Emiphakathini yanamuhla yentando yeningi, umbango phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye umelela enye yezimpikiswano eziphikelelayo neziwumphumela. Nsuku zonke, ohulumeni benza izinqumo ezinikeza isilinganiso esiqonde ekulondekeni okwengeziwe noma inkululeko eyengeziwe, ngokuvamile ezinemiphumela ejulile ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi. kusukela kumakhamera asezikhoneni zomgwaqo kuya emyalezweni wesigodlo, umbuzo usele: inkululeko engakanani esizimisele ukuthengisela isithembiso sokuphepha? Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando, izilinganiso zamanje, kanye nezokuhlolwa kwalesikhathi esizayo kwalendlela elinganayo, ukudwebela ezibonelweni ezingokomthetho, izisekelo zezimiso zokuziphatha, nokuhlolwa kwangempela kwezezwe.

Umlando

Impi phakathi kokulondeka okuhlangene nenkululeko yomuntu siqu idala njengeyamandla kahulumeni ohleliwe. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sikhulume ngeMagna Carta (1215), ukuhlasela, futhi izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, ukuhlelwa kwemidwebo okungokomlando kukhulu kakhulu futhi kuyafundisa kakhulu. Izibonelo zokuqala zihlanganisa isimiso somthetho waseRoma [[[FLT:]] i-apulalus su pupuli ex esto [1215] [i-FLT] [i-ex esto [1215]] (ukuphepha kwabantu kungumthetho ophakeme kakhulu), lowo ababusi abavame ukucela ukuthethelela izinyathelo ezikhethekile. EUnited States, i-Alvien ne-Stivestion of 1798 C.[3] Ukugxeka uhulumeni okubangelwa uhulumeni phakathi nempi yeFrance, ukuholela ekuboshweni komhleli wephephandaba kanye nohlobo lwesizwe. Unyaka wokuqala weMpi yoMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi ka-Ostrinia) Unyaka ka-Fongletungle, i-ultlynstuast Union, i-Unt, i-Est T.[3

Ikhulu lama-20 laletha izibonelo ezingathi sína. Ukufakwa kwesizwe samaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, okugunyazwe uMthetho ophethe ngo-906, kwathutha ngempoqo abantu abangaphezu kuka-110 000 ngokusekelwe ozalweni. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, uhulumeni wase-U.S. waxolisa futhi wanikeza ukuhlukana, ukuvuma ukuthi isilinganiso sasiwukungabi nabulungisa okukhulu okubangelwa ubandlululo lobuhlanga kunezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, McCalthyism neNdrometic Committee engekho American Actalstings Committee yaveza izivumelwano zokwethembeka nobunsulane, ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe egameni lesizwe. Lezizenzakalo zibonisa umehluko ophindaphindwayo: ngezikhathi ezicatshangelwayo, ohulumeni abaphahlukanayo, ngokuvamile abaphangamele, nokulimala kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngemva kwesikhathi eside ngemva kokuphelelwa ngokomzwelo.

Inkathi yangemva kwe-9 /11 yaphawula enye inkathi epholile. I-USA PATRIOT Act, yadlula amasonto ambalwa nje ngemva kokuhlasela, amandla anwetshiwe okuhlola, kuhlanganise nokuthola amarekhodi ebhizinisi, "i-sneak nokuhlola". Izambulo ezilandelanayo zabavuli bempempezi njengoEdward Snowden zabonisa ukuthi la magunya ayesetshenziswa kakhulu ngalé kwezehlakalo zobuphekula, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ezigidi zamaMelika avamile. I-pandululu ehle ngandlela-thile e-USA Free Act ka-2015, eqede iqoqo elikhulu le-metametersmetalog, kodwa incindiliki . Njengoba i-Bren Center yeJaji yeJaji, "insela ukukla impumelelo ekuhleleni izinhleloni yokulawula imibuso yezimiso zomthetho ozimele ezichaza ideshicishicishiwe-mthetho.[FB]

Izinkinga Zamanje

Namuhla, ukuhweba phakathi kokuphepha nenkululeko kuyabonakala ezindaweni ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuqapha nokufihla imfihlo, ukuphoqelela umthetho, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi. Indawo ngayinye iphoqelela imiphakathi ukuba ibhekane nemibuzo enzima mayelana nokuthi ingasibekela kuphi imingcele.

