye abangashadile. Lezi zinsika, ezifakwe emthethoni nasemthethweni ovamile, ziklanyelwe ukunikeza ukulondeka okungokwezimali nokucacile ngokomthetho. Amalungelo abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Izinzuzo nezinzuzo ezingokwezimali: Imibhangqwana eshadile ingabhala ishefu elihlanganyelweyo lentela, ngokuvamile yehlise intela yayo yonke. Ingafanelekela futhi izinzuzo zensizalo yenhlalaphansi yokuvikela umphakathi, ukukhulula intela yefa, nezinzuzo eziseholweni lempesheni.
  • Amalungelo okungavumelani: Ngaphandle kwentando, umngane womshado osele ngokuzenzekelayo uzuza njengefa ingxenye ebalulekile yefa lomngane oshonile ngaphansi kwemithetho yokungavumelani. Abangashadile abanalo ilungelo elinjalo elingafanele futhi kumelwe bathembele emabhukwini acacile ezivumelwano.
  • Amalungelo obuzali nemithwalo yemfanelo: Ezizweni eziningi, umzali oshadile ngokuzenzekelayo ucatshangelwa njengomzali ongokomthetho wengane ezelwe phakathi nomshado. Lokhu kusikisela kugunyaza ilungelo lokuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela umntwana, nokuthatha izingane zokutholwa. Obaba abangashadile bangadinga ukumisa ukubeletha ngokomthetho.
  • i-Access ekunakekeleni impilo nasekwenzeni izinqumo: Abalingabangane bomshado banelungelo lokuvakashelana ezibhedlela, benze izinqumo zezokwelapha uma omunye ekhubazekile, futhi bathole umshuwalense wempilo owenziwe ngokungafanele. Abangashadile ngokuvamile kumelwe babulale amandla ahlala njalo ommeli ukuze bafeze igunya elifanayo.
  • Ukuvikelwa uma kuvela ngokwehlukana noma ukufa: Phezulu kwesehlukaniso, izinkantolo zihlukanisa impahla yomshado ngokulinganayo futhi zingayala ukusekela komshado (ubumoni). Ekufeni okungenantando, umngane womshado udla ifa ngokusebenzisa umthetho. Abangashadile abakwazi ukusekela noma ukuhlukanisa impahla ngemva kokwehlukana ngaphandle kokuba benesivumelwano sokuhlalisana noma imfundiso engokomthetho efana neyomthetho uyasebenza.

Ukuvela Kwezivumelwano Zokuhlalisana

Njengoba amazinga okuhlalisana enyuka, ngokufanayo nesidingo sezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezivumela imibhangqwana engashadile ukuba ichaze amalungelo ayo. E-United States, inani lemibhangqwana engashadile ehlala ndawonye liye lanyuka kusukela ezigidini ezintathu ngo 1990 kuya kwezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-18 ngo-2023, ngokwemininingwane yokubalwa kwabantu. Imibhangqwana eminingi ibheka umshado njengongadingekile, ongathandeki, noma ongafaneleki ngaphambi kwesikhathi, nokho isafuna ukucaca okungokomthetho ngokuphathelene nempahla eyahlukene, izikweletu, kanye namalungiselelo aphilayo. Izivumelwano zokuhlalana ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho phakathi kwabantu abashadile, zigcwalisa lelogebe.

Lezi zivumelwano zivame ukuhlanganisa ukwahlukana kwempahla ngokuhlukana, iminikelo yezimali ezindlekweni zasekhaya, ukuba nendawo yefa, ukusingatha izikweletu, ngisho namalungiselelo ezingane, njengokuwinwa kwezingane, njengelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana nokuzisekela. Ezinye izivumelwano zihlanganisa futhi amagama aphathelene nokwenza izinqumo zempilo noma izinzuzo zokufa, ukuzama ukuphinda izivikelo zomshado. Ukwanda kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kubonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu emthethweni womkhaya osekelwe esivumelwaneni, lapho imibhangqwana inelungelo lokwenza ubuhlobo obungokomthetho bayo siqu kunokuba yamukele imithetho emisiwe yomshado.