Injabulo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iye yaveza intuthuko enkulu kakhulu kudala umkhuba wokugada izakhamuzi. Ukuqashelwa kwe-athom, ukuqashelwa, ukuqashelwa kwelayisense e-odwa, ukuqashelwa kwe-athone, nokulandelelana kwamanani ezimiso zokuthenga ngezimali manje kwenza ukuba kuhlale kuqashelwe njalo. EChina, isimiso sokuthenga ngezimali zokuthenga ngezimali nemishini esebenzela umphakathi sihlanganisa imininingwane kahulumeni nemishini yezezobulungu ukuze kubekwe i-decedensi yezakhamuzi, isithintela yokuhamba, ibekelwe imvume yokukhokha, izimali ezibolekwayo, nezinkonzo zalabo ababhekwa abangathembekile. Nakuba i-democraliyo yeNtshona iye yamelana kakhulu nezimiso ezibanzi, ngokwesibonelo, u-U.S. udwendo olusemngceleni lusebenzisa izintambo zokuhlola i-dronscrea abafuduki, kuyilapho iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo ifaka izimali ku "endawo ezindaweni ezishisayo" zokudubula nokuqhuma kwemicushwa.

Abasekeli bezindaba zobushiqela baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqapha okukhulu kubangela ukuqungazela ngokukhululekile kanye nenhlangano. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ibhale izenzakalo eziningi lapho izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlangano eziningi zemiphakathi yemibala, abashisekeli bezombangazwe, nenkolo yeqembu elincane. ( ACLU:Amfist & Surveillance[) futhi ikhona, futhi lapho ikhona, ivame ukuphikelela nokwanda, into eyaziwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi ephansi"" ngokomzekelo, abafundi bephepha lokuqoqa isetshenziswa njalo amaphoyisa ekuhloleni izigebengu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasekeli bekhombo lokuhlola elithuthukisiwe lokuphumelela okuqinile: ukuvimbela amaqhinga amaphekula, ukuthumba izingane, nokuxazulula izimo ezibandayo. Baphikisa ngokuthi abantu abanengqondo bamukela amakhamera okuvikela abonakalayo ezindaweni zomphakathi njengendawo yokuhweba ngokuphepha. Isihluthulelo, balwela ukuthi, ukubheka nokunganqandeli okusobala. Amanye amazwe aseYurophu aye athatha imithetho eqinile yokuvikela ukwaziswa, kuhlanganise ne-General Data Protection Regitation (GPR), eyenza abantu balawule ulwazi lwabo siqu nemingcele kahulumeni. Ukuthi lesisimende somthetho singathunyelwa ku-U.S.

Imikhuba Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nokumiswa kwemithetho yempi ngo-2013, futhi ukumiswa komthetho kuyaqhubeka kubangela impikiswano enkulu. Isihloko sokuqala esiphawulwe ngokuma-furisk kanye namakhamera omzimba; singanweba ngokuphawulekayo. EDolobheni laseNew York, singama futhi-frisk sabuswa njengethuluzi lokulandisa, siye saveza imiphumela exubile: nakuba zinganciphisa ukukhononda nokusebenzisa amandla kwezinye izindawo, ziphakamisa futhi zikhuthaza izisulu zofakazi, futhi ziphakamisa imfihlo. Impi yezokunqanda ukuvinjelwa okungulwa okungu-90%. Kodwa imikhuba efanayo iyaqhubeka iyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezithulile ezweni lonke. Izimiso zendikimba, ekuqaleni iqhutshelwa njengethuluzi lokuziphendulela izikhali, iveze imiphumela exube intengo exubile. Izikhululo yezentethelelo yobufakazi, futhi iphakamisa izisulu ezifanele, izikhulu eziphambili zezekelele ezigwebeni eziphambili zeze izisulu eziphambili zeze futhi zilandele ukubulala kohlobo eziphambili ze-Flo.

I-Black Live Matter, eyathi yabhikisha imikhosi yezempilo ezweni lonke ngo-2020, yaqokomisa inkinga ejulile: isimiso somthetho sokwahlulela ngokuvamile sibheka imiphakathi yabamnyama nabansundu njengebasolwayo kunokuba babe izakhamuzi ezidinga isivikelo. Ukumemeza "iphoyisa" kunezihlongozo ezicaciwe kakhulu zokuqondisa ukuxhaswa kwezempilo yengqondo, izindlu, nezinhlelo zezenhlalo. Amanye amadolobha, njengo-Austin, Texas, noLos Angeles, aye azama ukuphendula ngezindlela eziyingozi ezingenamandla amaqembu afuna izingcingo zobuphetho ezingekho ngu-mfantuthu. Imiphumela isahlolwa, kodwa ukushintshwa okubonisa ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi ukuphepha komphakathi akunakufinyelelwa kuphela nge-providule , futhi ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho omkhulu kungaba usongo lwenkululeko.

Izinguquko ezinjengemithetho evunyelwe, amabhodi abaphathi abangekho emthethweni, nokuvinjelwa kwezindawo ezincishiwe kuye kwasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa ingcindezi eyisisekelo iyaqhubeka. Njengoba iNational Institute of Justice iphawula, "Inselele iwukugcina ukuhleleka uma uhlonipha amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abo bonke abantu" (NJ: Law Enforcement Trimes])

Izinyathelo Zempilo Yomphakathi

Isifo se-COVOVAD-19 saletha ukuhweba okukhuculula inkululeko kuyo yonke indlu. Ama-ockdown, izifihla - buso, amapasethi okugoma, nokuvala amabhizinisi kwaphoqelela abantu nohulumeni ukuba balinganisele inkululeko yabo siqu mayelana nempilo ehlangene. Isihloko sokuqala sibala lokhu njengesifundo, kodwa kufanelwe ukwelashwa kwayo siqu okukhulisiwe. Ekuqaleni kobhadane, amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele eqinile yempumelelo. I-New Zealand ne-South Korea asebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo. I-Calmeeat nohlelo olunzima ukuze kulondolozwe izilinganiso ezicinezelelwe ngaphandle kokuzindela okuzindela, kanti amanye ama-U.S. asho ukuthi abhekenenselele inselele engokomthetho engokomthetho [FLD [FLD] i-Roma Katolika i-Comos. v[FFF1] [20]

Imithetho ye-ccactine yezisebenzi zobudokotela, izingane zesikole, nezisebenzi zikahulumeni yabangela ukumangalelwa kwamacala kanye nezimpi zezombangazwe. I Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yaphikisa ngokuthi izigunyazo zidingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvikela umhlambi nokuvikela abantu abangavikelekile.CDC: Izimemo ezigunyaza i-Vaccine []) Abagxeki bekhomba amacala omzimba, imvume eqondiswe, kanye nezingozi zemiphumela esecaleni. Izimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ze"harm""" `ukuthi inkululeko yomuntu othile iphelela lapho ukuphepha komunye umuntu kuqala khona [1][ikhomba imposiso, kodwa ikhona ngempela. Phakathi nobhadayo, lesi simiso sokufihla isikhumba esifanelekile, kodwa ukugoma okunga okungagobezwayo kuphela lapho kuvinjelwe izibhebhe.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi zembula futhi umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela yemingcele. Izisebenzi ezisezingeni eliphansi ngokuvamile zisengozini enkulu, kuyilapho izisebenzi ezikude zingahlukanisa. Inkululeko yokuhlala ekhaya ayikho kubo bonke abantu. Ukuhlangana kobulungisa bezomnotho nenkululeko yomphakathi kwenezela ubunkimbinkimbi kunoma yiziphi izimpikiswano. Ukubheka phambili, umbuzo awukho ukuthi izifo zesikhathi esizayo ziyokwenzeka yini, kodwa ukuthi sizomisa izimiso ezibonisa ngokucacile, ezisekelwe ekwakheni amalungelo omphakathi alinganayo nesivikelo ngaphandle kokuphinda amaphutha onyaka ka-2020.