Isimo Esingokomthetho Sezivumelwano Zomphakathi

Ukuphoqelelwa kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezizweni ezihlukene, futhi ngisho nasemazweni, ngenxa yokungavumelani komthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho womkhaya, nenkambiso yomphakathi. Ngokuvamile, izinkantolo zibheka izivumelwano zokuhlalisana njengezivumelwano ezivamile, ezingaphansi kwezimiso ezivamile zokwakha, ukucabangela, nekhono. Nokho, amanye amagunya abeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe njengokungathi ukubekwa phambili, iseluleko somthetho esizimele, noma incwadi ebhaliwe uma lesivumelwano sihilela izindaba eziyobuswa umthetho womkhaya (umz., ukusekela, ukuhlukanisa impahla).

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezimo

E-United Kingdom, imibhangqwana ehlala ndawonye engashadile (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "imibhangqwana evamile esemthethweni" ethandwayo) inamalungelo alinganiselwe kakhulu angokomthetho; ayikho into efana nomshado womthetho ovamile eNgilandi nase Wales. Izivumelwano zokuhlalisana ngokuvamile ziyaphoqelelwa uma ivumelana nezimiso zomthetho zesivumelwano, kodwa ayikwazi ukuvala izivikelo zezingane noma ikhiphe ngokuphelele izimfuneko zesikhathi esizayo zokusiza ngokwezezimali esenzekeni sokwehlukana. EScotland, uMthetho Wemikhaya (Scotland) uMthetho ka-2006 unikeza amalungelo alinganiselwe abahlalisayo, kodwa izivumelwano zihlala zibalulekile.

Ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S., izivumelwano zokuhlalisana zigunyaziwe uma nje zingekhona ezingekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano sokuthi ukuhlukanisa umbhangqwana kungaphula umthetho womphakathi. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Illinois ne California, ziye zamisa imithetho engokomthetho egunyaza ukuhlalisana kwabantu. Abanye bathembela ekwahlulelweni okungokomthetho. Icala eliyingqophamlando, [Marvin v. [6] [6] ,6] eCalifornia, yaqaphela ukuthi abangane bomshado abangashadile bangaqinisa noma bathathe izivumelwano ngokuphathelene ngendawo kanye nempahla futhi basekele. Lesi sinqumo sakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano ezivamile zezokuhlalisanayo phakathi kwesizwe.

ECanada, izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izivumelwano zokuhlalisana, futhi ezinye (njengeBritish Columbia neOntario) zinikeza amalungelo empahla angekho kubantu abangashadile ngemva kwesikhathi esithile (cishe iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu yokuhlalisana). Noma kunjalo, izivumelwano zingakhetha kulezi zejwayezi uma zifelwe kahle.

Izici Ezithinta Ukuphoqelelwa

Izinkantolo zihlola izici eziningana lapho zinquma ukuthi kufanele yini kuphoqelelwe isivumelwano sokuhlalisana:

  • Ukuzifihla:[ Akukho qembu elaphoqelelwa, lacindezelwa, noma lakhohliswa ukuba lisayine. Izivumelwano ezisayinwe ngaphansi kwempoqo noma ngosongo lokushiya ubuhlobo ziyasolwa.
  • [[QURT:0] Icacile futhi icacile: Imibandela e-Vague, njenge "ukwabelana okunganqamuki" kunzima ukuphoqelelwa. Izinkantolo zikhetha ukuchaza ngokunembile impahla, iminikelo yezimali, nesinqumo sokuphikisana.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Amandla asemthethweni:[ Zombili izitho kumelwe zibe zengqondo ehluzekile nezenkathi engokomthetho. Ama- Minor noma abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni abakwazi ukungena ezivumelwaneni eziphoqelelwe.
  • Iseluleko esizimele somthetho: Izifunda eziningi zifuna ukuba umuntu ngamunye athintane nommeli ohlukene. Lokhu kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bobabili bayawaqonda amalungelo abawalahlayo (umz., amalungelo efa abangase bawathole emshadweni). Ukuntuleka kweseluleko sokuzimela kungaholela ekungasebenzini uma omunye engazibonisa ukuthi aswele.
  • [ Imvunulo egcwele nelungile: Bobabili abangane bomshado kumelwe bathulule impahla yabo, izikweletu, neholo. Ukufihla ulwazi olubalulekile lwemali kunganikeza isivumelwano esilula.
  • Imfuneko e- e-' Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba izivumelwano zokuhlalisana kwabantu zibhalwe phansi futhi zisayinwe yizo zombili izigigaba. Izivumelwano zomlomo azivamile ukuphoqelelwa, ikakhulukazi ekuthunyelweni kwempahla okukhulu.
  • Inqubo ye-Pubilic icabangela:[ Isivumelwano esidumaza umshado noma esikhuthaza izenzo ezingekho emthethweni singaba yize. Ngokufanayo, amagama azama ukuphothula ngaphandle kwezibopho zokusekela umntwana ozelwe awanakuphoqelelwa ngoba abazali abakwazi ukunikezela ilungelo lengane lokusekela.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho

Ngisho noma kunezivumelwano ezisemthethweni ezibekwe kahle, izinselele zomthetho zingavela. Izinkinga ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa ukumangalelwa kokukhwabanisa noma iphutha, lapho omunye umuntu ephikisa ukuthi zidukiswa ngemiphumela yesivumelwano. Enye inselele yi "izimo ezishintshiwe" impikiswano: uma ubuhlobo buthatha iminyaka eminingi futhi izimo zezimali zishintsha ngokuphawulekayo, inkantolo ingaphinde ibhale noma yenqabe ukuphoqelela amalungiselelo athile. Nokho, lendlela ayivamile izimiso zesivumelwano zikhohliselwe ukuthi amaqembu ayakwazi ukuhlela ikusasa. Ingozi enkulu iwukuthi inkantolo ingayenqaba ukuphoqelela ukuphoqelela uma inqubo kahulumeni yokusekela umshado noma ukuvikela abangane bomshado abangenazikhundlayo ngendlela ehloniphekile. Nokho, inqubo engoko isebenza isikhathi eside njengesivumelwano esiyisisekelo.

Ukuqhathanisa Nomshado Womthetho Ovamile Nobuhlobo Basekhaya

Izivumelwano zokuhlalisana zivame ukudideka nemishado efanayo yomthetho kanye nokuhlangana kwemikhaya, kodwa lena imiqondo ehlukile engokomthetho. Umshado ovamile (oyaziwa ezindaweni ezimbalwa zase-U.S. njengeTexas, Colorado, ne-Iowa) uvela ngokuzenzekelayo uma umbhangqwana uhlala ndawonye futhi uzibeka ngokomthetho njengomyeni nomkawo isikhathi esithile. Uma usumisiwe, ukushada okuvamile kunikeza amalungelo acishe afanayo angokomthetho, kusho ukuthi akudingeki sivumelwano. Izivumelwano zasekhaya nesibopho somphakathi (esitholakala kwezinye izizwe nasemazweni) zingokomthetho, ngokwezimo zikahulumeni ezinikeza amalungelo omshado amaningi kodwa zivulekele kokubili imibhangqwana ehlukene neyobuli obuhlukene. Ubuhlobo bomkhaya ngokuvamile budinga ukubhalisana, kanti izivumelwano zezivumelwano zesivumelwano somphakathi zisho ukuhlangana.

Kubantu abashadile abafuna ukulondeka okuzenzekelayo, okulungiselelwe umbuso ngaphandle komkhosi, ukubhalisa njengabasebenzi basekhaya (lapho kukhona) kungaba ngcono. Kodwa kulabo abahlala ezindaweni ezibusweni ezingenakho ukukhetha okunjalo, noma abakhetha ukuvumelana kangcono, isivumelwano sokuhlalisana siseyithuluzi eliyinhloko. Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi isivumelwano sokuhlala ndawonye sidinga isivumelwano esisebenzayo, kanti ubuhlobo basekhaya noma umshado ubeka imithetho ehleliwe. Zombili izindlela zinenzuzo neziphazamiso, futhi ukukhetha kuxhomeke ezimweni ngazinye.

Ubunzima Bemibhangqwana Ehlala Kuyo

Kubantu abashadile abacabangela ukuhlala ndawonye ngaphandle komshado, ukwenza isivumelwano esihlelwe kahle sokuhlala ndawonye kululekwa kakhulu, ngisho noma ubuhlobo bubonakala buqinile. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, izinkantolo ziyosebenzisa izimiso zesivumelwano zesivumelwano ezingahleliwe (noma zingenazo) eziholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa: izingxoxo eziqotho mayelana nemali, ukugcina izimpawu ezingokomthetho, ukuhlukanisa izimali, nokususa isivumelwano lapho izimo zishintsha. Imibhangqwana kufanele futhi isebenzise izincwadi ezivumelanayo, njengemithetho yokuvota, amavoti ezempilo, kanye namandla aqinile ommeli, ukuze ihlanganise isivumelwano esingenakuhlanganisa izivumelwano.

Kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuqonda incazelo yentela. Ezindaweni eziningi, imibhangqwana engashadile ayinakudlulisela impahla kwenye ekhululekile ngentela ngokwesilinganiso esifanayo nemibhangqwana eshadile. I-United States, intengo yempahla elinganiselwe ayisebenzi. Ukungaphathi kwentela futhi akunakwenzeka. Ukuhlela okufanele ngekwethenjelwa noma ngamasu okuphana kunganciphisa lezizikweletu.

Izicelo Zothisha Nabafundi

Ukufunda amalungelo omshado nezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho womkhaya kanye nokuhlangana kwawo noshintsho lwezenhlalo. Kubafundi bomthetho, ukuhlola lezizihloko kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nomthetho wesivumelwano, isimiso somphakathi, nendima yezwe ekuchazeni ubuhlobo. Kubafundi bezesayensi yezenhlalo noma bezimiso, kukhanyisa indlela engokomthetho kokubili ukuma futhi kubonise ngayo isimo somphakathi ngokuphathelene nokubopheka kokuzinikela, izindima zobufana, kanye nokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Abafundisi bangasebenzisa ukucubungula okungathí naka okungalinganiyo ukuze baqokomise i-"mkhaya" kanye nokuqina okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezimiso zombuso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezindaba zibaluleke kakhulu ochwepheshe abangenela emasimini anjengemithetho yokushaya umthetho, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, noma ukumiswa kwemithetho. Ukuqonda ukuphoqelelwa kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kulungiselela abameli besikhathi esizayo ukuba banikeze abathengi iziqondiso ngokuphumelelayo, ikakhulukazi labo abayingxenye yenani labantu elandayo. Kugcizelela futhi isidingo solwazi oluhlanganisayo, njengempahla, intela, nomthetho-mthetho wonke ubudlelwane namalungiselelo omkhaya.

Ukuthambekela Nokucabangela Kwesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ukuhlalisana kuqhubeka, izimiso zomthetho zingandisa ukuqashelwa kobuhlobo obungashadile. Amanye ama-oversity acabangela izinguquko ezizonika imibhangqwana ehlala ndawonye izakhiwo ezingahleleka noma amalungelo ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ezifana nemithetho yobuhlobo obufanayo e-Australia nase-New Zealand. Ezinye zingavumelanisa izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe zezivumelwano zokuhlalisana phakathi kwezizwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukungaqiniseki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezobuchwepheshe nezokuxhumana zishintsha indlela imibhangqwana ehlela ngayo amalungiselelo ayo; izignesha nemibhalo ye-electronics kanye nezinombolo zamanani ziyanda kakhulu. Izinkantolo zidinga ukuvumelana nalezi zenzakalo ezintsha.

Okunye ukuthambekela okukhulayo phakathi kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kanye nomshado ongokobulili obufanayo. Njengoba ukuvunyelwa ngokomthetho komshado ongokobulili obufanayo emazweni amaningi, eminye imibhangqwana ngaphambili eyayithembele ezivumelwaneni zokuhlalisana kwabantu kungenzeka ikhethe umshado, kodwa eminye ikhetha ukuvumelana nezivumelwano. Umphakathi ongokomthetho kumelwe ukulungele ukusingatha zombili izimo.

Isiphetho

Umshado unikeza uhlelo olubanzi olungokomthetho, oluzenzekelayo lwemibhangqwana, kodwa akuyona kuphela indlela yokukhetha. Izivumelwano zokubambisana ziye zavela njengendlela enamandla yalabo abafisa ukucaca ngokomthetho ngaphandle komshado ongokomthetho. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwabo akuqinisekisiwe; ukuphoqelelwa kwabo, ukuvumelana nemithetho yendawo, kanye neseluleko esingokomthetho esizimele sibalulekile. Njengoba izakhiwo zomkhaya ziqhubeka zivuleka, kokubili abafundi nochwepheshe kumelwe bahlale behambisana nalemiyalo eguquguqukayo. Ekugcineni, ukuqonda isikhundla esingokomthetho sezivumelwano zokuhlalisana ngesivumelwano kunika imibhangqwana amandla okwenza izinqumo eziqondile nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuchazwe ngokucacile futhi kuvikelwe kahle futhi kuvikelwe kahle futhi kuvikelwe ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwenhlangano yomshado.