Ukuhlola Icala

Ucwaningo lwezehlakalo olunemininingwane lubonisa indlela izimiso ezingabonakali ezisebenza ngayo.

Isinyathelo Se - USA SOKUTRIOTT Nemiphumela Yaso

Isayinwe ngo-October 26, 2001, i-USA PATRIOT Act yanika iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezintsha ukuba zihlole ubuphekula. Phakathi kwemikhankaso yayo eyimpikiswano: Ingxenye 215 yavumela i-FBI ukuba ithole "noma yini ephathekayo" ehlobene nophendlo lwezincwadi zobuphekula, kuhlanganise namaphepha omtapo omtapo, amarekhodi ebhizinisi, nemininingwane yocingo. Eminyakeni eminingi, umphakathi wayazi ukuthi la magunya asetshenziswa kanjani. Kwabe ngo-2013, u-Edward Snowden wavuza izincwadi ezahlukanisa ukuthi i-National Security Agement (NSA) ibiqoqa iziteshi zezigidi zama-midiya ngesambu, ngaphansi kwencazelo eyimfihlo yesigaba se-RGabial 215. Umthetho womphakathi waholela ekuvimbeleni kwe-USAU , okwagcina iqoqo lemibuso eminingi kodwa kwagcinwa ezinye izikhulu ze-okhemist. Impikiswano yenkulumo yezentengo yomphakathi iyaqhubeka yeze yezentengo.[9]

Inhlangano Yamaphoyisa Nenguquko Ethinta Ukuphila Okumnyama

NgoMay 25, 2020, uGeorge Floyd wabulawa isikhulu samaphoyisa aseMinneapolis eguqe intamo yakhe imizuzu engu-9. Isenzakalo, sabanjwa ngevidiyo, sabangela ukubhikisha okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S., ngesilinganiso sabathatha isilinganiso esingu-15 kuya ku-26 abathatha igalelo. Ngokungafani nomthetho wangaphambili, leligagagasi laholela ekushintsheni okusobala: iMinneapolis City Council Council ivote ukukhipha umnyango wamaphoyisa (nakuba isilinganiso samuva sebholalo lahluleka), futhi izikhulu eziningi zakhipha imithetho enqanda ukuviswa kwemiwa kwemiza, idinga ukuhlinzwa kwendikimba, futhi ihlola ngokuzimele izikhulu ezihileleke ekubulaweni kwezenzweni kwezentengo. I-Flodysting ePolicraliting idlulisela ukuphepha kwezenteko yomphakathi ngenxa yeze yomphakathi. Ngokukhishwa kwezentengo yeze yobudlova, i-1943434.

Imingcele Ye - COVID-19: Indaba Ehambisana Nezenzo

Imiphakathi ehlukene yathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvimbela ukuhlasela kwemiqedazwe, yenza ukuhlola okungokwemvelo ekuthengiseni kwenkululeko ekhululekile. IChina nezinye izifundazwe zempoqo zasebenzisa izivalo eziqinile, ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu, nokulandelelwa kwemidwebo yezibalo ukuze kunqandwe leli gciwane, ngokuvamile ngokubonana nokulandisa okulinganiselwe. Izinhlangano zedemocratic zenza ukuvumelana okukhulu ngokuxhumana okucacile nangezinhlangano ezithenjwayo. E-United States, isimiso sombuso esihlukene saveza umsebenzi wemithetho kazwelo, okwaholela ekudidenini nasekuhlonisweni kwezenziweni kwe-yo. Imfuno ye-pacletus yaba izikhundla: eminye imiyalo yazivimbela, eminye ifuna. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zasekela izinyathelo ezifanele zempilo yomphakathi ngaphansi kwamaphoyisa ezwe, nakuba zigcwele kakhulu noma zingekho. Izehlakalo oluqinile, i-edensiti yeze yeze i-sayense yeze yeze yeze-sayence. [Folpluectivestion:[1]

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezindlela zokuxhumana nabantu kushintshashintsha, ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuzobhekana nezinselele ezintsha.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nendlela Yokubikezela

Iminyango yamaphoyisa isebenzisa i-algorith ngokwandayo ukuze ibikezele ukuthi ubugebengu buyokwenzekaphi noma ubani osengozini yokucasulwa. Nakuba abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi lamathuluzi angahlukanisa imithombo ngokunempumelelo, abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi ukucwaswa okungokomlando − ukuphanga kwe-Black propening meters. I-Albut ye-Alpha Act ehloniswe ukuba ihlanganise amathuluzi athile okuhlola asengozini njenge "ingozi enkulu," idinga ukubonakala ngcono nokungaqondisi muntu. E-United States, i-alkholimolic Actalmentalmentalvement of 2022 Act iyakudinga izinhlangano ukuba zihlole ithonya izimiso zezimiso ezihloselwe amalungelo omphakathi. Ikusasa liyohlanganisa iziqondiso ezengeziwe, kodwa ukucindezeleka okuyisisekelo kuhlala kulokhu: indlela yokusebenzisa ukwaziswa kokuphepha ngaphandle kokwenza inqubo edinga ukugawukwanga.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Namandla Aphuthumayo

Post-9/11 Ukuguqulwa kokuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi amandla ahlala njalo aphuthumayo angagxila. Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wabona iziyalezo ezifanayo ezisetshenziselwa ukubeka imingcele eyathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Uma iqhubekela phambili, kunokuvumelana okukhulayo kokuthi amandla aphuthumayo kufanele ahlanganise izigaba ezizenzekelayo zokushona kwelanga, ukubukeza kokwahlulela okuqinile, kanye nokuhlela kabusha kwemithetho yezikhathi ezithile. I-International Commission of Jurists iye yabiza "i-prigide" elinganisela ukwehla kwezimiso zamalungelo abantu kulokho okudingekile nokudingeka kakhulu. [ I-international commission of Jur provices[FLD]

Iziyalezo Zempilo Yomphakathi Nokuzilungiselela

Ukutshala imali ezimisweni zezempilo zomphakathi ."i-dispease secondation, i-appletic, intuthuko yokugoma − ingenciphisa isidingo sezindlela zokuvimbela. Izindawo ezinakekela kakhulu futhi ezithemba iziphathimandla zezempilo zazingadingi ukuphoqelela ukuvala izikhala eziqinile njengezinonya noma ezinde. Ukuzilungiselela esikhathini esizayo kufanele kugcizelele ukwakha ukubambisana kokuzithandela ngokuxhumana okusobala nangezisusa ezibambekayo kunokuphoqelela. Ukuhweba phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuphepha akuzona izintambo ezinzile; imithetho emiswe kahle inganciphisa kokubili izingozi nokuncishwa kwamalungelo.

Isiphetho

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukwesaba kungabangela ukusheshisa, futhi ukunganaki kungabangela ukulimala okungavinjelwa. Imibuso ebusayo engcono kakhulu ayileyo egcina ikhona kanye, kodwa ingcindezi okumelwe ilashwa ngokuqhubekayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye sibhekene nobuchwepheshe obusha, izinsongo ezintsha, namandla amasha ezombangazwe aguqula umngcele. Izikhulu zikhomba isivinini esinzima, futhi izikhulu zingafaka amangozi angavinjelwa. Izingozi zezenhlalakahle ezingokwempilo zilezo ezigcina impikiswano yasobala yasobala, ukuqondisa okuzimele, kanye nokuzinikela okujulile emalungelweni ayisisekelo ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zinolwazi, zihlanganyele ezingxoxhibeni ezingokomthetho, futhi zigcine izikhulu zeNkakhulu zeNkathi Louis Breans zibhala, "Izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu zokuzifihla abantu ngokukhohlisa, ukulinganisela okungaqondangaqondi kahle kodwa ngaphandle kokuqonda." "izwisisa ukulinganisela kokulingana nokulinganisela okungangoko, futhi nenhlonipho kwabantu."